A loose cultural group composed of modern American southern writers, also known as the "fugitive school". 19 15 years, some relevant intellectuals of Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee often get together to discuss literary and philosophical issues. The rally was once interrupted during World War I, and 19 19 resumed. Vanderbilt University teacher and poet John? Crowe? Lanson became the actual leader of this activity, and a group of talented young people gathered around him, such as the poet Robert? Pan? Warren, Allen? Tate, Donald? Davidson and novelist Andrew? Nelson? Wright, the poet Moreel? Moore, etc. From 1922 to 1925, they published an influential small literary magazine, Fugitives, and the important articles published by them were later compiled into Selected Works of Fugitives (1928). The word "fugitive" came from this.
Fugitives advocated maintaining the traditional literary egoism in the South and became the backbone of the "Southern Renaissance". 1930 There were 12 southern writers who were mainly fugitives, including Ransom, Warren, Tate and the poet John? Fletcher, playwright stark? Yang et al. wrote a monograph collection "I want to show my attitude" and published it. This book, regarded as the manifesto of "physiocrats", caused quite a stir in the society. The main purpose of these articles is to evaluate and criticize the modern American capitalist society with the agricultural society in South China as the yardstick. And after that, Allen? Tate and others edited and published the second collection of essays by "physiocrats", "Who owns America? 》( 1936)。
During the Great Depression in 1930s, the thought of attaching importance to agriculture had a great influence on southern intellectuals. This idea not only runs through the works of Ranson, Davidson, Tate, Warren and others, but also in William? Faulkner, Caroline? Gordon, Wright and even Eudora? The novels of welty and others also have a distinct embodiment, which formed a very strong cultural trend for a period of time, so that they were called "physiocratic movement". 1935, Warren and Collins? Brooks * * * co-founded Southern Review, and Lanson founded Kenyon Review on 1939, which became an important activity position for "physiocrats" writers. New criticism is an important school of modern American literary criticism, which is formed around these publications. Many members of the "New Criticism" are also the core figures of the "physiocrats".
The lost generation (lost generation)
A school of literature that appeared in the United States after World War I. It is not an organized group with the same program. This term comes from Gertrude, an American woman writer living in Paris. Stein pointed to Hemingway and others and said, "You are all a lost generation." Hemingway took this sentence as the inscription of his novel The Sun Also Rises, so "The Generation of Fans" became the name of a literary school. The similarity of the "lost generation" writers is that they hate the imperialist war, but they can't find a way out. When World War I broke out, most of them were young people around the age of 20. They were bewitched by the slogan of "saving world democracy" of the American government and went to the European battlefield with democratic ideals. They witnessed the unprecedented massacre of mankind and found that war was far from their heroic cause. The so-called "democracy", "glory" and "sacrifice" are all deceptive things. They experienced all kinds of hardships in the war and learned about the anti-war sentiment among ordinary soldiers. This left an incurable wound in their hearts. Their works reflect these thoughts and feelings. Like John? Dos？ Three soldiers of Pazos, love? Cummings' big room, William Faulkner's The Reward of Soldiers and Sartor Rees. Ernest. Hemingway is the representative writer of the "lost generation". He fought in Europe and was seriously injured. Hemingway's attitude towards war at that time, like other anti-war writers, was limited to disgust, evasion and cursing. He had no hope for a peaceful life after the war, so he felt confused and pessimistic in his works. The "lost generation" refers not only to writers who participated in the European war, but also to writers who did not participate in the war but were confused and hesitant about the future, such as Scott? Fitzgerald, Joe? Is it? Eliot and Toto? Mas? Wolves and so on. The "fan generation" mainly flourished in the1920s; After 1930s, their creative tendencies, including Hemingway, have changed.
Montenegro School ().
Contemporary schools of American poetry. In the early 1950s, Cha, who taught at Montenegro College in Massachusetts? Orson, huh? Duncan, huh? Crilley and others founded Montenegro Review magazine, advocating "radial" poetry which was contrary to the traditional metrical style popular in the 1940s, and gradually formed a genre. Olson's radiant poetry (1950) expounds their main points. Olson believes that poetry is something that conveys the poet's "energy" to readers, so poetry is "energy structure" and "energy radiation"; It is necessary to replace the beat in the traditional poetic rhythm with "phrases" that conform to the breath; Form is only an extension of content; One idea must lead directly to another, so fast writing is advocated. Poets in Montenegro also advocate poetry recitation. They emphasized the spontaneity and colloquialism of poetry, adopted American colloquialism and buried language, and opposed the academic poetic style of Eliot and others. In the late 1950s, it merged with the Beat poets, which caused great repercussions.
The beat generation.
