The syllabus requires "analysis and revision of ill sentences", and clearly defines six kinds of ill sentences, such as improper word order, improper collocation, incomplete or redundant components, chaotic structure, unclear meaning and illogical.
In fact, the requirements of the syllabus include two contents:
One is to differentiate and analyze sick sentences, and the other is to modify sick sentences.
Differentiation and analysis of sick sentences is the identification and analysis of sick sentences and the premise of modifying sick sentences. Only by distinguishing clearly can it be possible to prescribe the right medicine and correct the sick sentence. The examination of discriminating sick sentences generally appears in the form of multiple-choice questions.
Modifying ill sentences is the ultimate goal of discriminating ill sentences. In the college entrance examination, the examination of modifying ill sentences is more subjective, requiring candidates to write and modify themselves.
It should be pointed out that in the actual examination, the analysis and modification of sick sentences often combine the use of words and punctuation and the knowledge of negative rhetoric.
Second, the test center analysis
1. Incorrect word order
The so-called improper word order refers to the disorder of words or sentences, which leads to the problem of unreasonable arts and sciences.
Improper word order mainly includes the following situations:
(1) The sentence components are out of order.
② improper word order
③ Improper order of clauses.
④ The subject and object are reversed.
Look at the following example.
These are three beautiful and instructive China novels I bought.
Analysis: The attributive word order of this sentence is wrong. The correct word order should be: these are three Chinese novels that I bought, which are very instructive and exquisite. "I bought it" is an attributive; "Three books", quantitative phrase; "Very enlightening", a verb phrase; Exquisite adjective phrase; "Chinese", a noun.
He didn't cook braised pork.
Analysis: The adverbial word order of this sentence is wrong. The correct word order is: he didn't cook the braised pork well. When the word "ba" is used as an adverbial, it should be placed after the negative word.
Everything in the world develops, moves and changes there, and so does language.
Analysis: improper word order. Among the three words "development", "movement" and "change", the first word should be "movement". Movement causes "change" and only change can "develop". Therefore, the correct word order should be "... always moving, changing and developing there ..."
I wanted to see you in my hometown this time, but I didn't know you were busy with scientific research until I got home.
Analysis: the position of related words is improper. In a complex sentence, when the subjects of two clauses are the same, the related words should be placed after the subjects. The correct expression of this sentence should be "... I only know that you are busy ..." This is item A of question 4 of 1992 college entrance examination, which is the correct option. However, due to the negligence of the test paper writers, language barriers have also been caused.
In order to support the people in the disaster area, people in the village would rather give rice than eat corn flour themselves.
Analysis: The clauses of complex sentences are upside down. The correct statement should be "... I would rather eat corn flour myself than give rice."
He grew up here, and he is too familiar with the mountains and rivers here.
Analysis: the subject and object are reversed. We should put "right" before "here".
2. Improper collocation
The so-called improper collocation means that several words cannot be collocated with each other when they are related components in a sentence.
Improper collocation has the following common situations:
① Improper collocation of subject and predicate.
② Improper collocation of verbs and objects.
③ Incorrect collocation of additional components and head words.
④ Improper collocation of subject and object.
Please look at the following example:
Example 1. The tomb of Lu Ye Abaoji, the ancestor of Liao Dynasty, is located on the northwest slope of the valley.
Analysis: Improper collocation of subject and predicate. "Ling" can't be "buried" but should be changed to "built".
He immediately called the Standing Committee to study and arranged the content, time and participants of the on-site meeting, as well as the problems that should be paid attention to in the meeting.
Analysis: Improper collocation of verb and object. It is ok to "arrange" the content and time of the meeting, but "arrange" and "ask questions" are not appropriate. This is 1995, item a, question 7 of the college entrance examination.
He looked at Wang Chuang's wise face with a humble smile.
Analysis: Improper collocation of attributive headwords. "Wisdom" cannot modify "face".
Example 4. Next to him, two armed guards stood there staring at each other.
Analysis: The adverbial headwords are not collocated properly. "Erect" cannot modify "Station".
