This unit studies some representative works of China's ancient poems from The Book of Songs to the Tang Dynasty. The period of poetry creation is from the 6th century BC to the 5th century AD. The Book of Songs and Songs of the South reflect the real life of slave society in China, while the poems of Yuefu and Cao Zhi and Tao Yuanming in Han Dynasty reflect the real life of feudal society. Reading these ancient poems, we can perceive the ancient social life from one side and appreciate the interest and artistic charm of ancient poems.
Four-character poems in The Book of Songs, poems written in the Sao style of Chu Ci, five-character poems written in Han Yuefu and Wei and Jin Dynasties were the three poetic styles before the Tang Dynasty. Learning to read these three styles of poems and understand their characteristics is helpful to appreciate these poems.
Poetry teaching in this unit mainly uses reading and comparison methods, reading, speaking, reciting and appreciating. In the teaching of Li Sao, we should also pay attention to the "empathy" characteristics of literature teaching, so that students can experience Qu Yuan's patriotic thoughts and feelings and appreciate the artistic charm of poetry.
This unit needs ten class hours to teach.
Second, the basic knowledge
(A) common sense of literature
1. The Book of Songs is the earliest collection of poems in China, including 305 poems from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, which was called "Three Hundred Poems" in ancient times. These poems are composed of wind, elegance and ode. "Wind", also called "national wind", is a folk song in various places. * * * Fifteen national songs, most of which are folk songs, represent the ideological and artistic achievements of The Book of Songs.
2. The six meanings of the Book of Songs are wind, elegance, ode, fu, comparison and glory. Style, elegance and praise are the system of The Book of Songs, and Fu, Bi and Xing are the main manifestations of The Book of Songs.
3. The works of Qu Yuan, a great poet of Chu State in the Warring States Period, and his later scholars were originally collected by Liu Xiang, a scholar in the Western Han Dynasty, and annotated by Wang Yi and others in the Eastern Han Dynasty. These poems describe the local customs of Chu with the poetic style and dialect rhyme of Chu Ci, which has a strong local color, hence the name Chu Ci. Later generations therefore called this poetic style "Chu Ci Style" or "Sao Style".
4. Lisao is a masterpiece of Chu Ci and the longest lyric poem in ancient China, with 373 sentences and 2490 words. The reason why there is such a long space is because the author's thoughts are broad and his feelings are profound and complicated. Poems such as "I take a long breath to cover my tears and lament the hardships of the people's lives" and "The road is long and Xiu Yuan is Xi, and I will search up and down" reflect the poet's noble feelings of worrying about the country and the people, dedicating himself to his ideals and pursuing good politics. Besides grasping the characteristics of the ideological content of Li Sao, we should also pay attention to its artistic characteristics. The poem uses rich imagination, symbols and metaphors, makes full use of the materials of myths and legends, personifies the sun, moon, wind and clouds, and pays attention to the musicality as the language of poetry. Every sentence in the poem uses the word "xi", which enhances the lyrical atmosphere and reading effect in the poem. In addition, reduplicated words and disyllabic rhymes are often used in poetry, which on the one hand makes the tone more forceful and on the other hand describes the state of things more successfully. In a word, Li Sao is a lyric poem with rich ideological content and unique artistic methods, which laid a solid foundation for China's positive romantic literature and had a great influence on later literature.
5. Yuefu Shuangbi Han Yuefu "Peacock Flying Southeast" and Northern Dynasty folk song "Mulan Ci".
6. Nineteen Ancient Poems is contained in Selected Works. Because the author's name is lost, it is impossible to determine the age. It is estimated that it should be from the last decades of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The ideological content it reflects is rich, and its artistic achievement is high, longer than lyricism and more than interest, which is a sign that the five-character poem has reached the mature stage.
7. Jian 'an Literature and the Wei, Jin, Southern Han Dynasty and Wei Chu after Jian 'an were called Jian 'an Literature. The representative writers of Jian 'an poetry circle are Cao Shi and his son (Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi) and "Jian 'an Seven Scholars" (Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu He, Ruan Yu, Ying Yun, Serina Liu).
