It was Shen Yue who started doing this in the Southern Dynasty. He classified the pronunciation of the text into five rhymes: clear, voicing, rising, falling, and short. The clear rhyme is the upper level tone, the voicing rhyme is the lower level tone, the rising rhyme is the upper tone, the falling rhyme is the falling tone, and the short rhyme is the entering tone. Among them, the top level and the bottom level are flat tones, and the three tones when going up are flat tones. Since then, all those who write rhyme have taken it as a criterion. Although there have been some changes since then, the poetry rhyme compiled by Liu Yuan of the Song Dynasty (known as Pingshui rhyme in the world) has been in use to this day. All poems and couplets written in the old style The tones used are all according to it. It is divided into fifteen rhymes for the upper and lower levels, twenty-nine rhymes for the upper tone, thirty rhymes for the falling tone, seventeen rhymes for the entering tone, and one hundred and six rhymes for the upper tone. We took it in our hands and wanted to know which words were flat and which were flat. When we opened it, we found that Dong, Dong, Jiang, Zhi, Wei, Yu, Yu, Qi, Jia, Hui, Zhen, Wen, Thirty characters with flat rhymes such as Yuan, Han, Xi, Xian, Xiao, Yao, Hao, Ge, Ma, Yang, Geng, Qing, Zheng, Long, Invasion, Qin, Yan, Xian are all flat rhymes, and the remaining seventy The six rhymes are all oblique tones.
What should you do if you don’t have poetry at hand? The following three methods can be used to distinguish the flat and oblique characters. (1) Gen Qiang's "Kangxi Dictionary" is divided into four tones of song formulas. The song says: "Don't raise your voice when the tone is flat, don't raise your voice loudly, shout loudly and loudly. The going sound is clear and sad for the distant road, and the sound is short and urgent to collect." That is, the sound of the character flat tone is long and loud, such as east, wind, etc., and the sound of the character ascending tone rises and rises. Heavy turbidity, such as Dong, Zong, etc., the sound of the falling tone characters is softly sent out, clear and long tail, such as Zhong, Yong, etc., the syllables of the entering tone characters are very short, and they are collected as soon as they are pronounced, such as Yu, Liu, etc. Although this is not very scientific, if you can distinguish the pronunciation of words in this way, you can master the smoothness of many numbers. (2) Use the method of dividing rhymes to summarize the main points, in the order of four tones, and rhyme them in sequence, such as dong, dong, dong, du, jiang, jiang, jiang, jue, zhi, zhi, zhi, jie, fish, rain, yu, Yue, Jia, Jie, Jie, Xiao, Xiao, Xiao, Xian, Mi, Xian, Chip, Ying, Ying, Ying, Yi, Jian, Jian, Jian, Jie...etc., all the first characters have flat tones. All of them can be pressed down, and the order is flat up and in, the third tone is flat up, the first tone is flat, and the rest are flat. Any character with oblique tone as the first sound cannot be pressed. For example, it is not acceptable to start with Qiao, Ma, Jing, or Send. (3) Check "Cymology", it indicates a certain sound and rhyme for each word, and the words will be clear after checking them. At the same time, we should pay attention to polyphony and polysemy, the different sounds and different meanings of evil, xing, sheng, ying, zheng,... and the different sounds and different meanings of look, hope, trouble, forget, listen... The difference between . and other words. These are all marked in the poetry rhyme book, just pay attention. We can master the above-mentioned methods of distinguishing characters from oblique to oblique. It will not be difficult for any character to be oblique or oblique, and it will not be used incorrectly. Another thing to note is that the rhyme book you use is based on the 106 rhymes mentioned above. The newly compiled oblique rhymes are based on modern Chinese standards, which are very different and are not suitable for this purpose.
