In the second year of Li Qing (1042), Wang Anshi took the fourth place as a scholar, and was successively sentenced to official duties in Zhongshu Province, Huainan (Yangzhou). The affairs of Yinxian County (now Ningbo, Zhejiang) and Zhou Shu (now Buried Hill, Anhui) were transferred to Kaifeng as the judge of the animal husbandry department, and then transferred to Changzhou to raise official duties on Jiangnan East Road, which was called the third department. Years of experience as a local official made Wang Anshi realize that the root of social poverty in the Song Dynasty was merger, and the crisis faced by feudal rule in the Song Dynasty was "worrying about the country at home and not fearing barbarians abroad". Therefore, Wang Anshi called for a comprehensive reform of the written law since the early Song Dynasty in the book Yan Hong Shu written by Zhao Zhen of Song Renzong in the third year of Jiayou (1058) in order to reverse the situation of poverty and weakness. Taking the fact that historical bosses Merry ma, Emperor Wu of Jin and Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty only wanted to "relax" and did not seek reform, and finally fell, for example, Wang Anshi had a rare sense of urgency for reform, shouting: "If we take the past as the standard, we can still do something for the world to prevent chaos, and we should not rush to today", demanding that the reform of written law be realized immediately; Otherwise, the history of Huang Chao's death in the Tang Dynasty will repeat itself, and the Song Dynasty will also embark on the road of extinction. The feudal scholar-officials also placed high hopes on Wang Anshi and looked forward to his coming to power as soon as possible. At the beginning of Xining, Wang Anshi, as the attendant minister of Hanlin bachelor, discussed the way of governing the country with the young Song Shenzong Song Shenzong, which won the appreciation of Song Shenzong. In the second year of Xining (1069), Wang Anshi was appointed as a political adviser, and the next year he was promoted to prime minister and began to vigorously carry out reforms.
The purpose of Wang Anshi's political reform is to enrich Qiang Bing, so as to reverse the situation of poverty and weakness in the Northern Song Dynasty and consolidate the rule of the landlord class. Wang Anshi clearly put forward that financial management is the prime minister's first priority, expounded the relationship between politics and financial management, and pointed out that "politics is the principle of financial management, and financial management is the so-called righteousness." More importantly, before Wang Anshi came to power, he thought that only on the basis of developing production can the national financial problem be solved: "The wealth of the world is born with the strength of the world, and the wealth of the world is taken from the expense of the world." After Wang Anshi took office, he continued to play this view. He once pointed out: "Those who do nothing today are short of money, so I put financial management first", while "financial management is urgent for farmers, and farmers are eager to get rid of hardships, restrain mergers and promote agriculture". In this reform, Wang Anshi put the development of production in the first place as the top priority. In Wang Anshi's view, in order to develop production, the first thing is to "relieve (laborers) suffering, restrain mergers and take pleasure in agriculture", mobilize the enthusiasm of laborers, and bring those idle people back to the front line of production. Harvest depends on people, not on the sky. To achieve this goal, the state power needs to formulate corresponding principles and policies and carry out top-down reforms nationwide. Although Wang Anshi emphasized the leading role of state power in the reform, he disapproved of excessive state intervention in social production and economic life, opposed excessive patent collection, and put forward and adhered to the proposition and practice of "not too much monopoly law". Under the guidance of Wang Anshi's above thoughts, the reformists formulated and implemented a series of new laws, such as farmland water conservancy, young crops, exemption from labor, fair loss, easy market, exemption from money and mining tax system, and carried out extensive social reforms from agriculture to handicrafts, commerce and from rural areas to cities. At the same time, the reformists headed by Wang Anshi reformed the military system, improved the quality and combat effectiveness of the army, and strengthened control over the vast rural areas; In order to cultivate more talents needed by society, the imperial examination and school education system have also been reformed. The so-called Three Classics and New Meanings, such as Zhou, Yi Shu and Poetic Art written by Wang Anshi himself, have provided new teaching materials for school education reform.
