Said I was so confused.
Who loves China's classical literature has never been bathed in the light of Li Bai and Du Fu, two giants shining in the history of China literature? . But the real cognition and understanding of them will change with the growth of age and experience. Among them, the book Li Bai and Du Fu published by Guo Moruo in the heyday of the Cultural Revolution caused confusion, which made us misunderstand Du Li greatly.
Thirty years before the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially in the decade of the Cultural Revolution, almost all the literati and intellectuals in our great country were classified as "bourgeois smelly Laojiu" by the ultra-left ideological division, and were knocked down and stepped on the ground. Only Guo Moruo and contradiction, as "red-topped literati", became the hottest figures in the ruling group. In that wild era, there were only eight model operas and Gao Daquan clamoring for China. Under the condition that people can only worship the quotations of Chairman Mao, Li Bai and Du Fu by Guo Moruo and Liu Yao Wenzhi by Zhang Shichuang were all published by 197 1. Visible Guo Guxian Hector, supreme. At our age, Guo Moruo is the only writer besides Lu Xun and Haoran who can read his books freely in public during adolescence.
In all fairness, Li Bai and Du Fu is indeed a literary work that people read with relish. Its wise arguments and detailed textual research are really attractive to a literary lover. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, when we were thirsty for knowledge, although with the deepening of the Cultural Revolution, almost all ancient and modern literature and art were denied and banned, fortunately, my mother was able to take out all kinds of books from the closed library of the unit. One day, she gave me a book with a dark red cover-the words Li Bai and Du Fu by Guo Moruo suddenly appeared in front of my eyes. When I was a freshman, I had already heard the name of Lao Guo, and I appreciated his calligraphy very much. Li Bai and Du Fu immediately put me in a trance. I love classical literature very much. I read the book Li Bai and Du Fu more eagerly than the Selected Works of Mao Zedong. Since then, I have a more vivid and clear understanding of the two great poets I admire. In this book, Guo Laodian praised Li Bai and belittled Du Fu many times. Coupled with his blind trust in the people he admired, he unconsciously branded this view in his heart.
Li Bai's heroic and romantic personality has a strong appeal to young people. In addition, Lao Guo's depiction of Li Bai's rebellion against the ruling class, contempt for powerful people and regard fame as dirt made me fall into Li Bai's madness. Li Bai's phrase "If fame and fortune grow, the Hanshui River will also flow northwest" has influenced my life, because when the back door of my residential compound was opened, the Hanjiang River flowed from east to south to the Yangtze River, and I didn't have any consciousness of flowing northwest. At the same time, I have a disgusting impression on Du Fu, a "people's poet" who has won people's praise vaguely. At that time, Jing also learned Guo Moruo's accent. When reciting Tang poetry and Song poetry with his classmates, he praised Li Bai and despised Du Fu. I only remember that Guo Moruo said that Du Fu stood on the position of the feudal ruling class and the big landlord, and "never forgot the gentleman at every meal". His poems were written for the benefit of the ruling class and for the literati who represented the interests of the big landlord. He is a snob and doesn't deserve the title of "People's Poet" at all. In Du Fu's famous song "Autumn Wind Blows the Hut", Lao Guo, with full proletarian feelings and hatred, reveals that he has no sympathy for the poor peasants and middle peasants who are oppressed and exploited by the big landlords, but is waving flags and shouting for the rich of the scholar-bureaucrat landlord class. Lao Guo said: "There are thousands of spacious buildings, which greatly protect the world. All the poor people are happy." Note that the "poor" in the sentence is the literati and the rich class, not the "poor" and poor and cold civilians. Lao Guo's shocking revelations made me admire being alone in the dark. What a clear class stand! Lao Guo's eyes are really sharp and original.
Let's look at Lao Guo's inference that Du Fu has no "people's nature" at all: "Although Du Fu hit the nail on the head and exposed the cruel reality of feudal society, such as" the wine in Zhumen stinks, the bones on the road freeze to death "and" going out to Beijing to worship the ancestors ",at the same time, Du Fu stood in the position of the ruling class and was cruel. Guo said: "There are only two examples above to show Du Fu's class consciousness and position. Du Fu completely sided with the ruling class and the landlord class. This class consciousness and position is the backbone of Du Fu, which runs through most of his poems. "In the past, experts called Du Fu a poet, but in recent years, experts called him a people's poet. When he was a poet, people didn't ask questions. When he is called the people's poet, people may ask why. " From today's point of view, Lao Guo's talk about "people" is a typical ultra-left means, which was always used to use the people as a shield during the Cultural Revolution. But at that time, reading it, it was really the proletarian revolutionary position that made Lao Guo feel a clear-cut stand and a clear distinction between love and hate.
