Ni Xiushan Xiao Benchang
In late spring, Chang 'an city is full of songs and dances, and countless flowers fall. The east wind of the Cold Food Festival blows on the willow trees in the royal garden.
At dusk, candles were passed in the Han Palace, and smoke was scattered into the Hall of the Five Emperors.
Compared with some poems with the same theme, Han Yi's Cold Food stands out, and its artistic and ideological characteristics such as harmonious syllables, beautiful images and rich charm have always been praised by future generations. Han Yi was a poet in the middle Tang Dynasty, whose name was Junping, and his date of birth and death was unknown. Nanyang (now Henan) people. In the 13th year of Tianbao (754), he was a scholar. In the first year of Baoying (762), I made Hou a foreign minister of the Ministry of Finance and was engaged in investigation. After that, he returned to Beijing to live in seclusion for ten years, and then served as an ambassador in Biansong. In the first year of Jianzhong (780), Dezong was named as a driver, doctor and official in the name of poetry. As one of the "Ten Talents in Dali", Han Yi has made outstanding achievements among the ten talents, and has numerous poems and articles. The Ming Dynasty compiled The Collection of Han Junping. Gao Zhongwu commented on his poems in this way: "Han Yuan's poems are close to history, full of interest, and sung one by one, which is precious to scholars and is the choice of many scholars." Xu: "Junping is full of Tsinghua spirit, and his talents and feelings are all beautiful. So, he dispatched the police and pulled it out with a loud rhythm. Every article has been published and passed down from generation to generation, and it is also elegant and elegant. " Among the poems left by Han Yi, the poem Cold Food is particularly dazzling because of its brilliant light, which makes the poet colorful, and the poems of Ten Talented Scholars in Dali are colorful, as well as those of Tang Dynasty and even China.
According to the depth of understanding, the poem Cold Food has three realms: the first reading is interesting, the second reading is interesting, and the third reading can be interesting. The description and narration of the first reading of elegant poems, the spring in the imperial capital, the court life with bright candles and light smoke, bright colors, harmonious music, and the intoxicating world in the cold food season have a panoramic view; Rereading this poem can't help but make people think: Does the poet just want to show the beautiful spring scenery and court life in Chang 'an? The scenery and life of Chang 'an can be expressed in different seasons and different scenes. Why should poets seize the cold food season to highlight court life? If we think along these questions, the thought of this poem will shine and the charm of the poem will be mellow; The third realm is also the core content of this paper.
The irony of this poem should start from the Cold Food Festival, and the Cold Food Festival should start from the meson. Both Zuo Zhuan and Historical Records have the introduction of meson push, while Feng Menglong and Cai in the Ming Dynasty described meson push in more detail in the History of Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Jiezitui was a minister of Jin State in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Kim's son ran away in the process of competing with his brother for the throne. Jiezitui took Zhong Er as a saint and followed Zhao Xiu, Hu Yan, Wei Wuzi and Si Kongjizi. When Zhong Er was hungry, meson pushed himself to cut off a piece of thigh meat and made it into broth for Zhong Er. Qin Mugong in Zhong Er and others helped rebuild the country. When crossing the river, they threw away their worn-out utensils. Hu Yan saw that Zhong Er liked the new and hated the old, and easily forgot his troubles, so he accepted the invitation. Meson pushed Hu Yan's words and deeds and found that he had the intention of asking for credit and enjoying happiness in the future, so he was ashamed of it and had the idea of seclusion. I went to restore the country and pay tribute to Hou. I followed the 19-year-old ordeal and said, "Don't talk about Lu, Lu will be rewarded." ("Zuo Zhuan Xi Gong Twenty-four Years") quietly left with his mother and lived a poor life. After the state of Jin was stable, Zhong Er thought of meson push and ordered people to look for Mianshan for a few days. Meson push can't be pushed out. Someone burned the forest and tried to force the meson out. After the fire died, the meson push finally couldn't be pushed out, and the mother and son embraced and died under the withered willow. Zhong Er took Mianshang as a field and said, "Let me be kind with my ambition." People miss Jiexiu because he died in a fire. Every year until the day when he gets angry (the day before Tomb-Sweeping Day), willows are planted in front of the door, and no fire is made to eat cold food. This is the Cold Food Festival that has been passed down to this day.
