Literary period: literature of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
Metaphysical poetry is a school of poetry in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Representative writers are Sun Chuo, Xu Xun and Geng Liang. Huan Wen et al; Its characteristic is that Hyunri entered poetry, and regarded poetry as a sermon and annotation of Laozi and Zhuangzi's philosophy, which was seriously divorced from social life. Zhong Rongshi: "In Yongjia, you are old and yellow, but you are a little empty talk. What was written, said and said at that time was chicken ribs. Therefore, on the river, microwaves are still spreading. Sun Chuo, Huan and Geng's poems are all moral, while Jian 'an's poems are exhausted. At the beginning of metaphysics and Cao Wei, the representative figures were He Bi, who advocated that "everything is based on inaction". Later, Ruan Ji and Ji Kang followed suit, saying that writing and poetry were "far-reaching", but they never commented on current events and belittled people. "Metaphysicists in the early Western Jin Dynasty were mainly Xiang Xiu and Guo Xiang. Xiang Xiu wrote Zhuangzi's Note, "Invent curiosity and arouse the mysterious wind. "Metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties is a variant of Confucian idealism philosophy under the new historical conditions. From the end of the Western Jin Dynasty to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, metaphysical thoughts invaded the field of literature, and metaphysical poems appeared. Sun Chuo and Xu Xun, the representatives of metaphysical poetry, are also called "Sun Xu". Zhong Rong in the Southern Dynasties wrote Poems in the Sun: "It is an indifferent word to call Sun and Xu in the world. "Metaphysical poetry once flourished, but most of them were eliminated. Sun Chuo (314-371), whose name is Xing Gong, was born in Zhongdu, Taiyuan. In his early years, he had the ambition to live in seclusion. He once wrote "Sui Chu Fu" to clarify his ambition. It was originally Zuo Lang's work, attacking Changle Hou. Later, Geng Liang, a general from the west, joined the army and was a doctor in imperial academy. He left to ride a formal servant and was in charge of Lang. The poem refers to the thoughts of Laozi and Zhuangzi, which is dry and has no sense of image. Today, there are poems such as Answering Xu Xun, Giving Xie An and Lanting. A few poems are fresh and indifferent, and have a certain sense of truth. Such as "Autumn Moon", "The sparse forest is cool and the clouds are empty. Zhan Lu sprinkled the forest in the courtyard, and the thick leaves resigned. The sorrow of the leaves falls first, and the pine climbs and then declines. "Very lively. Sun Chuo's Fu is also famous for its times. His masterpiece is Preface to Tour Tiantai Mountain. There is a saying that "Chicheng floats with banners and waterfalls cross the road", which is extremely fresh and beautiful. It is said that Sun Chuo is conceited in writing this article. " Sun Xinggong wrote "Tiantai Mountain Fu" to his friend Fan Rongqi, saying, "Your attempt to throw the ground is a golden sound. "(Biography of Sun Chuo in the Book of Jin) Prose includes the tablet of Prime Minister Wang Dao, the tablet of Taizai Zhai Jian, the tablet of Qiu Gengliang and the tablet of Geng Bing. Today, the collection of Sun Tingwei by Ming people has been passed down from generation to generation. Xu Xun, this word is mysterious, and life and death are unknown. Levin (now Hebei) was born. When I was a child, I was smart and called a child prodigy. I was long, simple and talented. I was once called a genus of Stuart, but I didn't. I have traveled with Wang Xizhi to the famous Huiji Mountain and participated in the Lanting Gathering. Five-character rhymes have a great reputation. Emperor Wentong once called his poems "Five-character Poems of Du Xuan", which can be described as wonderful. "(An Introduction to Shi Shuo Xin Yu Literature) Today, there is only one poem by a bamboo fan, with an inscription by Bai Chenwei. However, Xu's poems are actually perfunctory with metaphysical philosophy, "bland and tasteless" and his artistic achievements are not high.
What is "Palace Poetry"
Palace-style poetry refers to a popular school of poetry in the late Liang and Chen Dynasties. The main writers are the royal family in Xiao Liang and their literary attendants. They often write about women and chant things, with skillful form and strict temperament, which is a peculiar scenery in Liang Chen's poems.
The name "Gongti" was first seen in Xiao Gang's comment in the Han bamboo slips "A Record of Emperor Wen": "It was a minor injury, so it was called Gongti at that time". According to Xu Zhuan, palace poetry is a kind of poetry created by Xu Kaichuang. When Xiaogang sealed King Jin 'an, Xu worked as a waiter with him until Xiaogang sealed the crown prince. This kind of poem influenced the bachelors in Thai uterus. Xiao Gang learned it, and so did other bachelors. Because it is popular in Thai uterus, it is called palace poem.
Palace-style poems, as the name implies, are poems from the court. Palace literature and art generally refer to elegant and complete sounds, but most of the "Palace-style poems" come from folk Yuefu in the Southern Dynasties. The so-called "words stop at frivolity, and you can't recite Sang Zhong". But why is the royal family in Xiao Liang interested in folk literature and art? It turns out that most of the founding ministers of the Southern Dynasties were generals who started with military achievements, with low culture and vulgar taste, which was created by the turmoil of the times and the ups and downs of their identity
They can feel the impermanence of life more than ordinary people, so the idea of eating, drinking and having fun in time is extremely strong, and the greed for extravagant women is often expressed in a direct form. The appearance of palace poems is related to the folk culture of the Southern Dynasties. During the Southern Dynasties, commerce was very prosperous, and a large number of Qin Lou officials and prostitutes appeared in the cities, which constituted the unique commercial atmosphere of the Southern Dynasties culture. The low-quality Qi-Liang ruling group hit it off. In the history of China literature, folk literature and art have always been valued by rulers, unlike some people who take it for granted that rulers have always despised folk literature and art.
In fact, this poetic style has sprouted from Liang Wudi, Wu Yun, He Xun and Liu Xiaozhuo. The main authors of palace poems are Xiao Gang and some scholars gathered around them, such as Xu? , Yu Xin, Xu Ling, etc. , Chen, and his attache literati can also be classified into this category.
The criticism of palace poems has always been that many palace poems pay attention to women's life and posture. In fact, the content of palace poems is not limited to women's lives, but there are also some lyric works that praise things. Even when writing about women's lives, only a few of them have low styles. Generally speaking, the artistic conception of palace poems is frivolous and the poetic style is soft. In fact, Xiao Gang and Xiao Yi, known as court poets, also wrote many beautiful and readable poems.
Judging from the history of poetry development, palace poetry plays two roles. On the one hand, the poems in the early Sui and Tang Dynasties were weak and influenced to some extent; On the other hand, it is often more formal. According to some scholars' statistics, about 40% of palace poems conform to the rhythm of poetry; The number of basic matches is particularly large. This shows that palace poems have an important role in promoting the later forms of regular poems. As for its many allusions and gorgeous rhetoric, it also has a certain positive effect on later generations. For example, the poems of Li He and Li Shangyin in the Tang Dynasty obviously absorbed some techniques of palace poetry.