A school of literature that appeared in the United States after World War II. Some people translate the English words "Beats" and "Beatniks" (commonly known as "beat youth") into "hermit youth" or "tired school", while others describe some features of their poems as "beat movement" or "beat school". The "beat youth" were dissatisfied with the reality of postwar American society and forced by the reactionary political pressure of McCarthyism, so they protested in a "refined" way. They wear strange clothes, despise traditional ideas, hate their studies and work, and wander at the bottom of society for a long time, forming a unique social circle and philosophy of life. In the early 1950s, their rebellious mood showed a tendency of "underground literature", which impacted the rule of conservative culture. Most of the beat writers come from the east. The famous Jack? Kerouac, Allen? William Ginsberg Gregory Barros. Corso, John? Clarence? Holmes, Samuel? Krem and Gary? Snyder et al. 1950, Kerouac and Barros failed to write a detective novel together, but they each finished a beat novel Town and City (195 1) and Drug Addicts (1953). Inspired by this, Holmes reflected the life feelings of new york's "beat youth" more clearly in his novel Let's Go (1952), and advocated beat literature in The New York Times. However, this attempt was suppressed by the eastern academic forces, who went to the west to seek the same way and development base. At that time, there was a Lawrence in West Venice, a suburb of Los Angeles. A beat organization headed by Lipton, who published the novel The Holy Barbarian on 1955. In San Francisco, with Lawrence? Foehlinger's "City Light" Bookstore is the center of a group of anti-academic poets who are determined to engage in the "Renaissance". Their leader was Kenneth, who later became a "Beat Generation" theorist. Rex Ross.
/kloc-in the summer of 0/955, the "beat literati" and anti-academic poets (including San Francisco poets and Montenegro poets) jointly held a poetry reading meeting in San Francisco, and the beat literary works became popular from then on. At the meeting, Ginsburg recited his long poem "Howl", which was known as "the wasteland of 1950s". This poem expresses the pain and self-abandonment of "my generation elite" with the wail of resentment, and denounces the militarized and commercialized society under the rule of "Morlock". 1956, his poems were published, which caused a sensation throughout the country. 1957, Kerouac's novel On the Road was published, which described the life of the beat elements wandering around and fascinated a large number of depressed young people, and was regarded as a "life textbook". After the publication of these two works, magazines such as Evergreen Review and Montenegro Review published special issues one after another and recommended them. Norman? Mailer's White Negro (1957), which is known as the American existentialism declaration, and 1960' s defense of Barros' novels in the trial in Boston have theoretically demonstrated the meaning of "broken literature". Commercial propaganda has made American youth accept the "broken" lifestyle, from jazz, swing dancing, smoking marijuana and sexual indulgence to attending Buddhist prayer and "backpack revolution" (referring to roaming), which has become a trend for a while.
The core of the "Beat School" philosophy of life is the survival of individuals in contemporary society. Holmes and Mailer borrowed the concept of European existentialism and advocated grasping themselves by satisfying sensory desires. Snyder and Rexroth absorbed the theory of Zen and faced the crisis of existence with nihilism. Politically, they flaunt themselves as "rebels without goals, agitators without slogans and revolutionaries without platforms". In terms of art, according to Rexroth's Divorce: The Art of the Beat Generation (1957), they are "characterized by total denial of elegant culture". The writing method of spontaneous prose invented by Kerouac and Charles? Olson's theory of "radiation poetry" has been widely practiced among "defeated literati".
The "Beat Literature" movement, led by the above-mentioned artistic views, although short-lived and mixed with a lot of unhealthy factors, still left a certain influence in the history of American literature. A large number of "beat poems" have been circulated among young people for a long time because of their popularization and anti-symbolism tendency. As far as novels are concerned, Kerouac wrote a group of "novels on the road" by spontaneous expression, including On the Road, Underground Man (1958), Damocles Tramp (1958) and Treaster Sa (1959). One of their characteristics is that they inherited Mark Twain's Harburg? The tradition of wandering writing in American literature, initiated by Faith's Adventures, has formed a model to be imitated by other contemporary novelists. In order to escape from the dirty environment, the protagonist wanders around looking for freedom and home. Another feature of them is that the protagonist openly talks about his situation and feelings and makes self-analysis. This "personal news style" technique has been greatly developed in the Indian era.
Barros's descriptions of atrocities, depravity, drug abuse and crime are second to none among the writers of the "Beat Generation". At the same time, he made bold experiments in language and novel form, and pieced together and changed the structure of the novel through "tailoring". His masterpiece "Naked Lunch" (1959) caused a harmonious lawsuit dispute because it reflected the underground life of "real hell". Later works, such as Nova Express (1964), Soft Machine (1966) and Explosive Train Tickets (1967), also used the method of mixing reality with dreams, which fully showed the author's cold humor of hating society. Later, some people listed Barros as ".