The key to getting good grades in this exam is to study hard.
Analysis: One side and two sides are not properly matched. It is obviously inappropriate to focus only on two aspects in the front and "study hard" in the back.
Example 6. Jinlong brand brain tonic liquid, which sells well all over the country, deserves to be a prescription of Chinese patent medicine.
Analysis: Improper collocation of subject and object. "Brain tonic liquid" can't be a "prescription".
3. Incomplete or redundant components.
The so-called incomplete or redundant components refer to the omission or repetition of the main components such as the subject, predicate and object of the sentence or the necessary modifiers and related words, which makes the semantic expression unclear or verbose.
Common ingredients are incomplete or redundant mainly in the following situations:
① Incomplete: lack of subject, predicate and object; Lack of necessary decorative ingredients, additional ingredients.
② Redundancy: redundancy of subject, predicate and object; Decorative ingredients and additional ingredients are redundant.
Please look at the following example:
Under the repeated explanation of director Zhi, his anger gradually subsided and finally a smile appeared on his face.
Analysis: The topic is incomplete. This is1item d of question 4 of the national college entrance examination in 992. Due to the use of the preposition "after", the subject of the original sentence becomes an adverbial, resulting in incomplete subject.
In order to fully popularize the use of rapeseed cake or cottonseed cake to feed pigs and accelerate the development of pig industry, the county held three technical training courses for breeding pigs.
Analysis: the object is incomplete, which is 1997 college entrance examination question 6 a. The object of "selling" in the sentence should be "experience", not "feeding pigs"; Just add "experience" after "feeding pigs".
Recently, a comprehensive quality inspection campaign has been launched, and a series of work such as establishing and strengthening the technical management system will be carried out in this campaign.
Analysis: The predicate is incomplete. The object of "establishment and strengthening" is "system", but it cannot be "work". In this way, only by adding the word "completed" before "established" can the sentence be fluent.
Many leaders from the city came to our school for guidance today.
Analysis: Predicate repetition. "Come" means "come".
After extensive discussion and repeated revisions, the new reward system was finally put into practice.
Analysis: Prepositions are redundant. "Zhu" originally means "Yu" here, and together with the preposition "Yu", it is repetitive.
4. The structure is chaotic
The so-called structural confusion refers to the entanglement of two meanings or two sentence patterns, which leads to the unsmooth sentence.
There are two kinds of common sentences with disordered structure:
(1) Sentences are mixed.
② disjointed front and back
Please look at the following example:
Example 1. The main components of Ganmaotuire Granule are prepared from Folium Isatidis, Radix Isatidis and Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii.
Analysis: The sentence patterns are mixed. In fact, this sentence is composed of two sentences, which can be changed to "The main components of Ganmao antipyretic granules are Isatis indigotica, Isatis indigotica and Hedyotis diffusa." It can also be changed to "Ganmaotuire Granule is made of Folium Isatidis, Radix Isatidis and Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii"
In line with the principle of ensuring quality and reducing cost, they adopted new technologies and new processes.
Analysis: disjointed. If the front is changed to "based on the principle of" or "based on the principle of", the two clauses will be fluent.
5. The meaning is not clear
The so-called ambiguous meaning means that the fuzziness of meaning is influenced by factors such as inaccurate meaning, misuse of part of speech, unclear reference and language ambiguity.
Ambiguity is common in the following situations:
① The pronoun reference is unknown.
② The quantity is not exact.
③ The range is uncertain.
④ Fuzziness
Please look at the following example:
The coffin was followed by three women-the mother of the deceased and her two daughters.
Analysis: The references are unknown. Who does "she" mean in the sentence? "Dead" or "Mom"? If you mean "the dead", you should delete "hers".
Nearly 400 teachers and students in our school participated in this activity.
Analysis: The figures are not exact. The contradiction between "near" and "more than 400 people" is deleted according to the actual situation.
Exodus 3.60-99-year-old women enjoy the privilege of taking part in the parade by car.