Political reform goes against the interests of conservatives and is opposed by conservatives. So Wang Anshi and Ning JaeHee went on strike for the first time in seven years. In particular, due to the differences between Wang Anshi, the designer of the reform, and Song Shenzong, the supreme moderator of the reform, Wang Anshi could not get more support after reunification and could not continue the reform. Coupled with the internal division of the reformists, his son Wang Kan died, and Wang Anshi resigned as prime minister for the second time in the ninth year of JaeHee Ning, and has lived in jiangning house ever since. In the first year of Yuan You, Song Zhezong (1086), conservatives came to power, and all previous new laws were abolished. Wang Anshi was deeply disturbed by the reversal of the political situation. When he heard that the exemption law was also abolished, he couldn't help but say with indignation, "So that's it!" ? "Soon he died of depression.
Wang Anshi is not only an outstanding politician, thinker, but also an outstanding writer. In order to realize his political ideal, he closely linked literary creation with political activities, emphasizing that the role of literature lies in serving the society first. He opposed the vague and powerless style of Yang Yi and Liu Yun of Quincy School, and thought that "the so-called writers are just doing something to make up for the world." The so-called resignation, there are still sculptures. Really be a clever fairy China, there is no need to apply it; If you apply it, you don't have to be smart and flashy. It should be application-oriented and painting-oriented. "It is precisely because Anshi regards the concept of" application "of" serving the world "as the foundation of literary creation that his works reveal the drawbacks of the times, reflect social contradictions and have a strong political color. Today, there are Wang Linchuan's collections, Linchuan's collections and Mr. Linchuan's songs.
Wang Anshi was one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. His prose is vigorous and concise, extraordinary and steep. Most of them are essays in the form of books, tables, notes, preface, etc., which explain political opinions and opinions and serve the reform and innovation. These articles have clear views and profound analysis on current political or social issues. Long articles are horizontal but not concise, short ones are broken but not detailed. Quotations from Emperor Ren Shang is a masterpiece advocating social change. On the basis of in-depth analysis of the diplomatic dilemma of internal troubles and foreign invasion in the Northern Song Dynasty, it put forward a complete political reform proposal, which showed the author's progressive thought of "ruling the country from the people's diseases". "Nothing happened in this century", while describing and explaining the peace situation and reasons in the early Song Dynasty for more than 100 years, pointedly pointed out the social problems that were in danger at that time, expecting religious sects to make favorable political achievements and thinking that "today is the time to make great achievements." It played the overture of the government, which began in the second year. Answering Sima Zhi's remonstrance, he refuted Sima Guang's accusation that the new law invaded officials, caused trouble, demanded benefits and refused to remonstrate. It is short and clear, and its wording is appropriate, which reflects the author's firm and principled statesmanship. An Shi's political essays, whether long or short, are very rigorous in structure, excellent in thinking, thorough in reasoning and concise in language. "It only takes one or two sentences to wipe out a large number of others" (Liu Xizai's Art Outline). Text outline), with strong generality and logic. At this time, it played a positive role in promoting the political reform and consolidating the achievements of the poetry innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty. Some of Anshi's essays, such as GunShuo, Reading Biography, Biography of Book Assassin, Shang, etc., are well-known, with strong comments on characters, sharp writing style and rich feelings, giving people a fresh and clear feeling. He also has a part of landscape travel prose "The Creation of the City Pit Courtyard", which is concise, lively and labor-saving, just like Liu Zongyuan; A trip to Baochan Mountain not only records a trip, but also is very meaningful. The two are closely and naturally combined. Even if the abstract truth is vivid, it adds ideological depth to the specific notes and makes the layout flexible and tortuous.
