Du Fu's Spring Hope was written in March 757, the second year of Zhide. In June, the fifteenth year of Tianbao (756), the rebellion of An Shi broke through Tongguan, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty fled to Shu, and Chang 'an fell. Du Fu fled Chang 'an, where he had lived for ten years, with his wife and children, and went to relatives' home in Qiang village of Zhou (fū). In July, Prince Hengli succeeded to the throne in Lingwu (now Ningxia), and Du Fu wanted to go to Lingwu to help criminals.
By this time, the rebel forces may have expanded to the north of Zhangzhou. Shortly after Du Fu set out, he was captured by the army and sent to Chang 'an after the fall. But Du Fu was a small official and was not imprisoned. In March of the following year, Du Fu, who was trapped in Chang 'an, saw the country's destruction and felt that the situation was turbulent, so he wrote this song "Spring Hope".
Chang' an fell, the country was broken, and only the mountains and rivers remained; Spring has come, and the sparsely populated Chang' an city is densely forested.
Country refers to the national capital. The break of the country refers to the fall of Chang 'an.
The country has fallen, the mountains and rivers are still vivid, spring has come, and there are many trees and flowers in the city.
The beauty of scenery in the first couplet lies in the combination of emotion and scenery. Sima Guang said: "The mountains and rivers are all there, and there is nothing left in the Ming Dynasty. The vegetation is deep and there is no one in the Ming Dynasty. " Mountains and rivers are there, in fact, that is to say, only mountains and rivers are still there, and the rest are gone; The vegetation is deep, because of the war, people either die or flee, and there is no one in the city, so the vegetation grows particularly lush. Although the two sentences are about scenery, there is a turbulent era behind them, which hides the great sorrow of the poet.
Sad state, can not help but burst into tears, amazing birds, leaving sorrow and hate.
Time, time, time
Feeling of time and hating farewell are intertextual, which means that the poet is sad and sad because of the turmoil of the current situation and the separation of his relatives.
This couplet has always been interpreted in two ways. One is that poets hate parting because of their feelings. When he saw the flowers, he was not happy, but shed tears. When he heard the birds singing, he felt uncomfortable, but he was afraid. Another explanation is that this couplet is purely anthropomorphic, which means that flowers and birds also feel the turmoil of the times and the separation of the world, so the flowers also shed tears (the flowers are exposed, as if they shed tears), and the birds also lament.
Xiao Lou thinks that the second explanation is better, the image of flowers and birds is more vivid, and the poet's emotional expression is more subtle. And from vegetation to flowers and birds, the theme is passed on more smoothly, and this couplet just plays the role of "inheritance" in rhyme, so Xiao Lou thinks that the theme of this couplet is flowers and birds, not poets.
In fact, although these two explanations are different, their emotions are interlinked. Behind the tears is the poet's crying, the bird's shock and the poet's inner panic. Flowers and birds and poets are emotionally integrated.
The war lasted for more than half a year, and letters from home were rare, with a hundred thousand gold.
Beacon, the fireworks of ancient frontier warning, refers to war, here refers to the war of An Shi Rebellion.
Letters from home.
When I arrived in Wanjin, it was difficult to receive a letter from home because of the traffic jam caused by the war, so it was a cloud.
There has been no news of the war for three months in a row, and the letters from family members are precious to the value of two thousand gold.
Twisting with melancholy, scratching my head and thinking, the more I scratch my white hair, I can hardly insert a hairpin.
Scratch: scratch gently with your fingers.
Xiongnu: Very simple. Desire: I will, I will.
At a loss: I can't stand it, I can't do it.
Hairpin: a kind of jewelry for tying hair. Ancient men had long hair, which was tied on the top of their heads when they were adults and inserted horizontally with hairpins to avoid scattering.
The white hair on my head is getting shorter and shorter, and I can hardly insert a hair clasp.
Portrait of Du Fu
"Depression" in Hope in Spring
After understanding poetry, let's analyze how Du Fu's "Spring Watch" reflects his "depressed and frustrated" style.