Analysis: The scope is uncertain. Literally, it seems that people under 59 and over 100 have no right to take part in the parade by bus. It should be changed to "over 60 years old".
Everyone is generally angry that the ranger exposed the problem that the Forestry Bureau took the lead in smuggling timber.
Analysis: Ambiguity. What is everyone "angry"? Did the ranger expose the problem or did the ranger expose the problem? If you add a word "de" after "expose", the ambiguity will be eliminated.
6. illogical
The so-called illogicality refers to language diseases caused by using concepts, classification and judgment errors.
Common illogical language diseases are as follows:
(1) does not conform to the objective facts.
② Inconsistency
③ improper classification and counting
④ Improper negation.
Please look at the following example:
Example 1. The landlord bourgeoisie strongly advocates the revisionist view that "those who work hard govern others, and those who work hard govern others".
Analysis: it does not conform to the objective facts. The viewpoint of "those who do things govern the people" is feudal, and it is impossible for the landlord bourgeoisie to carry out the revisionist viewpoint.
The film is about to start, and the audience are scrambling to file in.
Analysis: inconsistent. "Filing" is one after another and should be very orderly, which is contradictory to the previous "scrambling". "scrambling" should be "flocking"
This afternoon, the tasks of our class are sweeping the floor, pulling weeds, paving the road and doing campus sanitation.
Analysis: improper classification and enumeration. Sweeping the floor, pulling grass and paving the road are all concrete contents of "developing campus sanitation", which cannot be connected by the "harmony" of coordinate relationship.
With the development of science today, no one will deny that the earth does not revolve around the sun.
Analysis: Denial is improper. The use of triple negation in the whole sentence leads to semantic confusion. Only by deleting the last "no" can the sentence be fluent.
Third, the method of guidance-the right medicine.
1. Grasp the whole and seriously injured.
When analyzing and modifying sick sentences, the sentences given are often rich in content, long in sentence structure, complex in composition and quite confusing. When encountering such a sentence, students often only look at the part and don't look at the whole, resulting in misjudgment.
For example:
I looked back and saw a middle-aged rural woman with dark skin standing in front of the counter.
If you look at it separately, there is nothing wrong with the first half and the second half of this sentence, but when you put them together and consider them as a whole, the problem comes out. "Standing" means standing for a long time, "I" just "looking back", just for a moment. How can I know how long the woman has been standing? Obviously, if the word "Li" was changed to "Li", there would be no such problem.
Another example is:
Students who respect their teachers are welcomed by people.
The first half of this sentence "students who respect teachers" is ambiguous, which can be understood as "students who respect teachers". However, if you look at the second half of this sentence again, you will find that the ambiguity is the same as the first half. Therefore, when solving problems, don't hold on to a little fault, but grasp the whole and grasp the hard injury.
2. Think deeply about the law
Chinese expression has certain rules to follow. The usual review must not be immersed in the sea of questions, but be good at summing up some regular things from practice.
For example:
"Bo Le Xiang Ma" is well known. In fact, horses can vote for Bole, and Bole can also know horses, and both enthusiasm can be exerted.
Although the adverb "Ye" is often used to express the coordinate relationship in coordinate complex sentences, it often has the function of emphasis. It is well known that "Bole knows horses", and "Ma Tou Bole" is the key content of this sentence. Therefore, if you understand this rule, you can easily recognize similar sentences when you see them.
3. Summarize the method.
There are many ways to distinguish sick sentences, which are summarized as follows:
(1) tighten long sentences and grasp the trunk.
Some sentences are not easy to see because of their long length and many modifiers. Therefore, when analyzing this kind of sentences, we should use abbreviations to highlight the trunk, so that some language diseases are often clear at a glance.
For example:
During the description of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression by the Flying Tigers, the Flying Tigers led by the Party persisted in the struggle behind enemy lines, destroyed the enemy's communication lines, dealt a heavy blow to the enemy, and finally won. "
If this sentence is tightened, it will become a description in the Flying Tigers ... a "description" of what? Obviously, it should not be "victory", so you can find that this sentence lacks an object.
