The willows are green and hanging on the ground, and the poplar flowers are flying in the sky. When all the wicker branches are broken and the flowers fly away, I would like to ask the passers-by if they are returning home? ——Sui Dynasty·Anonymous "Farewell Poems" Farewell Poems
Sui Dynasty: Anonymous Farewell to the Willow Tree Translation and Notes
Translation
The willows are green, and the branches and leaves hang down to the ground. . Yang flowers are dancing in the air.
When I say goodbye, the willow branches in my eyes are broken and the poplar flowers are flying away. May I ask when will those who have traveled far away come back? Appreciation
The author of this poem "Farewell" from the Sui Dynasty cannot be verified, but the reluctant mood expressed by Liu in the poem has been passed down to this day. It is said that the custom of breaking willows to say goodbye began in the Han Dynasty. The ancients gave willows as a gift, which has two meanings: first, the willow tree grows quickly, and sending friends with it means that they will flourish no matter where they wander, and the soft and soft willow silk symbolizes endless affection; second, willow is a homophone for "liu", The gift of broken willows means "to retain". The poems that use "willow" to express the emotion of separation that we see in poetry today predate this "custom".
All the willow branches have been broken and the poplar flowers have flown away. May I ask when those who have traveled far will come back?
Note: The ancients often folded willow branches to express farewell
There is also a theory that what appears to be a farewell poem at this time actually expresses a curse for the demise of the Sui Dynasty because Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty was surnamed Yang.
This is another explanation: Appreciation
Cui Qiong's "Dongxu Ji" states that this poem was written in the last years of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty (605-617). The first, second and fourth lines of "chui", "fly" and "gui" rhyme with flat tones. The flat and oblique rhymes completely meet the requirements of modern Qijue. It is a very mature seven-character quatrain. The Ming Dynasty scholar Hu Yinglin's "Shi Sou Nei Bian" Volume 6 says: "The three poems of "Yu Zishan's "The Death of Dairen" are nearly extinct, the tune is disharmonious, and the language is not smooth. However, in the late Sui Dynasty, the anonymous poet's "Yangliu Qingqing..." At this point, the rhythm of the seven-character quatrains begins to harmonize, and the words are very Tang-like. "The spring grass will be green next year, and the king and grandson will not return." The title is "Farewell", and the whole poem borrows wicker and poplar flowers. The objects express the deep feelings of farewell and longing for return, which are sad and touching. The fluttering willow silk has a sentiment of lingering attachment, so as early as in the "Book of Songs", willows have been linked to farewell: "In the past, I have left, and the willows are still there" in "Xiaoya Plucking Wei", which has been passed down through the ages. Popular among the people. "Liu" is a homophonic sounding word for "Liu", so breaking willows as gifts means to encourage people to stay. This has been a custom since the Han Dynasty. In the form of singing, the "Song of Folding Willows" in the Yuefu folk songs of the Northern Dynasties "mounts the horse without catching the whip, but folds the willow branches instead. Playing the flute on the seat, worried about killing the travelers" has a lot of emotional charm. In the Southern Dynasties, the "Poems of Folding Willows" written by Emperor Jianwen of Liang Dynasty, Emperor Yuan of Liang Dynasty, Liu Miao and others also had their own characteristics. However, before the Tang Dynasty, among the poems about farewell to Willow, this one by Anonymous in the late Sui Dynasty was the most perfect.
The first sentence of the first couplet writes wicker and the second sentence writes poplar (catkins). It reads smoothly and naturally, as if it were created by heaven and earth, with no trace of artificial carving. However, after a little analysis, I found that the part of speech, tone, image, and emotion are all wrong. It is really an extremely beautiful couplet. It seems that the author has learned how to adjust oblique sounds. The reason why "wicker", "willow branches" and "willow silk" are not used at the beginning of the previous sentence is because the second character should be oblique. "Yangliu" was used instead. "Liu" is a flat sound, but it failed to express "wicker". Then, with "green hanging down to the ground", thousands of threads are displayed in front of the readers. "To the Ground", like a willow tree, leads the reader's sight from the treetops to the ground. "Hanging" means static, to see the wind and the warmth of the sun. "Qingqing" not only describes the color of willow, but also indicates time. The color of the willows changes from goose yellow to tender green to "green", indicating that time continues to pass, and it is already late spring.
The upper sentence uses "green and green on the ground" to describe the hanging of willow branches, and the second sentence uses "long and stirring the sky" to describe the "flying" of poplar flowers. Yanghua is very light. If the wind is strong, it will fly in one direction; if the wind is weak, it will be helpless, floating up and down, and float here and there. What is written here is the scene when the sun is warm and the wind is gentle. "Manman" describes the poplar flowers floating endlessly; "Chaosing the Sky" describes what you can see when you look up. If the sky is disturbed, there will be so many poplar flowers that it is hard to tell. From this, we can see that "green" willows are not just three or five, but can be seen everywhere along roads, along rivers, near pavilions and bridges. So, looking at the two sentences together: from top to bottom, what you see is nothing but willow branches touching the ground; from bottom to top, what you see is nothing but poplar flowers stirring the sky. And the sadness of separation also filled the entire space.