Then, Lao Guo further criticized and exposed Du Fu's six famous sentences of "Three Farewells" and "Three Officials"-the so-called "Three Farewells", that is, "Wedding Farewell", "Reunion Farewell" and "Homelessness"; The "three officials" are Xin 'an official, Shi Haoguan and Tongguan official. Guo said: "This poem is probably the best of the six. It specifically describes the desolation of rural Luoyang and the extinction of people. Especially the last sentence' why is it steaming'? The author asked questions, but didn't write answers. There may be two answers: one is "I have to resist" and the other is "I have no choice". According to the situation of the poem and the author's consciousness, it can only be the latter. " Lao Guo sharply criticized and resented Du Fu's "no way" to help the people out of trouble. Instead of sympathizing with the people, he spoke in general terms. Yes! Aren't you Du Fu a "people's poet"? Why not do something for the people's difficulties? It can be seen that "human nature" is false. It can be seen that Lao Guo longed for the feelings of the ancients who hated iron and did not have lofty proletarian consciousness!
On the analysis of Three Farewells and Three Officials, Lao Guo finally concluded: "But today, when we analyze it from the perspective of class, the defects of poetry cannot be concealed. Du Fu himself stood on the position of the landlord class. The characters depicted in the six poems, regardless of gender, age and age, are docile people selected through strict class filters, as docile as sheep, without any resistance. This kind of person meets the needs of the landlord class and the ruling class, and is Du Fu's idealized so-called good citizen. Lao Guo stripped the aura of Du Fu's "people's poet" layer by layer. For a long time, I always thought Du Fu was a rich and powerful landlord who lived a slippery life and was appreciated by feudal rulers. Under the education of our party for many years, the big landlords were the greatest enemies of people in our time, and they were much more hateful than the rare capitalists at that time. Therefore, whenever I read literary works, whenever I meet Du Fu and comment on Du Fu's articles, I won't bother to take a quick look.
There is also disrespect for Du Fu in his later years. Du Fu is not a true friend of Li Bai. This is also impressive in Guo Moruo's Li Bai and Du Fu. According to statistics, Li Bai and Du Fu associate, Li Bai wrote four poems to Du Fu, and Du Fu wrote more than twenty poems to Li Bai. But this does not prove their profound friendship, nor does it prove Du Fu's deep concern and admiration for Li Bai. When Du Li met his wife, Li Bai was 44 and Du Fu was only 33. At that time, Li Bai was brilliant and famous in Beijing. Du Fu, on the other hand, stayed in the exam for 10 years in a row and was down and out. Du Fu is just a die-hard fan of Li Bai, and his talent experience can't be compared with Li Bai at all. Lao Guo spent a long time analyzing the 200 words in Du Fu's "Send Li Twelve Whites and Twenty Rhymes", and finally came to the conclusion that the relationship between Du Fu and the snobbish Li Bai is "the key point in the poem".
It proves that Du Li and his wife can't have sincere friendship, and Lao Guo draws the conclusion that they are competitive from Du Li's attitude towards Song Yu: "Du Fu said that he should try his best:' Climb the Qusong secretly and drive from the right'. Du Fu took a fancy to Song Yu, was willing to accept Song Yu as his teacher, and loved to improve Song Yu by combining Qu Yuan and Song Yu. In fact, Song Yu is not worth learning, and his literary achievements have been far surpassed by Li Bai. Li Bai didn't admire Song Yu that much. The first two sentences of his "Banquet for Du Fu at Yao Temple Pavilion in Qiulu County" are anti-Song Yu. I thought autumn was prosperous and relaxed, but who is sad in autumn? It is Song Yu who says that autumn brings sadness. Du Fu especially praised him in Ode to Monument. The so-called "decadent decline": I am the one who knows the sadness of Song Yuzhi, and the one who is romantic and elegant is also my teacher. Here we can see the difference between Du Li and his wife. As for Qu Yuan's level, neither Li Bai nor Du Fu has reached it. Guo Jiangjun Li Dubi is attached to Qu, Qu Yuan is spineless, Song Yu is spineless, Li Bai is spineless, has integrity, dares to rebel against kings and despises dignitaries, while Du Fu is spineless and even snobbish, thinking about monarchs and rulers everywhere. So Guo thinks that people who are not from a camp or a class at all can't treat each other sincerely? Good friends who admire each other turn against each other.
