Liu Immortal
The Three Gorges of the Yangtze River was originally hidden in the mountains, but it didn't come to the fore until the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, while the Tang and Song Dynasties became famous and became a pilgrimage place for literati and poets, which really benefited from the Records of Mountains and Rivers in Yidu, Records of Jingzhou, Notes on Water Classics and Jiang Fu. This paper focuses on the contribution and far-reaching influence of Guo Pu, a famous writer and archaeologist in the Jin Dynasty, on promoting the geographical culture of the Three Gorges. In the long ranks of cultural celebrities in the Three Gorges in ancient times, Guo Pu is the most worthy of attention and study. There are three reasons for this: First, he was the first writer to live in the Three Gorges area and lived here for the longest time. Guo Pu first arrived in the Three Gorges in 297 AD, 27 years ago, which lasted for three years, which was equivalent to the time when Du Fu lived in the Three Gorges, but more than 9 years earlier than Du Fu. Second, the purpose of Guo Pu's visit to the Three Gorges is quite different from that of the literati since the Tang and Song Dynasties (such as Liu Yuxi, Bai Juyi and Ouyang Xiu). The latter was demoted to the Three Gorges area as an official, and he felt it during his tenure. Guo Pu, on the other hand, made a special trip to the Three Gorges for interview and writing. Apart from writing poetry and fu, he also extensively dabbled in the historical geography, natural resources, myths and legends of the Three Gorges area and incorporated them into his works, which is also rare among other cultural celebrities who came to the Three Gorges.
A brief study of Guo Pu's life and his works
There is no chronology about Guo Pu's life and his works. There has been a comprehensive description and evaluation of Guo Pu in the history books, mainly the biography of Guo Pu in the Book of Jin (Biography 42). Although Guo Chuan has more than 5, words, he has described many examples of Guo Pu's activities in divination and calendar calculation of Yin and Yang, but he has not mentioned Guo Pu's birth date and our most concerned experience and activities, such as his visit to the father of the prefect of Ren Jianping County in Wushan, Three Gorges, and his annotation of Erya in Yiling, Xiakou. Nevertheless, Guo Chuan sketched out Guo Pu's personality and life track for us. Chuan said, "Guo Pu's words are pure and pure, and people in Hedong are also happy." Look up "Hedong Wenxi", which is now wenxi county, Shanxi Province. This county is located in the upper reaches of Sushui River, a tributary of the Yellow River, so it is called Hedong. Guo Pu was born here in Xianning, Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty (AD 276). "I am good at classics, knowledgeable and talented, but I am not good at speech. Ci is the crown of ZTE, and good ancient Chinese characters are better than Yin and Yang calendar." Biography only points out that Guo Pu is not good at words, but he speaks highly of his erudition and literary achievements. There is also a systematic and comprehensive record of Guo Pu's life's works. In addition to divination and other works, his biography says that he "annotated Erya, which is not a sound and meaning map, but also commented on Dialect (written by Han Yangxiong), Biography of Mu Tianzi, Shan Hai Jing, Chu Ci, Zi Xu and Shanglin (both of which are fu) There are tens of thousands of words to eulogize his poems. According to Sui Shu's Annals of Classics, Guo Pu also noted "Three Cangs": "Guo Pu wrote Qin Xiang Li Si's Cang Jie Pian, Han Yang Xiong's Xun Zeng Pian, and the later Han Lang Zhong Jia's visit to Gu Xi Pian, so he said" Three Cangs " Other works handed down from ancient times by Guo Pu are: Ten volumes of Guo Pu Ji, an anthology or a complete collection of Guo Pu Ji? Unable to examine. Due to various historical reasons, most of Guo Pu's works contained in historical records are scattered, and it is difficult for modern people to see the whole picture. At present, there are very few Guo Pu's works preserved. As far as the author knows, * * * includes: Er Ya Zhu, which was merged with Er Ya Yi Shu by Hao Yixing in the Qing Dynasty and published in Annotations to Thirteen Classics, basically retaining the original appearance of Guo Zhu; Notes on Shan Hai Jing and Biography of Mu Tianzi were reprinted by Yuelu Bookstore in 1991, which are the only editions annotated by Guo Pu. Jiang Fu, a work of ci and fu, is collected in Selected Works edited by Liang Xiao Tong. There is no special collection of poems. The Selected Works contains 7 poems about immortals, and the source of ancient poems compiled by Qing Shen Deqian includes 7 poems about immortals and 1 poem for Wen Qiao. According to the records, there are 19 poems about immortals written by Guo Pu, but the other ten poems have not been circulated today. Guo Pu's A Picture of Mountains and Seas is a poem with pictures, which is also a poem, but it has been lost. Recently, Ma Changyi, a scholar who studied the Classic of Mountains and Seas, sorted out the Classic of Mountains and Seas circulated in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and named it "An Ancient Book of Mountains and Seas", which was published by Shandong Pictorial Publishing House in 21, including 33 poems of Guo Pu's "Tu Zan". Although it is difficult to determine whether this is all the poems of Guo Pu's "Tu Zan of Mountains and Seas", it is commendable to have preserved so many. Guo Pu said that "there are tens of thousands of words to eulogize poetry and fu", I wonder if it includes "Tu Zan"? If it is among them, Guo Pu's works in this field can basically be spread all over the world.