Wang Anshi's poems can be roughly divided into early and late periods, with obvious differences in content and style. "Wang Jinggong is not so confident, so his poetic language is what he wants, and he is no longer so introverted ... Later, he became a group of shepherds, made a fake collection of poems in the Tang Dynasty from the Song Dynasty, and used it for reference. In his later years, he began to have a deep and unpretentious interest" (Ye Mengde's Shi Lin Shi Hua). The early poems are good at reasoning and have obvious tendencies, involving many important and sharp societies. The problem noticed the sufferings of the lower classes and made an unfair voice for them. Feelings, mergers, reinforcements, etc. Describe and prompt the weakness of the national situation or the corruption of internal affairs in the Song Dynasty from the political, economic and military aspects, point out the harm to the country and people caused by the annexation of land by big landlords and businessmen, and put forward the suggestion of "elite soldiers"; "Collecting Salt" and "Hebei People" reflect the tragic experience of the people being oppressed by the rulers at that time. "In the Examination Room" and "Examination Paper" directly criticized the imperial examination system of giving scholars poems, and demanded the use of talents who can contribute to the country; The new atmosphere and people's joy brought by the enthusiastic reform of Yuan Ri and Song Yuanfeng; Shang Yang and Jia Sheng, etc. By evaluating the merits and demerits of historical figures, their new viewpoints and progressive significance are expressed. An Shi's reclusive life in his later period contributed to his poetry creation. He lingered and reveled in the countryside, with a narrow theme, and a large number of poems about scenery and things replaced the previous political poems, expressing a leisurely interest. But artistic expression is perfect. "Elegant and exquisite, vulgar and unbearable, every irony will sink between the teeth and cheeks." Poems such as The Story of Poems in the Back of the Mountain, Boating in Guazhou, Flowers on the River, Plum Blossoms and Mr. Yin's Wall in the Book Lake are carefully observed, exquisitely carved, with distant and fresh artistic conception, showing praise and love for the beauty of nature, which has always been told by people.
As far as the poetic style is concerned, Anshi's ancient poems mostly use classics and arguments, but like Qu and Taoyuan Xing, they have novel ideas, rich feelings and rich imagination. Rhyme, on the other hand, is steady and appropriate, but sometimes it is inevitable to lose too much carving. Five musts and seven musts are especially famous. "Wang Banshan has many styles and is good at quatrains" (Hanting Poem) and "Gong Jing's quatrains are amazing in the world" (Boat House Poem). His poems have great influence on contemporary and later generations, and are called "Wang Gong Jing Style" (Yan Yu's Poems on Canglang).
There are about twenty poems written by An Shi today. Although he is not a famous poet, his "works are thin and elegant, washing away the old habits of the Five Dynasties" (Liu Xizai's "Art, Ci and Qulue"). The word "Gui Zhi Xiang Jin Mausoleum Nostalgia" reveals the decadent life of the ruling class in the Six Dynasties by describing the magnificent scenery and homesickness of Jinling (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), and is known as the swan song of ancient times. Coupled with Fan Zhongyan's "Fisherman's Passion" and "Qiu Lai's Unique Scenery", Su Dongpo's bold voice was opened, which had a good influence on later ci circles.
From the literary point of view, Anshi's works have made outstanding achievements in poetry, prose and ci. The poetry innovation movement in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty was vigorously promoted by him, which contributed to sweeping away the glitz and splendor that was all the rage in the early Song Dynasty. However, An Shi's literary thought overemphasizes "practicality" and often underestimates the role of art forms. Many of his poems often show that the elements of argument and reasoning are too heavy, thin and stiff, and lack image and charm. There are also some poems about Buddhism and Buddhism that are obscure and dry.
Jingkou and Guazhou are just separated by a water, and Zhongshan has only a few heavy green mountains.
The gentle spring breeze turns green again, but, moon in the sky, when can you take me home?
Author: Wang Anshi Dynasty: Northern Song Dynasty Genre: Seven-character quatrains
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Metric system: ○ level tone ● sound ⊙ level tone △ level tone ▲ rhyme.
Jingkou and Guazhou are just separated by a water, and Zhongshan has only a few heavy green mountains.
○●○○●●○ ○○●●●⊙△
The gentle spring breeze turns green again, but, moon in the sky, when can you take me home?
○○●●○○● ○●○○●●△
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Precautions:
1. Berthing: dock.
2. Guazhou: North bank of the Yangtze River, south of Yangzhou, opposite Jingkou.
3. Jingkou: the south bank of the Yangtze River, now Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province.
4. Zhongshan: Now Nanjing Purple Mountain.
5. Weight: How many floors?
6. Green: originally an adjective, it is used as a verb here, meaning "blowing green".
7. when: when.
