2. Find a dialogue in ancient Chinese (short) 1. The two children argued endlessly about this day.
Confucius traveled eastward and saw two children arguing and asked them why.
A child said, "I think the sun is close to the sky at sunrise and far from the sky at noon." . "
Another child thinks that the sun is far from the sun when it rises, and it is closer to people at noon.
One son said, "The sun rises as big as the hood of a car at first, and rises as a bowl at noon.". This is not for the small ones far away, but for the big ones near? "
A Confucius said, "It's cool to get out of the sky at the beginning of the day, and it's like exploring soup in Japan and China. Isn't this near hot and far cold? "
Hearing this, Confucius could not judge who was right or wrong.
The two children smiled and said, "Who (shú) knows you better (rǔ)?"
(1) Debate: Debate, debate.
(2) reason: reason, reason.
(3) take: think, think.
(4) Go: Leave.
(5) noon: noon.
(6) Car cover: The canopy on ancient cars was umbrella-shaped.
And: here we are.
(8) then: just.
(9) jar: an open vessel for holding wine and food.
(10) Yes: Yes.
(1 1) Cang Cang Liang: cold and cloudy, with cool weather.
(12) soup exploration: put your hand into hot water. It means it's very hot.
(13) judgment: ruling, judgment.
(14) who: who, which.
(15) ru: you.
On his way to study in the East, Confucius met two children arguing and asked them why.
The first child said, "I think the sun is close to people at sunrise and far from people at noon."
Another child thinks that the sun is far away from people when it first rises and close to people at noon.
The first child said, "The sun is as big as a hood at sunrise and as small as a bowl at noon. Isn't this the truth of being far small and near big? "
Another child said, "when the sun first came out, it was cool and a little cold." At noon, it's as hot as putting your hand into hot water. Isn't this the truth that it is near hot and far cold? "
Confucius could not judge who was right or wrong.
The two children smiled and said, "Who said you were learned?"
2. Why is the pupil big?
Original: Zhao Jingzhen 1: "Your eyes are white and black, with the wind of thunder. 2. The amount of hatred is small and narrow. 3." Zhao yun
The ruler can check the balance ④, and the inch tube can measure the reciprocating gas ⑤. Why bother, but ask how to listen. "
① Jizhong San: Ji Kang, a former doctor in Jizhong San. Zhao Jingzhen: Zhao Zhi, whose name is Jingzhen, studied under Ji Kang.
That's great.
② Bai Qi: General Qin in the Warring States Period.
3 hate: regret. Small: a little.
Table: The benchmark of calculating time for measuring the sun's shadow in ancient times. Guiheng: an instrument for observing astronomical phenomena in ancient times.
⑤ Tube: a tool to correct the rhythm of music in ancient times.
6 knowledge: intelligence.
Ji Zhongsan (Ji Kang) said to Zhao Jingzhen, "Your eyes are black and white. You look like a general, but it's a pity that your eyes are narrow." Zhao Jingzhen said, "A ruler-long pole can measure the accuracy of the movement of the sun, and an inch-long bamboo tube can measure the level of music. Why do you want to be big? It depends on your intelligence. "
3. There is a dialogue between China's classical poems and the new security officer: Xin 'an Road is a guest star of Du Fu, clamoring for being a soldier.
I would like to ask the Xin' an official: "Is there no Ding in the small county?" "I officially issued a document last night and chose the men's line for the second time." "China men are absolutely short, why should they guard the city?" The fat man is from his mother, and the thin man is alone.
White water flows eastward at dusk, and Qingshan is still crying. "Sunset since the eye withered, you tears.
You can't see the bones until your eyes are dry, and the world is cold! Our army takes Xiangzhou and watches it every day. You never know what a thief is, but a military star will leave the camp.
As far as food is concerned, the soldiers are still in Beijing. Water can't be dug, and horse herding is light.
The situation is Wang Shishun, and his upbringing is very clear. Don't cry when you send me. Servants shoot like fathers and brothers. "
Shi Hao officials went to Shihao Village at dusk, and some officials arrested people at night. The old man climbed over the wall and left, while the old woman went out to watch.
Why are officials angry? Why do women cry? After listening to his wife's words, she said, "Three people are guarding Yecheng, one is attached with a book, and two are newly killed. Those who drag out an ignoble existence are dead! There is no one in the room, only a grandchild, a grandchild and a skirt.
Although the old woman is physically weak, please come back at night and be anxious to prepare for cooking in the morning. "Night long voice, such as the smell of crying.
Dawn will rise into the future, leaving the old man alone. Tongguan officials Author: Du Fu foot soldier He, build Tongguan Highway.
Railways in big cities are not as good as those in small cities. I would like to ask Tongguan officials: "Is it necessary to repair the customs?" He told me to dismount and walk, pointing to a corner of the mountain and showing me: "Even the clouds are fighting, and birds can't get through.