Guo Pu entered the official career because his talents and works won the appreciation of the Jin emperor. Guo Pu biography: "Pu wrote" Jiang Fu ",which is very famous for its great words, and later it was written as" Nanjiao Fu ",which was praised by the emperor and thought to be the work of Zuo Lang." Zuo Lang is just a civilian official who has no right, and his bumpy career is closely related to his lofty and aloof personality of "thinking that his talents are superior and inferior". And his early death was caused by "good divination"; After "Wang Dun joined the army as a recorder", Wang Dun wanted to rebel, and asked Guo Pu to make a prediction. "Guo Pu was doomed, so he was killed by Wang Dun. The biography says, "When he was executed, he was forty-nine, and Wang Dunping posthumously awarded the Governor of Hongnong." Guo Pu was killed in the second year of Taining (A.D. 324), when he was just 48 years old. A learned and talented university scholar died in a hurry when his life was maturing. What a jealous genius!
Guo Pu's Three Gorges Complex
The reason why Guo Puqi traveled thousands of miles from Qian Shan to the Three Gorges area of the Yangtze River to live in depth and collect scenery, and lived in Yiling, the ancient city of Xiakou (now Yichang City) for a long time to write, was entirely a fate, which was the red line drawn by his father. Guo Pu biography of his father, Guo Yuan, has such a brief description: "Father Yuan's history is made by ministers, and Du Yuan's fashion book has increased and lost, and Yuan Yuan has refuted the truth and is known as the public. Finally Jianping Taishou. " Refutation can be used to make a statement of right and wrong and put forward an objection solution. Guo Yuan dared to "refute" the "increase and loss" of his boss, Shang Shu Du Yu, which shows his integrity. Guo Pu was unyielding in the face of Wang Dun's rebellious behavior in the future, and it was precisely because he was deeply influenced by his father. According to the "Yichang Prefecture Records and Official Table", "The person who can take the exam in Jin is Yidu Taishou 11, and Jianping Taishou 1" is Guo Yuan; "Official List" also noted in Guo Yuan's name that "Pu Fu Guo Yuan is the prefect of Jianping." According to the examination, in the seventh year of Jin Yuankang (AD 297), Guo Pu, at the age of 21, came to Jianping County, which belongs to the Jin Dynasty in the Three Gorges, to treat Wushan, and visited his father, who was the prefect here. The magnificent landscapes and unique national customs of the Three Gorges deeply attracted the northern youth. After a comprehensive tour and investigation of the landscapes of the Three Gorges, he chose to settle down for a long time and lived in Yiling, a county at this time, which belongs to Yidu County. Why did Guo Pu choose Yiling instead of Wushan? This is also a big question when the author first dabbled in the historical sites of Guo Pu. To solve this problem, we must understand the changes of Jianping County and the geographical scope under its jurisdiction.
At the end of the Kao Three Kingdoms period, there were two Jianping counties in the history of China, one belonging to Wu and the other to Jin.
"Tongdian County" contains: "Zigui, Jianping County of Wu is here"; "Wushan, Jin is located in Jianping County."
The Minutes of Reading Historical Records contains: "Jianping City, in the east of the state (Guizhou), is the place where Zigui returned. Sun Wu named Jianping County after this city. Wu cheng is eighty-five miles southeast of the state. " "Sun Wu Yong 'an set up Jianping County in the second year, and Jin merged into Jianping County set up by Jin." It also says: "Jin first set Jianping County to govern Wushan County, the state capital of Kuizhou, and then merged it with Wu's county."