"Depressed and frustrated" was originally a word used by Du Fu to evaluate Yang Xiong's and Gao Mei's Ci. Du Fu said in "The Form of Inscription and Fu": "Although the narrative of ministers is not enough to pass on the Six Classics, the number of sons comes first. As for the depressed and frustrated, they are always agile, but Yang Xiong and Gao Mei are ordinary. " Later generations called Du Fu's poetic style "gloomy and frustrated".
Wu Zhantai, a Qing Dynasty man, said in "Du's Topics": "Depressed people have the consent, and frustrated people have the same method." That is, depression and frustration refer to the characteristics of thoughts, emotions and artistic techniques of Du Fu's poems respectively.
1) Depression refers to the deep meaning of emotion in Du Fu's poems.
In Du Fu's poems, there is little personal affection and love, which does not mean that he has no personal feelings, but that he combines personal feelings with feelings of home and country to make his feelings deeper.
In the poem "Spring Hope", "feeling of time" refers to the worry about the current situation in the home country, and "hating farewell" refers to the worry about family separation. The worries of home and country are intertwined with personal hatred, and then they are alleviated into deep and great grief.
Du Fu lived in an era of national turmoil and people's displacement. He has the ideal of ruling the country and leveling the world, but he can't display his ambition all his life. On the contrary, his life was bumpy and embarrassing. In Du Fu's poems, personal suffering is often combined with the turmoil of the times. No matter what he writes, there is a deep and broad emotional power.
However, Du Fu was deeply influenced by Confucianism, and his Confucian cultivation formed a neutral attitude towards life, which restrained this emotional force and made it slow, deep and low. Thus formed a "depressed" style.
Poetic picture of spring hope
2) cadence refers to the cadence of Du Fu's poems and the subtle twists and turns of expression.
The first is the cadence of rhythm. In Spring Hope, the first couplet is composed of "discontinuity", "existence", "spring" and "depth", which is flat and flat, sounds like a stone and has a strong sense of frustration. The whole poem ends with "grace", which reads like a sob, and you can feel that kind of sad mood from the tone alone.
Secondly, the subtle twists and turns of emotional expression. In Spring Hope, the emotion is extremely sad and obvious, but Du Fu's expression is not simple.
In the first couplet, the words "mountains and rivers are here" and "remnants" are absent, and the words "deep vegetation" are written without "remnants", which is tortuous and profound, because when you see the vivid mountains and rivers, you can feel the sadness of the fall of the capital, and when you see the lush vegetation, you can feel the sadness of people's displacement.
Then, the poet's inner grief is hard to suppress, so the poet wrote his own feelings with the tears of flowers and the shock of birds, and still expressed them in a tortuous way.
Then the poet turned to writing endless wars and rare letters from home. Take the letter from home as a concrete matter to bear the poet's grief and indignation at this era.
Finally, the poet only said that the hair was getting shorter and shorter, and it was almost impossible to insert the hair clasp. Why does the poet bow his head? He is worried about his family because of his present situation.
You see, Du Fu constantly expressed his feelings in a roundabout way in Spring Watch, which made his feelings stagnate to an unbearable level. When readers understand the emotion in the poem, they will be knocked down by this unbearable emotion.
3) Depressed emotions must be expressed by frustration.
Depression and frustration are inseparable. Du Fu's life situation has formed his profound and broad feelings, but if he wants to express them in his poems, he must express them in twists and turns.
Some people will say, is it not good to be simple and straightforward? Simple and straightforward can't bear deep and broad emotions. Just like a river, if you let it go with the flow, its impact will be so great, but if you build a dam in the river, when the river is full, you are blowing up the dam, then it will have an unparalleled impact in an instant. Drug withdrawal is like that dam, which keeps the power of emotional repression. When we understand the frustration in the poem, it is equivalent to blowing up the dam, and the emotional impact will shake our hearts.
Du Fu's inner pursuit, personal circumstances and background of the times have formed his compassionate feelings and profound and broad feelings, and his extraordinary accomplishments in poetry have also formed twists and turns of expression. Although the word "depressed and frustrated" is simple, it is beyond the reach of future generations.