At that time, I readily accepted Lao Guo's point of view. The friendship between Du Fu and Li is false and hypocritical, and they want to touch the light of Li Bai. But the friendship between Li Bai and Du Fu is sincere, pure and selfless. I feel sorry for Li Bai's sincerity to Du Fu, secretly calling Du Fu hypocritical and cunning, and deceiving Li Bai, a simple hero. If there is a criticism meeting, just pull Du Fu up and criticize him immediately!
The change of Du Fu's cognition changes with the change of time. When we gradually realize the deception and fool of extreme left autocracy; When we know that the power of literature and art serving politics has produced a large number of castrated flattering works; When we are no longer young and frivolous; When we have been in the world for decades, we secretly licked our wounds, inadvertently passed by Du Fu's poems, and then patiently read them, we suddenly realized that Guo Moruo was confused by his old Li Bai and Du Fu because of his credulity and shallowness when he was young. In Du Fu's poems, there are so many true portrayal of real life, so many personal difficulties and hardships, and so many concerns and sympathy for human sufferings. It was not Lao Guo who said that Du Fu only represented the ruling class, only the literati and the big landlord class. It is really wrong to demand a down-and-out scholar of the Tang Dynasty more than a thousand years ago from the viewpoint of class struggle, from the viewpoint of modern people, from the flattering viewpoint of pleasing the rulers, and from the mainstream ideology attached to it.
Not to mention Du Fu's "My humble abode was blown by autumn wind", which shows his compassion for human nature. Whether sheltering "poor scholars" or "cold people", he always thinks of others' suffering from his own suffering and people's livelihood from his own life experience. A poor Confucian who is "too humble to forget his country" bears the noble feelings and moral integrity of many scholars in China! In "Wedding Farewell", "It is better to abandon the roadside than to marry a woman and ask for a husband", the country was in chaos, and the army made expeditions year after year, saying "farewell at dusk" to a soldier's new wife. Du Fu lamented the misfortune of the country, which eventually led to greater misfortune for the people, and sent great sympathy to the disadvantaged groups at the lower level. A weak woman looked at her new husband, "Jun is going to die today. It is painful to be forcibly stuffed into the intestines, but it is necessary to "wash red makeup" and come to a tragic encounter between life and death. How can we not let future generations swallow tears for thousands of years! Isn't this the best interpretation of "people's nature" by the "people's poets" who are deeply concerned about the fate of ordinary people? In "Tongguan Officials", the border guards, who "carelessly built Tongguan Road", tried to build a frontier fortress. They are most familiar with the actual plan to defend against the enemy. As long as they are "stupid and defend themselves, how can they worry about Xijing?" However, Tang Xuanzong, the fatuous ruler, took advantage of his exultation and incompetence to find Shu Han to go through the customs to face the Anshi rebellion, and eventually he was defeated and the country was ruined. Du Fu, through the mouth of the petty officials at the grass-roots level, advised the rulers to be sympathetic to the people's feelings, listened to the opinions of ordinary lower-class people working in the front line, and always practiced the sense of hardship for the national economy and people's livelihood. Such a poor man who has not even been admitted to the civil service is much more advanced and representative than some "people's public servants" now! Now I am a vast country, and the country is rich and strong, but the rulers had better listen to the opinions of Du Fu and Old Master Q, and listen to the voices of grassroots people. Only the people at the bottom of society and those who ultimately benefit from various policies and regulations have the deepest feelings about the advantages and disadvantages of national systems and policies. Once the national policy goes wrong, the voice of the people will be blocked in the Dojo, the voice of the people will not be smooth, and the grievances of the people will not be resolved. Then it is not so easy for Tongguan officials not to be discouraged and slack off.