The third sentence, closely following the first two sentences, has a double string of "wicker" and "poplar flowers", but it has an unexpected and thrilling turn: "The wicker branches are broken and the flowers fly away!" No matter how much there is, it will eventually "fly away". This is the law of nature. And how can thousands of willow trees be "broken off" even if they are broken every day? The two together are nothing more than expressing the pain of parting and the longing for others through the passage of time. Combined with the fourth sentence, infinite scenarios can flash before the readers' imagination. When you get older, your passion diminishes, and when you drink farewell, you feel timid about the passage of time. It's the Mid-Autumn Festival, and the moon is very beautiful, but it doesn't shine brightly. I don't care about the ruthless water; I only care about returning to the ship when the west wind blows. In the evening of autumn, on the Shumper River, my children were in front of the lamp late at night. If you collect your shirt, you will be able to go to heaven, and the Jade Palace will be dedicated to the virtuous. I want to be clear in the middle of the night, study abroad and look at the grass, but I am sent to the side. An old friend from Chang'an asked me, saying that I still feel sad and drunk. My eyes are broken and the geese are falling in the autumn sky, and the empty strings are ringing when I get drunk.
——Xin Qiji, Song Dynasty, "Magnolia Slowly Sends Fan Wu off from Chuzhou"
Magnolia Slowly Sends Fan Wu off from Chuzhou When you get older, your affection diminishes, and when you drink farewell, you feel timid about the passage of time. It's the Mid-Autumn Festival, and the moon is very beautiful, but it doesn't shine brightly. I don't care about the ruthless water; I only care about returning to the ship when the west wind blows. In the evening of autumn, on the Shumper River, my children were in front of the lamp late at night.
If you collect your shirt, you can go to the sky, and the Jade Palace is thinking of the virtuous. I want to be clear in the middle of the night, study abroad and look at the grass, but I am sent to the side. An old friend from Chang'an asked me, saying that I still feel sad and drunk. My eyes are broken and the geese are falling in the autumn sky, and the empty strings are ringing when I get drunk. Farewell, expressing high ambitions and unfulfilled ambitions, Wei Wan, a native of Wangwushan, said that he had been visiting from the Song Dynasty along the Wu Dynasty and had not seen each other for thousands of miles. Traveling to Taiyue and passing by Yongjia, I visited Xie Gongshimen. Later, they met in Guangling. They praised him for his love of literature and antiquity, and his wanderings. He gave this poem to him because he recounted his travels. The Immortal was born in the East, making the mighty sea of ??clouds. The Immortal was born in the East, making the mighty sea of ??clouds. Peiran travels in the sky and goes to the lost place alone. The Marquis of Wei succeeded his name, and his family took charge of the city. Juan Shu entered Yuan Dynasty, and his traces merged with those of ancient sages. Thirteen years ago, he studied literature and history, and his pen strokes were like vibrating ribbons. Debate in Tian Klang, heart Qi Lu Lianzi. Traveling west to Qingluoyuan, it is quite shocking. I was sleeping in the king's house because I had a glimpse of the cave gate. When I come to visit Songfeng, there are many tourists. Bringing the moonlight in the morning, staying at the jade girl's window in the evening. You are graceful on the ghost valley, and running on the bottom of the dragon pond. The water of the Bian River in the east has visited me for three thousand miles. Yixing is full of Wuyun, and it is floating in Zhejiang. Waving my hands to Hang Yue, I watched the tide return from Zhangting Pavilion. The waves roll over the Haimen Stone, and the clouds roll across the Tianji Mountain. The white horse drives the plain chariot, and the thunder rushes to frighten the heart. I heard the beauty of Kuaiji from afar, and I visited the stream of Ye. Wanhe and Qianyan are in the majestic Mirror Lake. The beauty is indescribable, and the city is filled with splendor. People swim around the moon, and boats travel in the air. I stayed here for a long time and went to Yan to look for Wang Xu. Reading the stele of Cao E with a smile, and meditating on the Yellow Silk Language. The rooftop is connected to the four bright lights, and the sun rises toward the clear sky. The five peaks turn to the moonlight, and the sound of pine trees travels for hundreds of miles. Along the Lingxi River, you can see the top of the flower is extraordinary. The stone beams span the blue sky, and the feet on the side are walking for half a month. Suddenly I miss Yongjia and am not afraid of credit by sea route. Hanging up the banquet to experience the sea and mountains, looking back at the clouds of Chicheng. Chicheng is gradually disappearing, and there are craggy mountains in front of the lonely island. The water continues to flow for eternity, and