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Rhyme translation:
Jingkou and Guazhou face each other across the sea, only a few floors away from Nanjing.
The spring breeze has turned the south bank of the great river green again. Mingyue, when shall I return it?
Wang Anshi (102 1- 1086), whose real name is Banshan, whose real name is Badger Lang, whose name is Jing Guogong, is known as Wang in the world. Linchuan, a native of Fuzhou, was an outstanding politician and thinker in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Home, writer.
Appreciate:
The title of this poem is "boating in Guazhou", which points out the poet's foothold. The first sentence "Guazhou in Jingkou is a water room" describes the scenery in front of us. The poet stood at Guazhou Ferry and looked south. He saw that Jingkou and Guazhou on the south bank were so close, separated by a river. Therefore, the poet thinks that Zhongshan, where his home is located, is only a few floors away, and it is not far. The second sentence "Zhongshan is only separated by several mountains" implies the mood of the poet anxious to return.
The third sentence also describes the scenery, pointing out that the season is spring and depicting the scenery on the south bank of the Yangtze River. The word "green" means blowing green, and it is used wonderfully. Legend has it that Wang Anshi changed the word more than ten times in order to make good use of it, and finally chose the word "Qing" from more than ten verbs such as "Zhi", "Zhi", "Zhi" and "Zhi". Because other words only express the arrival of spring breeze, but they do not show the changes of a new green landscape on the Qianli River bank after the arrival of spring. The last sentence "When will the bright moon shine on me?" The poet has been waiting for a long time, but he didn't realize that at the beginning of the bright moon, the poet imagined a picture of "the bright moon shines on me" with interrogative sentences, further expressing the poet's feelings of missing his hometown.
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Comments:
This is a famous lyric poem, which expresses the poet's deep affection for overlooking the south of the Yangtze River and missing his hometown. Literally, this poem shows nostalgia for my hometown. I have a great desire to fly across the river and reunite with my relatives. In fact, there is also a strong desire to return to politics and implement the New Deal between the lines.
Through the description of the spring scenery, this poem shows the poet's helplessness in becoming an official and his urgent desire to return to Jiangning. The first two sentences describe a trip to the north. The poet went to Beijing, but only looked back at Jiangning, showing a complicated psychology of not wanting to go to work. In the last two sentences, I wrote down my thoughts with the scenery, which not only brought me comfort from the reform, but also had the idea of early retirement.
When the poet looks back at the south of the Yangtze River, the land is green, which is of course the green of spring breeze, but isn't the lush rice seedlings the actual effect of the reform measures such as the Young Seedling Law? However, officialdom is full of dangers. The poet looked at Guazhou Ferry and Zhongshan Moon and sighed, "When will the Moon shine on me?" The poet wants to leave the officialdom early, which is very touching. This poem is not only lyrical with scenery, but also full of emotion, open realm and fresh style. The most fascinating thing is the tempering of rhetoric.