Secondly, let’s talk about the oblique arrangement. Its general rule is that in the same couplet, it cannot be all flat or all oblique, like a pool of stagnant water. It must be arranged clearly according to the rhythm, and it must be read with ups and downs and momentum, so that the pronunciation can be harmonious. The formula also says, "No matter 135, 246 is clear." Because 135 is an odd-positioned character, it does not affect the smoothness of the syllables of the entire sentence. The even-positioned characters 246 and 246 are the key words that determine the syllables. It can be changed to: "Ping to square, square to square, alternate two and three to square, can be flat or square, one, three or five, the even position must be clear at the end of the sentence", which is more accurate. For long couplets of two or more sentences, when combined with a certain sentence pattern, the sound and rhythm of the certain sentence pattern will be used as the criterion. Two points should be noted: (1) For any couplet of two or more sentences, the first sentence of the first couplet should be in a straight line and the end of the last sentence should be in a straight line. In a multi-sentence first couplet, except for the last sentence in a straight line, all the above sentences can be flat. The ending, or the ending of the inter-sentence, can also be calculated based on the last word of the sentence. The ending of the sentence is reversed and alternated. That is, the ancients called it the top level and the top level. This is conducive to calling out the following words and making the tone majestic and powerful. Ancient and modern Most famous couplets are like this. (2) The last character of the first couplet should be Qi, and the last character of the second couplet should be Ping. This is determined by the meter. However, when the ideological content and form cannot be unified, the flat and Qi can also be switched. Others do not talk about equality, such as Sun Yat-sen's couplet, "The revolution has not yet succeeded, comrades still must work hard." The first line is the cause and the second line is the effect. Only in this way can the tone be smooth. Changsha Yuelu Academy couplet: "Only Chu has talents; here it is prosperous." This is the relationship between order and coherence. If it is reversed, the coherence will be broken and it will not become a text. The above are all changes in rhythm, and the content determines the form.
In addition, some special words and word pairs in the couplets can be used in any way. The main ones are (1) Opposite with the same word. (2) Proper nouns are relative. (3) The function words in classical Chinese are relative. (4) Idioms and familiar sentences are relative. (5) The use of words is very dangerous. For example, during the May 4th Movement, the shop strike slogans read: "Students will not be released for a day; shops will not be opened for a day." The three characters are the same. Another example of a person's name is a couplet: "Wei Wuji, the eldest grandson Wuji, Er Wuji, I am Wuji; Lin Xiangru, Sima Xiangru, the names are similar, but the reality is different." Because proper nouns are fixed, they cannot be cut to fit the shoes.
Finally, let’s talk about the remedies for lonely sentences and awkward sentences. The five-character and seven-character couplets were originally derived from rhymed poetry. In order to achieve the ups and downs of the tone and the harmony of the syllables, they are balanced in the same way as poetry, and it is taboo to be flat. The so-called Guping refers to a five- or seven-character flat-tone sentence (usually at the end of a pair). In addition to the last flat-tone character, there is only one flat-tone character (the first character of the seven-character character is not counted), such as: "平平廄廄平" becomes It is "廄平廄廄平", and "廻仄平平廄廄平" becomes "廄仄廄平廄廄平", both of which are called Zuo Guping.
However, although there is only one flat character in the oblique closing sentence (usually the first couplet), such as: 仄平仄仄仄 and 任任仄平任仄仄, it is not considered a solitary sentence, but only an oblique sentence. This kind of loneliness and awkward sentences should be remedied. Remedy: Just ignore 1, 3, and 5, and change them to main points. For example, in the example of Gu Ping above, the first character of five characters and the third character of seven characters must be flat characters, not flat or flat. However, when the relationship between word meaning cannot be changed, the third character of five characters or the fifth character of seven characters must be replaced by the flat character to remedy the situation. This cannot be ignored. The first and third characters of a five-character Ao sentence, the third and fifth characters of a seven-character sentence, and any flat-tone character can be adjusted into the meter; this method is called Aojiu. Once it's remedied, it's no longer a problem.