After Jian 'an, Tao Yuanming, a great poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, has outstanding poems, profound words, fresh artistic conception and simple and refined language, which occupies an important position in the history of literature. In addition, the poets with great achievements and influence include Ji Kang and Ruan Ji in Wei and Jin Dynasties, Zuo Si and Liu Kun in Jin Dynasty, Guo Pu and Xie Lingyun in Jin and Song Dynasties, Bao Zhao in Song Dynasty, Xie Tiao in Qi Dynasty and Yu Xin in Liang Dynasty. Their poems are often higher than some contemporary poets in realism and artistic innovation, and have a higher position in the history of literature.
(2)
(c) Summarize the main points of this module.
This unit is about ancient poetry. It is required to know the relevant knowledge of the Book of Songs, the writing techniques and realistic traditions of the Book of Songs. Understand the knowledge about Chu Ci and its romantic tradition, master the ideological content and artistic characteristics of Lisao, understand the general knowledge of ancient Yuefu folk songs, and learn and master the ideological content and artistic characteristics of Peacock Flying Southeast. Understand the characteristics of five-character poems, learn and preliminarily master the ideological realm and unique style of Tao Yuanming's poems. Understand Cao Zhi, the representative figure of "Seven Scholars of Jian 'an", and the "Jian 'an Style" shown in his poems. Understand the development and excellent tradition of ancient poetry. Recite poems and cultivate appreciation ability.
"Meng" comes from the Book of Songs Feng Wei. Wei, an ancient place name of Zhou Dynasty, is located near Qixian County, Henan Province. This poem is a private prosecution of an abandoned woman, describing her process from falling in love, getting married to being abandoned, and full of resentment towards her ungrateful husband. This narrative poem has a complete plot. According to the sequence of events, the method of combining general narration with detailed description is adopted, and the feelings of hate and regret are integrated into narration and discussion, which depicts the heroine's psychological activities more delicately and shows her strong character, which is very touching.
No Clothes is from The Book of Songs Qin Feng. Qin, the ancient place name of Zhou Dynasty, is now in the middle of Shaanxi and the southeast end of Gansu. This poem has been sung repeatedly, showing the soldiers' high fighting spirit and patriotic spirit of unity, friendship, unity and heroic resistance to the enemy.
"Jing Nv" comes from The Book of Songs. Ba (bèi), called in ancient times in Zhou Dynasty, is located in the southeast of tangyin county, Henan Province. This poem vividly shows the interest of a young man and woman in love with simple language and funny details, which is quite intriguing.
Li Sao (excerpt) is Qu Yuan's masterpiece and a romantic masterpiece that shines through the ages. It shows the poet's eager pursuit and unremitting struggle for his patriotic ideal with systematic metaphor, and expresses his patriotic feelings despite his degeneration. Although it is a lyric poem, it reflects rich social reality. Although it is a romantic work, it has profound reality.
Peacock flies to the southeast, which is selected from Volume I of Xin Yong Yu Tai edited by Chen Xuling in the Southern Dynasties. Through the marriage tragedy of Jiao Zhongqing and Liu Lanzhi, it strongly exposed the evils of feudal ethics and patriarchal clan system, at the same time warmly praised their fighting spirit of resisting feudal evil forces for the loyalty of love, and finally expressed the belief of the broad masses of people in fighting for freedom of marriage. He has successfully created several vivid characters, and is good at using environment and scenery description to contrast and render. Its language is lively, its tailoring is concise and decent, and its structure is complete and compact.
Jumping Altair is selected from Nineteen Ancient Poems. Through the description of the imaginary image of Cowherd and Weaver Girl, the author describes the feelings of men and women leaving, and describes the scenery that runs through, in which feelings are in it.
"White Horse" is Cao Zhi's early masterpiece, which created an image of a patriotic brave with strong martial arts, eager to make contributions to the country and even willing to die heroically. The whole poem is full of heroism and optimism.
Returning to the Garden is one of Tao Yuanming's representative works. The whole poem is full of hatred for dirty society and love for pure countryside. Through simple language and line drawing, this poem creates a quiet, simple and natural artistic conception for readers, and between the lines, it also reveals the author's heartfelt love.