Stupid but self-controlled, how can you worry about western capital? Father-in-law sees the heavy place, and the bicycle is narrow.
Hard work makes a halberd, and there is no end to using one husband. ""Alas, at the battle of Taolin, millions turned into fish.
Please advise Guan Jiang not to learn from Shu Ge! "。
4. The genres of classical Chinese are myth, fable, biography, preface, prose, writing, argument, sparseness, calligraphy, fu, saying, table, inscription, prose, parallel prose and so on.
Ancient Inscription: Ancient words carved on objects to warn themselves or state their achievements are called "inscriptions". Inscriptions carved on the writing board and placed on the right side of the bookcase to protect themselves are called "mottos"
Such as Liu Yuxi's "Humble Room Inscription". An epitaph is carved on a stone tablet to describe the life of the deceased and praise the memory.
Such as Han Yu's epitaph of Liu Zihou. Travel notes: Travel notes are a form of prose that describes travel experiences.
Travel notes have a wide range of materials, which can describe the beauty of famous mountains and rivers, record the peculiar richness of local customs, reflect the daily life of a person and a family, and also record the major events of a country and express the author's thoughts and feelings. The style of writing is relaxed, vivid and informative, which gives people rich social knowledge and a good feeling.
Travel notes are argumentative essays, such as Yueyang Tower and You Bao Chan. There are scientific ones, such as the Three Gorges in Li Daoyuan; There are also those with * * * colors, such as Liu Zongyuan's The Story of Little Stone Pond. Foreword: Stylistic name.
In ancient times, poetry was used to bid farewell, which was called the preface of giving and answering. For example, Han Yu's Preface to Sending Stones to Chu Shi: "Therefore, all Dudong people ... hence the name" Six Rhymes of Songs and Poems ",which is sent to the preface cloud.
After that, all articles that bid farewell to others without poems are also called preface, and the content is often praise, praise or encouragement. We studied Song Lian's Preface to Send Ma Sheng to Yang in the Ming Dynasty.
Say: the floorboard of a kind of ancient articles. It is not much different from Lun, so it was later collectively referred to as essays on reasoning and analysis.
The preface of "Article Analysis" says: "The speaker, the interpreter, explains the meaning, and explains with his own meaning." We have studied this genre of articles: teacher's comments, horse's comments, young chinese's comments, snake catching comments and Huang Sheng's comments on borrowing books.
Inscription of proverbs: an ancient article carved on a vessel to warn yourself and others, or to praise merit and encourage yourself. This kind of article contains profound and accurate warnings, which can enlighten and awaken people.
The language is finely crafted. For example, the humble epitaph, Liu Zihou's epitaph, etc.
Parallel prose: Also known as Liu Siwen, it uses four words and six sentences to determine sentences alternately, emphasizing gorgeous words, neat sentence patterns and harmonious phonology, but its content is empty and far from social life, which is of little value. Parallel prose originated in Han and Wei Dynasties, formed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and prevailed in Sui and Tang Dynasties. The more famous is Wu Yun's Book with Zhu.
Poetry: The earliest literary genre in China, which originated from the labor sound of primitive people, is a kind of literature with rhyme and singing. Most of the ancient poems are four words, such as The Book of Songs, and most of them are five or seven words after the Eastern Han Dynasty and Wei Dynasty.
There were ancient and modern poems in the Tang Dynasty, and new poems in the May 4th Movement. In ancient China, happy poems were called songs and unhappy poems were called poems.
Whether it is harmonious or not, it has a strong musical beauty. Poetry is divided into ancient poetry, modern poetry and new poetry according to the times; Divided into narrative poems and lyric poems according to their forms of expression; According to the content, it can be divided into four categories: pastoral poetry, landscape poetry, science poetry and object-chanting poetry.
1. Classical poetry, also known as "ancient poetry" and "ancient style", refers to the poems before the Tang Dynasty (mainly during the Han and Wei Dynasties) and works that imitate the poems created before the Tang Dynasty. It is developed from folk songs, without seeking opposition, level and rhyme freedom.
Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen in the middle Tang Dynasty used Yuefu to create new poems, which still belong to the category of classical poetry. 2. Compared with classical poetry, modern poetry is also called "modern poetry" and "metrical poetry", which has strict rules on the number, number of words, level and rhyme of sentences.
There are two kinds: metrical poems and quatrains. 3. Rhyme, a style of modern poetry, is divided into five laws and seven laws.
There are certain norms and requirements in phonology, level tone, sentence pattern and antithesis. The whole poem consists of eight sentences, which are divided into the first couplet, the parallel couplet, the neck couplet and the tail couplet.