(2) Modifiers are multi-branched.
If there is no shortage of elements in the condensed sentence stem, we should pay attention to whether the modifier and the head word are collocated. If a predicate has several objects, or several predicates have one or several objects, we should also pay attention to whether they can match one by one.
For example:
If you speak fluent Shanghai accent and vivid expression, you can describe every detail vividly.
There is nothing wrong with "with accent" in the sentence, but "with accent" and "with expression" are not appropriate. The meaning of "vivid description" is repetitive, because "description" means "painting" and should be changed to "vivid description" or "vivid description" In addition, the collocation of "fluent accent" is not appropriate.
For sentences with complex modifiers, we must pay attention to the collocation of branches and leaves.
③ Pay attention to the related words in complex sentences.
In complex sentences, related words often play a very important role in expressing emotions. Therefore, the investigation of complex sentences often begins with related words.
The use of related words depends on the position, collocation and appropriateness.
For example:
On the one hand, the hardware factory can take the initiative to deliver goods to the door to ensure the supply of materials; On the other hand, the vehicle factory also provided the product quality opinions to the hardware factory in time, which gradually improved the product quality of the hardware factory.
There are two subjects before and after this passage, one is "hardware factory" and the other is "vehicle factory". When the two subjects are different, the related word "On the one hand" should be placed before the subject "Hardware Factory". On the other hand, if the subjects are the same, the related words should be placed after the subjects. If the second half of the above example is like this: on the other hand, it also takes the initiative to solicit opinions from the automobile factory in time to improve product quality. Both the front and back subjects become "hardware factories", and there is nothing wrong with the related words behind the subjects.
Another example is:
If the author's imagination exceeds the actions of real people and exaggerates his deeds, it may give people an unreal feeling.
"Exaggerated deeds" will naturally give people an unreal feeling. The word "instead" is used here, which is inconsistent with the previous word "if" and should be changed to "just".
Another example is:
Although it is still winter, it is cooler in the morning and evening, but wearing a sweater at noon will not be too hot in the warm sunshine.
This sentence is about winter, the weather is cold, and wearing a sweater is not hot. There is no turning point before and after Therefore, the two related words "although" and "however" are not used properly. If you must use related words, you can add "even if" before the last clause.
(4) Pronoun reference should be clear.
If there are pronouns in the sentence, pay attention to whether the reference is clear.
For example:
Strange to say, the thin doorwoman seems to listen to this woman very much. She almost always does what the guards tell her to do.
In a sentence, the third person should refer to the same object. If the second "she" in the sentence is changed to "this woman", the meaning of the sentence will be clear.
⑤ One side and two sides should be matched.
If there are positive and negative words such as "whether" and "can" in a sentence, pay attention to whether there are corresponding words before and after.
For example:
Writing fluency is an important criterion to measure the quality of a work.
The former "fluent writing" is only expressed from the aspect of "good", and the latter "good or bad" is mentioned side by side. Therefore, the word "whether" should be added after "write" so that the front and back can be matched.
⑥ Fluency and logic of sentences.
If no problems are found in the above five aspects, it depends on whether there are logical errors.
For example:
Even poems, ancient poems and couplets have special publications, but prose does not have its own special issue, which is very abnormal.
Grammatically speaking, there is nothing wrong with this sentence, but the juxtaposition of "poetry" and "ancient poetry" is problematic in concept use and should be a logical classification error.
4. The modification of sick sentences should be symptomatic
Finding the correct cause is the premise of modifying sick sentences. When reviewing, we must prescribe the right medicine for the "disease". As mentioned in the "case study" above, targeted modification. When revising, we should pay attention to maintaining the original intention to the maximum extent; It should be changed according to the actual needs of expression; Try to change as little as possible, change to a place that can solve the problem, and never change to two places.
The analysis and modification of ill sentences has been one of the hot topics in recent years. There are many exercises in this area, so I won't repeat the questions. After mastering the methods mentioned above, you should find some exercises to do, so that you can use them skillfully.