The peasant uprising needs a leader. However, there are too many people who can lead. Failure as a leader is not because of insufficient ability, but because of insufficient opportunities. So, what is this opportunity?
For leaders, opportunity is luck.
Liu Bang, the fifth generation and Pei Fengge, was defeated. However, Liu Bang is the master and Sean is the consultant. Where is justice? Heaven is luck.
Timing: Liu Bang caught up with a late episode, but the late episode was the Guangwu Daze Township Uprising, the collective uprising of Chen Sheng and the old nobles of the six countries. Sean's 20-year ranger career is equivalent to 20 years of underground anti-Qin work. But it's useless, can't keep up with the great changes in the big trend, and can only be a three-in-one forever.
Location: Surabaya is a crescent-shaped water town, which is a weak area of the Qin Empire. The sky is completely high and the emperor is far away. Because the Chidao of the Qin Empire can't be repaired. But what about Sean? Blocking Lao Han's old place, I can only do what I can, and forget it when I die. That's the east gate of Daqin Empire. Da Qin Xu, the son of the Prime Minister, and Li You, the commander of Sanchuan, are all in Luoyang.
Harmony between people: the next sentence of the sky is high and the emperor is far away is that there are fewer people. However, in the centralized counties and counties of Daqin, bureaucrats "xianggong" can't make it. "xianggong" couldn't get through, but the old nobles and business guests from the six countries came over and formed the Ren Xia Group. This is the genius of the uprising. What Ying Bu, Peng Yue, Han Xin, all from this hellhole.
Good weather, favorable geographical location and friendly people, Sean was defeated and Liu Bang was victorious. It's all luck Because these are things that human beings cannot change. No matter how capable Zhang Liang is, he can't pull out the team from his hometown in North Korea. Even if Liu Bang is no longer reliable, he can also pull out the team in the land of Peifeng, even occupy the city and defeat the Qin government forces.
Let's talk about the peasant uprising, which is the same as the personal success of the leader. The only difference is that the former pays more attention to small trends; The latter needs more megatrends. The small trend is the agitation of the times, and the big trend is the form of history.
Before the Qin Dynasty, there was no historical form of peasant uprising.
Peasant uprisings also require drastic changes in the situation. Simply put, the world is in chaos. But this kind of chaos must be atomized chaos. Officials force the people to rebel, and officials are officials under the centralized system; People are the people who make up families and people. There are only two forces in the world. Officials, either corrupt or incompetent, have lost control of society. People can't be reconciled or together, and no one can control them anyway.
First of all, it is absolutely impossible to become a yeoman. Don't even think about the day when Buff's wife is on the kang. But you can be a tenant, farm the land for the landlord, be a handmaiden and commit yourself to a big family.
Secondly, I want to be a tenant but I can't rent land, and I want to be a handmaiden but I can't find a master. As a result, people became refugees. Tenants will not rebel, refugees will rebel. Because the rebellion is too great, the key is high risk, high difficulty and poor return. Even if it succeeds, you can pay homage to Hou, that is, a group of people in the core leadership circle, and the rest are cannon fodder.
In the end, it can only be rebellion. Because there is no way out.
Or the government forced the people to revolt, or the peasant uprising caused by natural disasters for years, or foreign invasion, there can be no third party in this logical chain. As long as there is a third party, farmers can rent land to be handmaiden, in short, they will find a way out.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Yellow Scarf Uprising broke out in eight states and thirty-six parties of the Han Empire. This is much more fantastic than the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement in modern times. However, what happened after the yellow turban insurrectionary uprising? The emperor almost starved to death, and 99% of his life span in the Eastern Han Dynasty was lost. The state shepherd and the county magistrate compete for the world, and it is much more cruel to crow endlessly than to starve thousands of miles away. But what about the peasant uprising? It's gone.
At the end of the Tang Dynasty, there were Pang Xun Uprising (Qu Shuai, captain of Chen Sheng class), Wang Xianzhi Uprising (smuggler of armed smuggling group class) and Huang Chao Uprising (the same level as Wang Xianzhi). However, what about the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries? Are there people like Pang Xun, Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao? Shatuo military group, the central plains buffer region, and the Qidan people who drank the Yellow River water completely disintegrated the world. "In fifty-three years, the surname of Yi Wu was thirteen kings, while the country killed eight people, and the elders were only in their teens, or even died at the age of three or four." The world has become so chaotic, what about the peasant uprising? It's gone too
So, who is this third party?
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, he was a vassal at the county level, state level or even several state levels supported by the Haozu. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, it was a military group supported by military interest groups.
