First, repeat and stimulate the imagination:
The ancients often said that "you can recite 300 poems if you can't write Tang poems", and Han Yu also wrote in "Interpretation of Learning": "You have to recite six arts". It can be seen that reading a lot and reciting repeatedly are effective ways to cultivate language sense and improve appreciation ability. In the cadence and emotional reading, we can deeply taste the charm, artistic conception and emotion of poetry. When reading, you need to expand your imagination. Imagination is a bridge to arouse emotions. In imagination, we can restore the image described by poetry and appreciate the author's poetry in our feelings. In this way, the author brought our spirit to a new level.
Second, accumulate and use appreciation knowledge.
1, stylistic knowledge:
China's classical poems are extensive and profound. Appreciating ancient poetry may be blind and passive if you don't have certain knowledge of poetry style. First of all, to have a clear understanding of the evolution of China's classical poetry, we should not only master the two literary sources of realism and romanticism, but also sort out the development of poetry in historical order; Secondly, we should have a clear understanding of the metrical knowledge of poetry, such as syntax, rhyme, antithesis, epigraph, qupai and so on. Thirdly, we should fully grasp the characteristics of poetry: high generality, vivid image, strong lyricism and distinctive musicality.
2. Poetry content
Different types of poetry have their own characteristics in the form of expression, rhythm and prosody, which can be divided into narrative poetry, lyric poetry and philosophical poetry according to the form of expression. According to the meter, it can be divided into ancient poetry and modern poetry; According to the language, it can be divided into four words, five words, seven words and miscellaneous words. According to the content, it can be divided into pastoral poems (landscape poems), poems about objects, frontier poems, poems about homesickness, poems about epic poems and so on.
1. Landscape pastoral poetry: Landscape pastoral poetry belongs to the category of landscape poetry, focusing on praising the landscape pastoral in natural scenery. The main feature of this kind of poetry is that all scenery words are sentimental words, that is, the natural scenery written by the author is integrated with the author's subjective feelings, or the scenery is used to express the author's thoughts and feelings. The main representatives of landscape pastoral poetry are Tao Yuanming, Xie Lingyun, Xie Shu, Meng Haoran, Wang Wei and Yang Wanli. Of course, there are Li Bai, Du Fu and Su Shi. There are also a large number of excellent works describing landscapes. For example, Wang Wei's "Autumn Mountain Residence" "After the rain, the mountains are empty and stand in the autumn night. The bright moon shed clear light from the cracks and cleared the fountain on the rocks. The bamboo forest is sonorous, the washerwoman returns, and the lotus leaves are swaying to get on the canoe. My friend's prince, what does it matter if spring is over and you are still here? By describing the beautiful scenery in the mountains, the simple folk customs in the mountain villages and the industrious people in the countryside, the poet outlined his ideal social realm, expressed his satisfaction with his current secluded life, and fully embodied Wang Wei's characteristics of "painting in poetry and poetry in painting".
(2) Poems about things: Poems about things are characterized by expressing ambition by supporting things. When appreciating poems about objects, we must pay attention to the feelings the author places when describing things. The emotional expression of some object-chanting poems is implicit, which requires us to appreciate it carefully when reading. For example, Yu Qian's Lime Lyrics: "A thousand hammers cut out a deep mountain, and if the fire burns idle." I am not afraid of being crushed to pieces, but I want to leave my innocence in the world. "The value of this poem lies in using lime as a metaphor everywhere to express a person's determination to be loyal to the country, not afraid of sacrifice, and stick to noble sentiments. Singing lime is to sing your open mind and noble and innocent personality.
3. Frontier poems: frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, unrestrained and uninhibited, with representatives such as Gao Shi and Cen Can; However, the frontier poems in the Song Dynasty show more resentment and sadness about serving the country and the hopeless sadness of returning home, with Fan Zhongyan as the representative. The frontier fortress poems are characterized by showing the times from different angles. When appreciating, we should first grasp the characteristics of the times, and then scrutinize the different thoughts and feelings contained in the works. For example, Cen Can's "On the Envoys of the Jingshi" said: "The east road of my hometown is long, and the dragon bell with double sleeves tears." I will meet you immediately without paper and pen, and I will bring your news to report peace. "Reflect the heart song of thinking of relatives while guarding the border. Although things are small, feelings are deep.
(4) Reminiscent poems: If writing scenery poems is lyrical through scenery, then the characteristic of reminiscence poems is instant lyricism. The author often feels something because of one thing, and writes a poem to express his feelings. To appreciate this kind of poetry, we must first understand what the author wrote, and then appreciate what feelings the author expressed. Li Shangyin's Notes to Friends in the North on a Rainy Night "When asked about the return date, it rains in the autumn pool at night." Why * * want to cut the candle at the west window and talk about the late rain? "The first two sentences of the poem describe the immediate environment in the form of a question and answer, that is," What is it ",and expound the feeling of loneliness and the deep nostalgia for his wife, that is, expressing feelings. The last two sentences imagine the joy of meeting again tomorrow and having a heart-to-heart talk, which sets off the loneliness tonight and is a further expression.