Meng Jiao (75 1-8 14)
Poets in Tang Dynasty. The word dongye. Wu Kang, Huzhou (now Deqing, Zhejiang). In his early years, his family was poor and he traveled to Hunan and Guangxi, but he never met each other and tried again and again. At the age of 46, he began to learn, and at the age of 50, he became a lieutenant in Liyang. At the beginning of Yuan Hechu, he was engaged in land and water transportation in Henan, trying to understand Lolita and settled in Luoyang. In the ninth year of Yuanhe, he died of sudden illness in Ganxiang (now Lingbao, Henan). Zhang Ji married Mr Yao Zhen privately. Meng Jiao specializes in writing ancient poems, and there are more than 500 existing poems, mostly short stories and five ancient poems. Some of these poems reflect the reality and expose the crimes of the buffer region, such as for women, for emotion, fighting for one side, hurting spring and so on. Some people care about people's sufferings and resent the inequality between the rich and the poor, such as "Weaving Maid Poems" and "Singing to People in Cold Regions". Some show the deep affection of flesh and blood, such as wandering, making love, apricot mourning and so on. Some of them describe landscapes, such as The Banquet between Ruzhou Nantan and Lv Zhongcheng, Youkou and Wang Waiya's Twenty-one Liuxi, Shilaishi, Hanxi, Seeing Your Majesty off to the Tiantai, Aixia and Visiting Zhong Nanshan. Some people write about their frustrated official career and attack the style of downplaying the world, such as Lodi, Li Yangqiu Ji, being injured and choosing friends. While others complain about their poverty and lament their old illnesses, such as autumn, lamenting life and old hatreds. However, poems such as "going out is an obstacle, who wants the world to be wide" ("To Cui Chunliang") reflect the hardships of the world and also show the author's extreme state of mind. The artistic style of Meng Shi's poems is either longer than simple description, without using words and allusions, and the language is plain and unpretentious while avoiding mediocrity and simplicity; Or think hard and carve miracles. These two styles of poetry have many excellent works with profound thoughts and novel words. But some poems are too stiff and dry, lacking natural taste. He is as famous as Jia Dao, and both of them are famous for their bitter songs. Zhang Wei, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, called his poems "lonely" and Su Shi called them "cold country and thin country". Later, some commentators called Meng and Jia representatives of bitter poets. Today's biography of Meng Dongye's poems is 10. People's Literature Publishing House published Hua Chen's Revision of Meng Dongye's Poems. Xia Jingguan and Hua both have their own chronicles.
People once called Meng Jiao and Han Yu "Han Meng Poetry School", mainly because they were curious about ancient times and wrote more ancient poems. But Meng Jiao's works are mostly short sentences and five-word old sayings, and the language is carved but not gorgeous. He is good at combining strangeness with Gu Zhuo, such as Han Yu's so-called "hard words, appropriate words" ("Recommended Scholars"). And Han Yu's seven-character ancient style is the most distinctive, magnificent and magnificent. Their poems are full of strength, but Han Yu's strength is unrestrained, while Meng Jiao's strength is restrained. He learned more about the tradition of five-character ancient poems in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. As Li Ao said, "Suburb is a five-character poem, and since Han Li (Ling), Su (Wu) and Jian 'an scholars, since the Southern Dynasties, they can be both men and women" ("Book Zhang Servant Shoots Xuzhou"). Therefore, compared with Dali and Zhenyuan poets, he is closer to the character of Han and Wei dynasties; Compared with Han Yu and Li He after him, he retained more traces of Dali and Zhenyuan's poetic style.
This does not mean that Meng Jiao just blindly imitated the poetic style of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. While studying the art of ancient poetry, he also has his own distinctive characteristics.
From the content point of view, Meng Jiao's poems are beyond the narrow range of themes in Dali and Zhenyuan periods. Of course, the main theme of his poems is the resentment of the middle and lower literati against poverty and hardship, which is determined by his repeated trials and tribulations, hard career and the loss of children in middle age. But he can still see some broader social life through his personal destiny and reflect these lives with poetry. Some of them expose and criticize the ugly phenomena in social interpersonal relationships, while others sharply reveal the inequality between the rich and the poor. For example, The Poem of the Weaver Girl describes the abnormal phenomenon of the Weaver Girl's "how to weave a quilt and wear a blue silk dress" by comparing it with "the frost blows through the wall and the pain can't escape". He often has profound psychological experience in writing such poems. For example, the phrase "A cold man would rather be a moth and burn him to death" in Folk Songs of Cold People is beyond the reach of ordinary people who describe people's sufferings. It should be said that after Du Fu, Meng Jiao once again profoundly exposed the contradiction between the rich and the poor and the disparity between bitterness and happiness in society with his poems. There are also some poems by Meng Jiao, which describe the ordinary love of human relations, such as the love between husband and wife in love, the love between father and son in Apricot Wounds, and the love between mother and son in Wandering Son. These themes have long been ignored by poets. Among them, Ode to a Wanderer is a sincere, profound and touching poem:
The mother used the needle and thread in her hand to make clothes for her long-distance son. Before leaving, I had a stitch for fear that my son would come back late and his clothes would be damaged. Who can say that a filial child like the weak can repay his mother's love like the sunshine in spring?