The court officials stopped working, and all the people in the world became refugees, but the middle forces always existed, which was particularly hard. Similarly, the northern world after the Western Jin Dynasty was the same. Not only did there not run, but also Hu soldiers rushed in. At this time, there will be no peasant uprising.
So, before Qin? Who is this third party?
Before and during the Spring and Autumn Period, there was no third party and there was no need for a third party. Or, in other words, they are all third parties. There can be all kinds of chaos in the world, but it is not atomized chaos.
Before the Spring and Autumn Period, no one formed a family, so there were no tenants of landlords and handmaiden of large families, and there would not be a large number of refugees who had to rebel.
In Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, society was a form of ethnic groups, or clans and families. Order is patriarchal clan system and enfeoffment system. Ethnic group is a group of small clans, an alliance of families with ancestors, history and memory. For simple understanding, it is enough to regard this ethnic group as a family or clan. But it is more complicated to remember that families are divided into large and small clans.
Everyone is a social person, and no one cares about you except the state and the law; Under the patriarchal clan system, everyone is a unit person, and the "unit" can manage you without the state and the law.
First of all, it is a gentleman in the upper class.
Pointing to the East, he said to Jiang Ziya, "Shang father, I will make you the Hou of the East and share the same screen with you." ! Then, Jiang Ziya came to Shandong from Shaanxi with his indigenous men, women and children and a set of bronzes given by Zhou. Here, we beat our brothers and soldiers, and the local savages were all dressed up. Finally, build a city where all the Chiang family live. There are gentlemen in the city, savages outside the city, and then gentlemen rule savages.
Most of the governors in the early Zhou Dynasty came from this road. But also gradually packet, under the emperor, the emperor is a doctor, the doctor is a scholar, Shu Ren. This is the enfeoffment system.
Followed by the lower barbarians.
Who is the barbarian? Jiang Ziya went to Shandong for armed colonization, and the colonists were all savages. Savages can't beat gentlemen with bronzes, and no one is more educated, so they accept the rule. But the savage is not a person, but also a family or clan. Why must it exist in this form? Because the production efficiency is low. Land reclamation and hunting must be done collectively. Therefore, a family, a clan, can complete the big project of "survival". In primitive society, the most serious crime was exile, which was worse than execution.
What are the characteristics of family or clan form?
It must be extended to morality, that is, helping each other. Look at the whole clan, either your big uncle or your second uncle, and no one will let you starve to death. Because the clan's property is public. Even if the big uncle and the second uncle are selfish, they can't help you eat. Your death is a trivial matter, but the family or clan has lost a labor force. The situation at that time was: more land, fewer people.
In the clan, not only the property is public, but also the daughter-in-law can enjoy it. Dad died, and the little wife went to find her son. This is steaming. My brother or uncle died, and my sister-in-law or aunt went to see my brother or nephew. This is a newspaper. If you don't die, everyone can enjoy it. This is a good thing. These words, now it seems so immoral. But without the signifier, there would be no such signifier. Granary knows etiquette, granary is not real, people will starve to death, home will be extinct, and morality can only give way to survival.
From a gentleman to a savage or a villain, this is the social state. So, is the peasant uprising necessary? Either we collectively starve to death and catch up with natural disasters, and there is nothing anyone can do. Either everyone goes out to grab it collectively, which is stealing. But this kind of theft and peasant uprising are two ways.
In the Warring States period, the clan or family disintegrated. Why? First, people are selfish, and small families are most suitable; Second, with the progress of technology, small families can survive. There are also monarchs conspiring with civilians to raise nobles, and the state encourages small families of civilians.
With the iron plow, the husband pulls the plow in front and the wife holds it behind. The wasteland has been reclaimed and there is food to eat. If we go further, the husband is farming outside and the wife is weaving at home, and the living standard has improved.
So at this time, the small family of civilians will have a direct relationship with the state or public power. The representative of this kind of public power is either a vassal state or a noble doctor. Therefore, the ruling relationship has changed from the object of family or clan to the object of individual and small family. This is a new change in the form of power. However, this form of power is different from the centralization of power in later generations and can be considered as the pre-centralization era.
At this time, will the government force the people, not the peasants, to revolt?
It's not necessary. Because there are many people and few places. Your rule here is too cruel, then I'll leave. The most fundamental reason is that there are third parties everywhere, and ordinary people have choices.
Vole, vole, don't eat my millet! I have served you hard for years, but you don't care about me. Vowed to get rid of you and go to a happy land. That promised land, that promised land, is my good place!