⑤ Poem-chanting: Poetry-chanting mostly combines feelings about nature, society and history with concise words and carefully selected images, or laments the rise and fall of dynasties, or laments the rapid changes of years, or satirizes the dissoluteness and shamelessness of politicians, thus expressing the author's meditation after reading all the vicissitudes of life, which contains a deep anxiety that nostalgia hurts the present. The representatives of the epic are Liu Yuxi and Du Mu. Su Shi's Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia is an epic model. The poet stood on the vast ancient battlefield and rolled forward along the Yangtze River, expressing his deep affection for history and life. Time is running out. Zhou Lang, a hero who is easy to die, elegant and decisive in command, aroused the poet's feelings of self-harm and self-injury.
3. Poetic style
Because of the writer's different life experiences, emotional temperament and artistic accomplishment, they show their unique styles, styles and tastes in their creations, forming different styles of their works. The desolation and vitality of Sancao's poetic style: the euphemistic implication of Zhang Jiuling's poetic style: Meng Haoran's poetic style is light in language, heavy in charm, quiet and healthy; Wang Wei's poetic style is dull and vivid; Wang Changling's poetic style is vigorous and powerful; Li Bai's poetic style is elegant and free; The depression and frustration of Du Fu's poetic style: Gao Shi and Cen Can's poetic style is magnificent and extraordinary; The freshness and elegance of Wei's poetic style: Han Yu's poetic style is magnificent, peculiar and novel; The desolation of Jia Dao's poetic style; The melancholy and indignation of Li He's poetic style: Yuan Zhen's poetic style is gorgeous and shallow; Bai Juyi's poetic style is plain and fresh; Liu Yuxi's poetic style is clear and clear; Li Shangyin's poetic style is beautiful and elegant; The subtle and graceful style of Du Mu's poems; Li Yu's poetic style is sentimental and delicate; Ouyang xiu's ci style is beautiful and beautiful; The desolate and tragic style of Fan Zhongyan's ci: Yan Shu's ci style is clear and sparse; Su Shi's broad-minded and heroic; The charm of Liu Yong's ci style; The natural fluency of Huang Tingjian's ci: Qin Guan's ci style is sincere and sincere; The graceful style of Li Qingzhao's ci: Yang Wanli's ci style is fresh and lively; Lu You's poetic style is bold, beautiful and smooth; Xin Qiji's poetic style is magnificent; Jiang Kui's ci style is exquisite, beautiful and far-reaching. We should strengthen the perceptual knowledge of writers' works through our own appreciation activities, so as to sum up the styles of various writers. Understanding the poet's style is helpful to grasp the thoughts and feelings they express in their poems.
4. Language features
Language is the carrier of poetry, and analyzing language is an important link in literary appreciation. Only by accurately understanding the language of the work can we further evaluate and appreciate the work. (1) fresh. Its characteristics are novel language and unconventional. ② Plain, also known as plain. It is characterized by choosing exact words to state directly, or using simple drawings without modification, which is true, profound and approachable. (3) gorgeous. It is characterized by rich rhetoric, gorgeous literary talent and fantastic feelings. (4) lively. It is characterized by firmness and decisiveness. (5) Recessive. Its characteristic is that the intention is beyond the words, often not directly described, but tortuous, telling him this, or quoting without sending it, or trying to say it for readers to appreciate. (6) simplicity. Simple and clear.
5. Poetic imagery
Image is something that moves the author's feelings in poetry. The author should express his inner feelings through images. Guiding students to grasp the moral behind the image is an important factor for the success of appreciation. For example, from the images of "solitary sail and distant shadow" described in "Lonely sail and distant shadow is the blue sky, and only the Yangtze River flows in the sky", we can realize the deep friendship that the author is still reluctant to go from ferry to distant shadow. For another example, in "Where to Wake Up Tonight, Yang Liuan where the breeze is waning", images such as "willow", "breeze" and "waning moon" convey sad feelings, three friends (pine, bamboo and plum) and chrysanthemums symbolize people's noble character, peach blossoms symbolize beauty, birds symbolize freedom and so on. In addition, we should also know our traditional aesthetic habits, such as "looking at the moon and thinking about a distance", "hurting spring and mourning autumn", "thinking about the fleeting time when you see running water" and "caring for people when it rains", which are all in line with our traditional aesthetic characteristics.
6. Expression techniques: The imagery and lyricism of poetry should be expressed by various artistic techniques, and some common artistic techniques should be known. Poetry mainly uses narration, description, discussion and lyric, among which description and lyric are the key points. Different description methods, such as dynamic and static combination, virtual and real combination; There are three ways of lyricism: direct lyricism, lyricism through scenery and scene blending. The structural form of poetry, the common concern from beginning to end, goes deep in layers, first generalizes and then divides, first scenery and then emotion, transition, bedding and foreshadowing. The main rhetorical devices are antithesis, metaphor, personification, metonymy, exaggeration, parallelism, repetition and symbolism, while other writing devices include Fu Bi's arousing, contrast, rendering, expressing ambition, suppressing before promoting, associating imagination and word order inversion. Students should be familiar with these technologies so that they can appreciate them easily.
7. Lyric: There are two main ways: direct lyric and indirect lyric.