In this regard, the Records of Zigui County (1991 edition) clearly states: "In the third year of Wu Yong 'an (26 years), Sun Xiu, the ruler of Wu, divided Yidu (county) into Jianping County, which governed four counties, including Zigui, which was 85 miles southeast of Zigui (now Mao Ping) and built a city. "In the first year of Taikang (28), Jin general Wang Jun cut Wu, and in February, Ke Jianping and Jin destroyed Wu, and the Jianping County of Wu was merged into Jianping County of Jin. The county governance was moved from Zigui to Wushan, and Zigui was under its jurisdiction."
It can be seen that Ren Jianping County, the father of Pu, was a newly-built Pingjun County after the merger of Wu and Jin counties. Its jurisdiction extends to the present Mao Ping area in the east, only a few tens of miles away from Yiling, and Jiangzhou can travel back and forth in one day. It is precisely because Yiling is close to its jurisdiction, and Yiling has better living and writing conditions than Wushan, so Guo Pu chose Yiling.
Scholars have different opinions about the time when Guo Pu came to the Three Gorges. Because there is no clear record in ancient books, there is only the saying of "avoiding the southeast". The author mainly speculates from the writing time of Jiang Fu and the time when his father Ren Jianping was a satrap. Because Guo Pu has a special feeling for Jianping and Yiling, he mentioned it many times in his works. After he wrote "Shan Hai Jing Hai Nei Jing", "The minister of Xia Hou's enlightenment called Meng Tu, who was the god of Ba ... living in the mountains and in the Shanxi of Dan", he noted: "Danyang City in Jianping County today, the east seven miles of Zigui County is where Meng Tu lived." After "The Wild West Classic", he noted: "Wushan is now in Jianping County." After "Min Sanjiang, the first big river, goes out of Wenshan" in Haineijing, it is noted: "This river goes out of Minshan, the promotion county of Wenshan County, to the southeast of Shu County, to the northeast of Jiangyang, passing through Badong, Jianping, Yidu, Nanjun, Jiangxia ..." After the Yangtze River went out of Shu, it passed through many places, and Guo Pu pointed out Badong, Jianping and Yidu, which was a love affair. Guo Pu's views on the landscapes and products in Jianping and Yiling areas are also described in his works, which are discussed later.
Guo Pu's story of living in the Yiling of the Three Gorges was first seen in The Story of Jingzhou written by Yu Zhongyong, a Jin man. Unfortunately, this book has not been circulated today. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, more and more scholars came to visit the Three Gorges, and Guo Pu's footprints in Yiling were known to more people. Lu You's Book of Entering Shu in Song Dynasty records:
"It is a century-old thing to gather in Chusai Building and traverse the Golden Barrier Pavilion in Eryatai, with two begonia in front of the court. Er Ya Tai, Tu Jing thought that Guo Jingchun paid attention to Er Ya here. "
The Tujing mentioned in this article should be regarded as a kind of local chronicles like the Tujing of Yiling. Lu You not only "traversed Eryatai", but also read the records in the local Tujing, so he said this. Looking up all kinds of local chronicles, there are many poems, fu, preface and notes about Guo Pu and Er Yatai, which have been handed down from generation to generation, but there are no traces of fiction. The First Draft of Yichang County Records (1936 edition) has compiled more than 2, years' historical materials of Yiling-Donghu-Yichang County, and the contents are informative. In the Biography, it listed Guo Pu as a "floating residence", and a short biography said:
"Guo Pu's character is pure and pure, and he is fond of people in Hedong, and his father is Jianping Taishou, that is, returning to Pakistan today. The Yongjia Rebellion took refuge in the southeast. In this city, there are Erya and Mingyue two stations, and in the east, there is Mo Chi, which is said to be the remains of Guo Pu's writing. Written by Jiang Fuyun: Tiger teeth stand upright with sorrow and Jingmen. Its land is in this city, and it is suspected that its overseas Chinese stayed at the time. This county is the old base, and rumors have passed through the clouds. " Qing Wu Shengqin's "Er Ya Tang Ji" says: "However, Er Ya Tai in the north of the city originated from Guo Pu, although it is still in the official residence. Pu's father kept Jianping, that is, today's return, Badong, Xingshan and Jianshi, and "Donghu Zhi" has already said it. And Yu Zhongyong's "Jingzhou Ji" is tasted as lin ju County ... Jiang Fu narrates the situation of Xiakou in detail, that is, there are more than a thousand immortals' poems and Qingxi people in the neighborhood. The name of Zitai was described by Liang Ren, and it was written by Song Yueshi and Lu You ... Since Han Qian was the second-generation note of giving up people, Guo's note is the oldest. "