I fed you for three years and you ate my millet for three years. And you ignored me. All right! Now I'm angry. The world is so big. I want to see it. Let's meet again.
However, the warring States period merged. I can't run away from Wuzhishan if I run hard. We in wei ren either ran from Hedong to Hanoi or from Hanoi to Hedong. Besides, you don't have to run. I'll treat you well. Because there are many small people and the people are expensive, everyone is robbing them.
If Hanoi is fierce, the people will move to Hedong and the millet will move to Hanoi; Hedong is also fierce. People who observe the politics of neighboring countries have no intention like me.
Looking around the world, who is more dedicated than me, don't run away, farm well for me, fight well with me, and we will create a beautiful new world together. The existence of a third party should not be too cruel in the Warring States period. You've made people miserable. Someone has already come out to take care of them for you.
So, who is the third party at this time? There are many. Ordinary people can choose at will. If Wei can't do it, then go to Qin, and there is no need to rise up. The cost of changing places is far lower than the cost of rebellion and theft.
The Seven Heroes of the Warring States can be divided into two categories. One is the Warring States Period of Qin State: you farm for me, you fight for me, I give you land and titles, and participate in the political life of the country. One is the other Warring States: this country is full of people like Xinhe Chun, who are the third party within the country.
Didn't the family or clan collapse? But people need organizations and public services. If they don't have guns, who will provide security? Without the organizer, who will ditch the road? In this way, Chunhe Xin can make a fortune.
Find a wasteland first, then level the land, open canals to divert water, clean shrubs, and bridge and pave the way. This is equivalent to building a community. Then, it is advertising and sales that attract people to find a paradise: don't go to see the world, it is a beautiful new world; Don't look for the promised land, this is beautiful Canaan. Let's all live and work in peace and contentment here: I have fertile land here, farm tools here, livestock here, and thatched cottages are all built for you. You just need to move in with your bag.
However, why can't farmers open canals to divert water, clean shrubs, build bridges and pave roads to build a community? Do you have to let Spring Shen Jun and New Ling Jun earn the difference? These are large-scale public service projects. Public service projects need not only money, that is, investment, but also organizational ability. After the collapse of the family or clan, the small family can no longer do it. But Xin Lingjun can do it. These people are rich aristocrats, and some are rich; There is also a folk song, which is particularly strong in organization and has all kinds of talents in the family.
In other Warring States, it was Xinlingjun who provided public services. What about the Warring States Period of Qin? The Qin and Warring States Dynasties used acting bureaucrats. The door guest of Xinlingjun is actually a kind of bureaucracy. The former is a bureaucrat working for the country, and the latter is a doorman working for Feng Jun .. So, the result can be imagined. The warring States period of Qin can only get stronger and stronger, and other warring States periods can only get weaker and weaker. During the Qin and Warring States periods, there was no middleman to earn the difference, and the people directly cultivated the land for the king of Qin; In other vassal States, there are intermediaries everywhere, and ordinary people cultivate land for Feng Jun. ..
How did the peasant uprising happen at this time?
Can only happen in the state of Qin. But Qin gave you a title. If you work and fight for your country, you can get a title. The key is to attract people who look at the world. Qin also established communities and advertisements, and robbed people with Xinhe Chun. Moreover, Qin gradually invaded six countries in Shandong, and was able to implement "financial transfer payment" to recover all the money of other vassal States.
In other Warring States periods, it was even more unnecessary. You have boarded the plane with your bag. What are you still doing? There is no need to fight with the new. If you can't, you can continue to see the world. A pint of spring Shen Jun looks forward to it. At this time, even if you want to commit yourself to being a handmaiden, you can't do it. Cockcrow and dog thief, you must be the same, and then you can go to Feng Jun's house for free food. What if I can't do it? The land has been reclaimed for you, the farm tools have been prepared for you, and even the hut has been built for you. Cultivate the land well. Farming for Feng Jun as a soldier doesn't even have to pay taxes to the state.
Taking mountains as the king and becoming an outlaw as the enemy, no matter which dynasty or generation, it is not a peasant uprising. Peasant uprisings must be the Yellow Scarf Uprising, Huang Chao Uprising and Li Zicheng Uprising. But there are conditions for this level of event to happen.
This condition is historical form, including social form and power form. In this historical form, there can be no third party. No matter when it appears, the peasant uprising will not happen. In the three generations before the Qin Dynasty, the social form before the Spring and Autumn Period did not allow farmers to rebel; The form of power in the Warring States period did not allow farmers to revolt. Because both inside and outside, it is a third party.