In terms of artistic techniques, Meng Jiao's poems have a new feature, which Dali and Zhenyuan's poems do not have, and which has never existed before. That is the danger and difficulty mentioned in Han Yu's Epitaph of Mr. Yao Zhen. On the one hand, it is related to his deliberate job search and hard thinking, on the other hand, it is related to his depressed mood and depression. In Interpretation of Night Feeling, he said that he "reads at night and talks about ghosts and gods. How not to be idle, the heart is the enemy. " To write poetry hard, we must deliberately seek new words and expressions, and use strange words and cold images that are rare in past poems; And psychological depression, uneven, makes his pursuit of new language performance with cold astringent, desolate, withered color and meaning, so as to as far as possible the inner sadness and sorrow carved into the bone, shocking, such as:
The old worm sounds like iron, and the beast is surprised by the solitary jade robe (the twelfth of "Fifteen Poems of Autumn");
Sick bones can be chewed, and sour groans can also be written. You are so thin, you follow the west (the same as the fifth);
Coody Leng's dream was shattered, and the cold wind combed his bones. Ill words are printed on the table, and the intestines turn to worry (ibid. 2);
After twists and turns, it did turn around. Black grass and iron hair, white hair and ice money (the fourth of Ten Stones);
Wash your eyes hard, and the angry water will disturb the rest of the turbulence (ibid., tenth).
In these poems, he carefully selected penetrating verbs such as "Hui", "Comb", "Seal" and "Brush", as well as verbs such as "cold wind", "old bug", "iron hair", "surging water", "black grass" and "ice". Meng Jiao's poetic style has always been widely evaluated. For example, Han Yu and Li Ao praised him, but later generations, such as Yuan Haowen, called him a "poetry prisoner" (Thirty Poems), and Su Shi compared his poems to "empty claws" with hard shells and tasteless chewing (reading Meng Jiao's poems). But to be fair, the linguistic originality of Meng Jiao's poems is undeniable. Xu Yi, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said that he "can tie facts together, which is the most difficult thing to do", that is, he expressed his appreciation for his ability to transform the form of objective things into self-expression with powerful language, which is really not easy.
Of course, Meng Jiao also had simple, natural and fluent poems, but these poems were not very eye-catching at that time (although poems such as Ode to a Wandering Son were widely read in later generations), but the poems of the above styles showed new changes and new features in poetry creation in the Yuan and Mongolian periods in content and language.
Curious and dangerous poetic style has been further developed in Han Yu's hands and has become a trend.
Tang Yuefu Meng Jiao
The mother used the needle and thread in her hand to make clothes for her long-distance son.
Before leaving, I had a stitch for fear that my son would come back late and his clothes would be damaged.
Who can say that a filial child like the weak can repay his mother's love like the sunshine in spring?
Precautions:
1, vagrant: a person who travels far away.
2, fear: worry.
3, inch grass: the metaphor is very small.
4. Sanchunhui: refers to the kindness of loving mothers. Sanchun refers to Meng Chun, Zhongchun and Ji Chun in spring; Hui, sunshine; Describe maternal love as the warm sunshine in spring.
Rhyme translation:
The kind mother has a needle and thread in her hand.
In order to make new clothes for children who travel far away.
Before she left, she was busy sewing.
I'm afraid my children will never come back.
Who can say a little grass-like filial piety,
Can you repay the kindness of a loving mother like Chunhui?
Comment: This is an ode to maternal love. This poem eulogizes the great beauty of human nature-maternal love.
In the first two sentences of the poem, the person written is mother and son, and the thing written is thread and clothes, but it points out the love of flesh and blood between mother and son. The two sentences in the middle focus on the actions and attitudes of loving the mother, showing the mother's deep affection for her son. Although there are no words and no tears, it is full of pure love, which is exciting and makes people cry. The last two sentences are the sublimation of the first four sentences. Using the metaphor of popular image, we pinned our fervent feelings on this naked child. How can we repay our children like maternal love and grass in spring?
With fresh, smooth, plain and plain language, the whole poem is full of rich and mellow poetry, which has touched the heartstrings of many readers for thousands of years and caused thousands of wanderers to sing.