Ming Leisi needs a cloud in Jingzhou Fangyu Book: "In the northwest corner of the city, there is Guo Jingchun's Eryatai, and in the east, there is Mo Chi, where Jing Chun washed the inkstone. Today, the water is still dark." The county annals contain many articles on Er Ya Tai Fu, all of which describe the works of Guo Pu's overseas Chinese residence. Among them, Guo Jiang has a cloud: "When Hui (Emperor) was pregnant with (Emperor), Jing Chun made a ……”
First, the trip to Jianping and Yiling in Guo Pu was mainly to visit my father in the province, and it may also have the meaning of avoiding war, that is, the so-called "Yongjia chaos, avoiding the southeast." The reason why he lives in Yiling is to "save his family's leisure time and leave a note of elegance." Guo Pu told himself in "Er Ya Xu": "I don't want to pray for ignorance, but I have learned little. I have been studying and drilling for 29 years. Although I have noted more than 1 people, I have not prepared them in detail." This shows that it took him eighteen years to annotate Er Ya, so the author speculates that Guo Pu's work in Yiling may be the first draft of Er Ya Zhu, and it is impossible to complete the annotation of Er Ya in just three years.
Secondly, Guo Pu wrote some other works during the period of Yiling in Three Gorges, mainly Jiang Fu and Poems of Wandering Immortals. Ancient scholars often concluded that Jiang Fu was the work of Guo Pu's trip to Jianping and Yiling in the Three Gorges, that is, "Fu on the River". This makes sense, because Guo Pu, who grew up in the Yellow River valley, can only write "Jiang Fu" with "great words" after personally seeing and feeling the Yangtze River. As for "Poems about Immortals" (seven poems), we can know from the contents that it was written after he visited Qingxi and Guiguzi Cave in Dangyang, East of the Gorge. Wu Shengqin said that "it is also in the neighborhood". In fact, Qingxi is at the junction of Dangyang and Yuan 'an today, just over a hundred miles away from Yichang, and now it is under the jurisdiction of Yichang. Guo Pu left his climbing footprints among the scenic spots around Yiling, and his works are the best proof.
Thirdly, Guo Pu's remains in Yiling mainly include Eryatai and Xi Mo Chi. According to the map of the city wall of Yichang Fuzhi published by Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty, Eryatai is between Beizuomen and Zhenchuan Gate, about the lower section of Xiling Road. Hong Liangpin's Ba Chuan Ji Cheng says: "In the northwest corner of Yiling City, Guo Jingchun injected Eryatai, and Taidong washed Mo Chi, which is the place where Jingchun washed ink. Today, its water is still black." Eryatai is actually a study. When it is a brick-wood structure, its scale may not be grand. Zhiyun: "It is said that the cloud in Taiwan is flat and the city is flat, and it is only like a lofty mound." Shanhaijing summarized the five elements of Yin and Yang, and chose Linjiang-Gaofu to build a platform, which exactly reflected the artistic conception of "the south fire and the north water are in their place, the east wood and the west gold are in their corner ... and the central government lives in it". Xieeryatai has disappeared since the Qing Dynasty, which makes it impossible for modern people to see the beauty of this ancient culture.
The scenery of the Three Gorges shown in Jiang Bin
From the Sushui River in the Yellow River basin to the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River in the south, it is a new starting point for Guo Pu's life journey and literary career. The vastness and majesty of the Yangtze River and the magnificence and magic of the Three Gorges have broadened his horizons, enriched his knowledge and inspired his thinking and inspiration. Jiang Fu is the crystallization of Guo Pu's trip to the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River. Because the central political power and cultural center of ancient China was located in the Central Plains of the Yellow River Basin, people knew little about the Yangtze River, even in Yu Gong, there was only a simple description. Guo Pu's Jiang Fu is an unprecedented work, and it is the first ode to the Yangtze River in an all-round way. In this passionate and magnificent long fu, we are shown the magnificent and steep natural landscape, rich products and magical ancient myths from the Three Gorges to Yichang River, and the picturesque scene is intoxicating. The predecessors used "Jiang Fu narrates the situation of Xiakou in detail" to explain Jiang Fu.