there are thousands of frosty moons in the sky. Jinyunchuan valley is difficult, but Shimen is the most impressive. The waterfall is hung with a big dipper, don't miss this water end. Sprinkle plain snow on the wall, making the sky feel cold during the day. But I want to go to the evil stream, I would rather be afraid of the evil stream. Roaring seventy beaches, water and stone spray out. Lu Chuang Li Beihai, Yan Kai Xie Kangle. The pine breeze and the sound of apes search the caves and ravines. Walking out of the Plum Blossom Bridge, Shuangxi receives the tide. The sails are lowered on the shore of Jinhua, and the red pines are as if they can be moved. Shen Yue Ba Yong Tower, the solitary Cangyao in the west of the city. Outside the four deserts of Cangyao, Kuangwang can see the gathering of rivers and streams. The clouds roll across the sky and the earth, and the waves reach the west of Zhejiang. The turbulent flow of Xin'ankou points to Yanguangse in the north. In the blue clouds of Diaotai, Miao and Canngling are opposite each other. After coming to Wudu for a while, Pei returned to Suzhou. The smoke is lingering across nine doubts, and the five lakes are visible. The eyes are far away and the heart is far away, and the sad song is long-lasting. Return to the river bank of Chu River and use your strategy to Yangzijin. Wearing a Japanese fur coat, he hides his travel dust. I was born in May, and I know that I am not an ordinary person. The joy of meeting is endless, water, stone and sun are in our eyes. If you only work for five princes, you will not be able to produce a hundred gold products. My friend Yangzi clouds, string songs play clear fragrance. Although he is the governor of Jiangning, he is good with the monkeys. I'm just going to take advantage of the excitement, and know that I love you. When will you come, there will be a time in Sendai. There is a green jade tree in the east window, with three or five branches. To this day, people in this world should laugh and return home late. I regret being far away, and my confusion makes my heart sad. If the Yellow River continues, Bai will always be lovesick. ——Tang Dynasty·Li Bai "Sending Wei Wan, a native of Wangwushan, back to the king's house·With preface"
Sending Wei Wan, a native of Wangwushan, to return to the king's house·With preface
Tang Dynasty: Li Bai
Wei Wan, a native of Wangwu Mountain, has been visiting Wu since the Song Dynasty and has not seen him for thousands of miles. Traveling around Taiyue by chance, passing through Yongjia, I visited Xie Gongshimen. Later, they met in Guangling. They praised him for his love of literature and antiquity, and his wanderings. He gave this poem to him because he recounted his travels. The Immortal was born in the East, making the mighty sea of ??clouds.
The immortal was born in the East, making the mighty sea of ??clouds. Peiran travels in the sky and goes to the lost place alone.
The Marquis of Wei succeeded his name, and his family took charge of the city. Juan Shu entered Yuan Dynasty, and his traces merged with those of ancient sages.
Wei Wan, a native of Wangwu Mountain, has been visiting Wu since the Song Dynasty and has not seen him for thousands of miles. Traveling around Taiyue by chance, passing through Yongjia, I visited Xie Gongshimen. Later, they met in Guangling. They praised him for his love of literature and antiquity, and his wanderings. He gave this poem to him because he recounted his travels. The Immortal was born in the East, making the mighty sea of ??clouds. Farewell, friends, I regret to say goodbye to my close friends, and I suddenly came to Xizhou. Seeing each other again after ten years, still beautiful and clear eyes. I always remember the crazy visitor, who invited me to climb the building in the snow, and held the sheep fur with his staff. The moon rises thousands of feet above the mountain, and the water shines brightly in the remaining night. Huangliang dream, I haven’t slept on my pillow, it’s been autumn for several times. I meet you by chance and fly towards the top of Bishan Mountain. Lifting a glass of wine from ancient times to the present, I sigh that the hero's bones are cold and I can't hold back my tears. The parrot is more gifted, and the regret is all over Fangzhou. ——Song Dynasty·Wang Yining's "Shui Diao Ge Tou·Presenting to the Hanyang Envoy"
Shui Diao Ge Tou·Present to the Han Yang Envoy I left my close friend and unexpectedly came to Xizhou. Seeing each other again after ten years, still beautiful and clear eyes. I always remember the crazy visitor, who invited me to climb the building in the snow, and held the sheep fur with his staff. The moon rises thousands of feet above the mountain, and the water shines brightly in the remaining night. Huangliang dream, I haven’t slept on my pillow, it’s been autumn for several times. I meet you by chance and fly towards the top of Bishan Mountain. Lifting a glass of wine from ancient times to the present, I sigh that the hero's bones are cold and I can't hold back my tears. The parrot is more gifted, and the regret is all over Fangzhou.
Heroic, farewell, recalling friendship