Quatrains are a style of modern poetry, divided into five quatrains and seven quatrains, which are generally considered as "half of a metrical poem". 5. Chuci, a poetic style, is named after it originated in the southern Chu area during the Warring States Period, and is represented by Qu Yuan's Lisao, also known as "Sao Style".
Features: a large number of fairy tales, full of fantasy and romance; In addition to lyricism, layout methods are widely used; The sentence pattern is relatively plain, and the word "Xi" is widely used. 6. New poetry, also known as "modern poetry", refers to the new style poetry produced by China since the May 4th Movement.
Formally, it broke the limitation of old-style poetry and adopted a relatively free form and colloquial vernacular, which was convenient for reflecting social life and expressing thoughts and feelings. New poetry requires conciseness, rhyme and general neatness.
7. Gexing style, a style of Yuefu folk songs. Song is a general term, boasting about skills and acting skills, which is not strictly different from "singing", "song", "quotation", "sigh" and "tune".
Features: ① There is a fixed tone of words, but most of them have no definite sentences and sentences have no definite words, mainly miscellaneous words, colloquial, popular and visual; (2) Rhyme is relatively free in rhythm, and there is no need to talk about level and level; (3) Expression techniques: In addition to metaphor, parallelism is used to elaborate, narrative twists and turns, and people are good at dialogue and detail description to portray characters and shape images. Ci: also known as the unique style of poetry, long and short sentences, and writing ci is also called filling words by sound.
Ci originated in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Song Dynasty, which is the evolution and development of poetry. Compared with poetry, ci is more lyrical, with less narrative content and less philosophical enlightenment.
Its metrical restrictions are stricter than poetry. For example, words have epigrams; "Xijiang Moon", "Broken Array", "Qinyuanchun" and so on, each word has a fixed number of words, a fixed number of sentences and a fixed rhyme.
A epigraph has a kind of "three determinations" of epigraph, which is not arbitrary at all. Each word has a musical title (Qupai), which specifies the music of the words that can be sung, as well as the number of words, sentences, rhymes, rhymes and so on.
Most of them are in segments (segments), and "segments" are also called "times" or "que", which means that the music is sung at one time. Ci sums up the length of musical tunes, which are divided into minor, middle tune and long tune (slow words).
It's a small order of less than 50 words, not segmented. Fifty-nine to ninety words are alto, which can be called up and down strokes or up and down films in sections.
The word above 9 1 is a long tune, which can be divided into three folds and four folds ... In addition to strict requirements on the form of words, the content of each epigraph is generally fixed, and what feelings are expressed is also exquisite.
5. Did the ancients speak in vernacular or classical Chinese? Generally speaking, they talk in the vernacular.
The vernacular is spoken language and everyday language.
Classical Chinese is written, if it works. The rest of the world are books, and most of them are written languages. There are no audio-visual materials in ancient times, but we can refer to Hu Shi's History of Vernacular Literature and Zheng Zhenduo's History of China Popular Literature. In addition, today we can see that the Zhu Pi left by Emperor Guangxu has changed from vernacular to classical Chinese. When Guangxu was ten years old, he had begun to learn to read the paper. One of Zhu Pi's comments originally said "How should you be a governor", and later said in fine print "You are from Xinjiang ……", which is a typical material from so-called spoken life to elegant classical Chinese. Look at the vernacular tablet of the Yuan Dynasty and the tablet of Zhu Yuanzhang, the great ancestor of the Ming Dynasty, which was erected in Confucius' House. They are all orders of the imperial government, but they are all written in vernacular.
On the other hand, if we also speak classical Chinese in our daily life, then the writing of the whole society is the same as life. Not everyone can write a book. Do scholars, like ordinary people, agree? Didn't you say that the scholar was sour? The acidity of a scholar is reflected in speaking like a book.
To sum up, the ancients only used classical Chinese when writing books.
6. What is narrative? Westerners have written books for more than 2000 years since Herodotus or Thucydides put forward this historical narrative.
Classical Chinese in ancient China is mainly narrative style, but it is often a dialogue style of quotations, such as The Analects of Confucius and Guoyu.
Later biographical history books were also direct notes with few narrative styles.
Narrative style is mainly suitable for Zhang Hui history books, which was introduced into China only in modern times.
Narrative novel is a novel that describes the characters, plot and environment in detail. Most of the novels we usually see belong to narrative novels.
There are two kinds of narrative novels in language:
One is the narrator's language, which is the author's own language. No matter what style or form the author uses to express his language, he must first record his inner world in words. Only through words can readers understand a social state created by the author. This is the narrator's language and a form of literature and art.
The second is the language of the characters, which is the language of the characters created by the author in his works, including the psychological dynamics of the characters and the dialogue between them. In the author's pen, character language is very important, and it is an important means to shape a successful character through character language with personality characteristics. The novels described in personification, in which the psychological dynamics and dialogues described in personification also belong to the character language.