It can be seen that Tutui is a man who is loyal, filial and righteous, does not seek Wen Da, but is noble and noble. The original intention of Cold Food Festival is to commemorate Jiexiu and his noble character. Judging from the special relationship between Jietui and Zhong Er, the Cold Food Festival has a layer of monarch's nostalgia for his suffering subordinates. Cold food is a special festival that cherishes people. Through cold food, people miss their nobles and inspire the best feelings of human beings. Gu Yong, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said: "Cold food is the only festival in the world." This should be the original intention. Special forms such as sticking willows in front of the door, not making a fire and eating cold food are to express people's respect and nostalgia for the nobles. Therefore, the atmosphere of the cold food season should be dignified and the mood should be sad. Poems with the theme of cold food should be expressed in this way, such as Wei's "Cold Food to Brothers": "Fire is forbidden in the rain, and the warbler on the river sits alone and listens. Look at the wine and think about your brothers. Ling Du is cold and eats grass. " However, Han Jiao's poem "Cold Food" shows that the cold food season is another scene. Its scene is fresh and smart, and its mood is cheerful and complacent. The people, the five princes and the kings are all intoxicated with the beautiful spring scenery of Hualiu Yiyi, but there is no sorrow of the nobles. This is a satire on the world. The description in the poem is from far and near, from general to concrete, from the imperial city to the imperial garden, from the imperial garden to the Han palace. The eyes are focused on the king, and the irony is faintly coming to the king. People have no taboos about the Cold Food Festival written by the poet, especially in the palace. I can't see the willow in front of the imperial secretary, the willow fluttering in the imperial secretary, and the scene of eating cold food without making a fire. What I see is that the candles are bright and the smoke is light. The sentence "Passing candles in the Han Palace at sunset" has a natural meaning, and the word "passing" vividly shows that candles are lit one by one, and the night of the Han Palace is bright with candlelight. You can imagine the Han Palace with warm voice and intoxicating spring. The king who seized the world only cared about his own enjoyment, abandoned the taboo of the Cold Food Festival and abandoned the special significance of the Cold Food Festival. In other words, they have forgotten the brave man who shared the trouble with the counselor and the counselor who saved him with death. The poem is about things in the Han Palace, which reminds people of Emperor Gaozu. After Liu Bang seized the world, he didn't care about the old feelings of his men who lived and died together with * * *, didn't care about the old work, resisted a little, or killed or chased. "A sly rabbit dies, but a good dog cooks;" Birds fly high and bows are well hidden. "Write liu bang's attitude towards the old army. He is an ungrateful king who is good at employing people. At this point, Han Yi's poem "Cold Food" satirized the kings of the Han Dynasty.
Han Han lived in the middle Tang Dynasty, and his description of the Cold Food Festival should be the scene of his time. Therefore, the scene of the Han Dynasty Cold Food Festival written in the poem should be out of his imagination, or in a way of Han Dynasty and Tang Dynasty. This method of taking the Han Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty as examples (there is no record of how the court of the Han Dynasty celebrated the Cold Food Festival, so it can't be said that it is a mockery of the present). But what is certain is that the object of the poet's satire is not the king of the Han Dynasty, but his contemporary king. Of course, whether this king is Emperor Dezong remains to be further demonstrated.
The Dictionary of Appreciation of Tang Poetry contains the articles on this poem by Professor Zhou Xiaotian of Sichuan University, and its appreciation and views have always been authoritative. Mr. Zhou Xiaotian thinks that the original intention of this poem is not necessarily irony, but its irony comes from the fact that image is greater than thinking (Gorky). I think the original intention of this poem lies in irony, which comes from the specific meaning of the Cold Food Festival. Mr. Zhou satirizes that the focus of this poem is the privilege of the court; I satirize this poem from the perspective of becoming a king's blasphemy against the dead.
