Classification of ancient poems
Ancient poetry includes poems and songs.
1. From the form of poetry can be divided into:
(1) Ancient poems, including ancient poems (poems before the Tang Dynasty), songs of Chu and Yuefu poems. Pay attention to the styles of ancient poetry such as Song, Song Xing, Quotations, Qu and Ling, which also belong to ancient poetry. Classical poetry does not talk about antithesis and rhymes freely. The development track of classical poetry: The Book of Songs → Chu Ci → Han Fu → Han Yuefu → Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties Folk Songs → Jian 'an Poetry → Tao Poetry and other literati five-character poems → Tang Dynasty Ancient Style New Yuefu.
② Modern poetry, including metrical poems and quatrains.
③ Ci, also known as Yu Shi, long and short sentences, Qu Zi, Qu Zi, Yuefu, etc. Its characteristics: the tone has a fixed frame, the sentence has a fixed number and the word has a fixed tone. According to different words, it can be divided into long tone (9 1 word or more), middle tone (59-90 words) and short tone (58 words or less). Words can be divided into monosyllabic and disyllabic, and disyllabic is divided into two paragraphs, in which the level and number of words are equal or roughly equal, and monosyllabic is only one paragraph. A paragraph of a word is called a que or an article, the first paragraph is called Qianque, Shangque and Shangpian, and the second paragraph is called Houque, Xiaque and Xiapian.
④ Qu, also known as Yuefu. Yuanqu includes Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu rose in the Jin Dynasty and flourished in the Yuan Dynasty, and its style was similar to that of Ci. Features: the number of words can be added with interlining, and more oral English is used. Sanqu includes poems and songs. The number of songs is a coherent set of songs, ranging from two to dozens. Each group number takes the song of the first song as the name of the whole set of songs, and the whole set of songs must be in the same palace tune. It has no guests, but only oratorios.
2. From the theme of poetry can be divided into:
Lyrics about scenery, lyrics about scenic spots and natural scenery. Because of their dissatisfaction with reality, some ancient poets often attached their feelings to mountains and rivers, and expressed their thoughts and feelings by describing the scenery of rivers and lakes and natural scenery. This kind of poetry often contains the feelings expressed by the scenery described later, which is what people often say. Its style is fresh and natural.
(2) Poetry is expressed by chanting things, in which the poet describes the shape, characteristics, charm and personality of chanting things, so as to entrust the poet's own feelings and express the poet's spirit, quality or ideal.
(3) I feel nostalgic about poetry, because one thing causes the poet's feelings, such as homesickness, homesickness and friends.
(4) Memorizing the past and chanting epic poems, taking historical allusions as the theme, or expressing their opinions, or satirizing the present through the past, or expressing vicissitudes of life.
⑤ Poems describing frontier battles, describing frontier scenery and the military life of frontier soldiers, or expressing optimism and heroism or homesickness, with tragic style and bold brushwork.
According to the content, it can be divided into narrative poems, lyric poems, farewell poems, frontier poems, pastoral poems, nostalgic poems (poems about history), mourning poems and satirical poems. (1) nostalgic poems. Generally, I miss people and things in ancient times. Poetry about history often distorts historical facts and reality, or regrets personal experience or criticizes social reality. For example, Su Shi's "Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia" expresses his personal experience, the contradiction between ideal and reality, and has achieved nothing for more than half a year. Xin Qiji's Ode to Yule, Jingkou Gu Beiting and Nostalgia expressed his dissatisfaction with the imperial court's drag out an ignoble existence and attacked the social reality. There are also poems about history, which only reflect and evaluate history calmly and rationally, or just describe it objectively. The poet's own experience is not among them, and the poet's feelings are just the sound outside the painting. For example, Liu Yuxi's "Wu Yi Xiang" expresses the poet's sense of historical vicissitudes by comparing the past and the present. (2) poetry. Characteristics of object-chanting poems: the content takes a certain object as the description object, and describes it by grasping some of its characteristics. Ideologically, it is often to express one's wishes. From things to people, from reality to nothingness, write spiritual character. Commonly used metaphor, symbol, personification and contrast. (3) Landscape pastoral poetry. Cao Cao created landscape poetry, and Tao Yuanming created pastoral poetry in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, the school of landscape pastoral poetry represented by Wang Wei and Meng Haoran appeared. Landscape pastoral poetry is good at describing natural scenery, pastoral scenery and comfortable seclusion life, with meaningful and beautiful poetic landscape, quiet and elegant style and clear and elegant language. (4) War poems. Poems about frontier fortress and war have existed since the pre-Qin period and developed into the Tang Dynasty. Because wars are still frequent, rulers attach more importance to martial arts than literature, and it is easier for scholars to win reputation by inviting frontier courts than by passing imperial examinations. In addition, in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, frontier poems with magnificent feelings were greatly developed, forming a new school of poetry, with representatives such as Gao Shi, Cen Can and Wang Changling. (5) Travel poems and in my heart forever's poems. The ancient people's long-term exile, long-term wandering, or long-term guarding the border will always cause strong homesickness and homesickness, so there are many such poems. They either write about their nostalgia for a trip, or their thoughts about their relatives and friends, or their homesickness, or their thoughts about being pregnant in the boudoir. In writing, I feel hurt by touching the scene, feeling in time, expressing my feelings with things, expressing my feelings because of dreams, or expressing my feelings with wonderful metaphors. (6) Farewell poems. In ancient times, due to inconvenient transportation and underdeveloped communication, it was often difficult for relatives and friends to meet for several years, so the ancients paid special attention to parting. On the occasion of parting, people often set up wine farewell parties, fold willows to send them away, and sometimes sing poems to bid farewell, so parting has become an eternal theme of ancient literati. Because everyone's situation is different, the specific content and ideological tendency written in farewell poems are often different. Some express their feelings of parting directly, some express their feelings by spitting out the anger in their chests or expressing their wishes, some focus on the pain of parting without hating, some focus on persuasion, encouragement and comfort, and some have both.