The irony of this poem lies in its tenderness and implication. The whole poem only reproduces the beautiful scene of Chang 'an in spring and the lively candlelight in the palace, but this scene is contrary to the dignified and sad atmosphere that the Cold Food Festival should have, so the language is mild and ironic. As Mr Zhou Xiaotian said, the whole story ends with a description. Indeed, there is no warning, no color criticism, gentle and sincere; The first line of this poem, "Flowers are flying all over the sky in the spring city", is vivid and brings people into a happy situation at once. The blooming spring scenery attracts people's attention and makes poetry implicit. Even if people's attention follows the footsteps of Chang 'an-Imperial Garden-Han Palace, it is easy to stay curious about how lively the palace is because of the infection of the first sentence. What the poet wrote was the Cold Food Festival in Han Dynasty, not the real Cold Food Festival, which made the object of satire empty and real, and the poetry blurred in the deep and ethereal poems. Gentle attitude makes poetry more subtle, and implicit expression makes attitude more gentle. In Qing Dynasty, Guan Shiming commented in "Reading Tang Poems in Snow Mountain House": "Dali literati really began to argue for words, but they still need elegance, alcohol and resistance to ridicule without hurting their elegance and skill." Such an evaluation is particularly appropriate for Han Yi. Bai Meng's Poem of Skills says that Tang Dezong particularly appreciates this poem, and he gave the prominent position of "driving doctors to know patents" to Han Han, who has been frustrated for many years, which just shows that the gentle and implicit language expression of this poem is interesting. Judging from the satirical style, Han Yi's Cold Food is the first satirical poem in the Millennium.
Textbook reading
This passage is a seven-character ancient poem describing the scenery of autumn night. Looking at Dongting is written by Liu Yuxi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, who was transferred to Hezhou in autumn and passed through Dongting. This poem chooses the perspective of moonlit night, and vividly depicts the beautiful scenery of moonlit cave through rich imagination and image metaphor.
Most Dongting Lake poems are magnificent, such as Meng Haoran's "A mist rises in Yunmeng Valley and surrounds Yueyang City." Zhang, the prime minister of Dongting Lake, is another example of Du Fu's "Wu in the east and Chu in the south, seeing the world drifting endlessly". Liu Yuxi's poems are different, focusing on the femininity of Dongting Lake.
The ancient poetry first embodies the "autumn moon" and "lake light", and the water moon is clear and harmonious. There is no wind on the lake, like a bronze mirror spreading on the earth under the moon. "The mirror is not polished" wrote a vast lake, rippling gently, showing a misty beauty. From a distance, the water, mountains and green hills set each other off and become interesting, just like the green snail in a silver plate, like a craft treasure, which makes people fondle it. The whole poem is novel in conception, short in space and elegant in style.
[Notes]
1. Dongting: the name of the lake, in Hunan Province.
2. Harmony: Harmony refers to the fusion of water color and moonlight.
3. Pool surface: refers to the lake surface. Mirrors are not polished: ancient mirrors were made of copper. What is said here is that there is no wind on the water surface and the waves are as smooth as a mirror; It is said that the scenery in the lake is blurred from a distance, just as the mirror is not clear without polishing. You can say both.
4. Silver plate: Describe Dongting Lake. Green snail: a blue-black spiral ink used by ancient women to thrush. This is used to describe Junshan Mountain in Dongting Lake.
[Modern Translation]
The water and light in Dongting Lake are in harmony with the autumn moon.
The water is as calm as a bronze mirror.
Seen from a distance, the Dongting Lake landscape is green.
Like a silver plate with green snails.
[Appreciation]
This is a landscape poem written by the poet overlooking Dongting Lake, which is clear and meaningful. The first sentence is about the blending of water, light and moonlight, which shows the breadth and distance of the lake. This should be the scene at dusk. It is not dark yet, but the moon has come out. If it is dark, you can't see the fusion of the two colors. The second sentence uses the metaphor of a mirror to show the calm of the lake at night, because the sun has set and the lake is not reflective, just like a mirror is dull without polishing. The third sentence is about the green of Junshan Mountain in Wangyuan Lake. The "landscape" here actually refers to the mountain, that is, Junshan in the lake. The usage of "scenery" belongs to the usage of "compound words with partial meanings" in ancient Chinese. The fourth sentence uses another metaphor, comparing Junshan floating in the water to a green snail on a silver plate. The whole poem is full of pure scenery, with detailed descriptions and vivid metaphors, which is very interesting to read.