Du Fu is a standard old man who is addicted to worries and cares about everything in the world. Except for Dr. Qu Yuan, his concern for the country is unmatched by future generations. In his four-year-old poem "Yan Xing", people working in the north wind and snow in Xiaoxiang Dongting are "frozen in the cold, shooting wild geese and singing mulberry bows". Rice is expensive and cheap, the price is unstable, and the harvested agricultural products are sold at low prices. Coupled with various taxes, life is unstable and insecure, and it is already in dire straits. "Killing men and women everywhere" and "cutting love and enduring rent mediocrity" are hard to distinguish. It can be seen that the burden of agriculture, rural areas and farmers has not been easy since ancient times. Socialism now has its own characteristics. The country issues Document No.1 almost every year, which takes the lead in solving the problems concerning agriculture, countryside and farmers, but the louder it shouts, the less it is implemented. Which aspect is most valued and which aspect is often least valued. Du really opened the channel between ancient and modern times, and revealed the "universal value" of society unchanged from its primitive religion. "In the past, money was used to catch private castings, but now lead, tin and bronze are allowed." If lead and tin are mixed into copper coins to make counterfeit money, it will also be popular, and you can make a fortune without care. The wind of counterfeiting by Chinese people has prevailed since ancient times. Now fakes are rampant, water is injected into meat, Sudan red is added to eggs, and melamine is added to milk. In terms of policies and regulations, giving you a "free will" is more profound than the "lead and tin" revealed by Du Fu. "Carved clay is the easiest to get, if evil is not the same as appearance", Mr. Du Lao/KLOC-0 sighed more than 200 years ago, and it is still not over. It's a pity that Du Fuzi has been nagging all his life, even his own life is in danger, and he often moves, shivering, homeless and still doesn't understand. This is what Guo Moruo's simple hat of "representing the interests of the landlord class and the ruling class" cannot convince. Is it too much for a poor little intellectual to flatter himself? Because of the ruling clique, I didn't hear him at all, and I couldn't bear to listen to his long-winded words. If you want to represent the interests of this class, you are afraid that you are not qualified! In today's fashionable words: "You are nothing!"
Stop, that's beside the point. Let's look at Lao Guo's misleading to Du Fu. Du Li's friendship, Lao Guo has pointed out to us that they actually have a "turnover". However, when we have a little understanding of the original work, Guo's annotation inference is obviously untenable. Look at "To Li Bai at the End of the Sky" written by Du Fu: "It's getting cold. What are you thinking, old friend? ? The geese didn't answer me, and the rivers and lakes were full of rain. " When the autumn wind blows, everything is bleak. This is a sad season, and I suddenly think of Li Bai whom I admire and miss. Yan array was surprised and full of thoughts. We know each other but live far apart, and the rivers and lakes are treacherous and changeable. Things are unpredictable, and people are unpredictable. Friends far away don't know what it is. "A poet should beware of prosperity, but demons can haunt a wanderer." What Du Fu is worried about is whether Li Bai's straightforward and simple temperament and bohemian talent can cope with the sinister and complicated society. Those insidious villains who attack rape and meanness are very good at taking advantage of loopholes to find fault and harm people. In addition, the comfortable situation is not a good thing for the poet, so both ends are worrying. Du Fu said this because he was deeply sorry, but he was not reused, and he was tired of being squeezed and framed. He thinks that Li Bai's arrogance is more likely to cause suspicion and framing. It should be * * * ghosts, poems and tears. When they met, they shared the same interests and became more appreciate each other. They found vivid annotations in Dr. Qu's tragic fate. Even two people can fool around together and become a noble person like Qu Yuan. It can be seen that Du Fu compared Li Bai to himself and could be a close friend of life and death. Such sincere thoughts and confessions make people cry. When I was a child, why couldn't I read it? If I had realized Du Fu's sincere yearning and love for his friends earlier, wouldn't I have made more intimate friends in my life? It's a pity that teenagers are credulous and ignorant, and they don't spend too much time and energy studying Mr. Du's poems. They are easily deceived by their academic views and pretend to be "literary youths" who suppressed Du Yang and Li in the 1980s.
If the beauty of literature and art is to reflect and criticize reality, Du Fu's poems will naturally arouse people's profound thoughts and feelings more than Li Bai, who is arrogant and out of touch with human fireworks. Romantic feelings, passion, lively interest and free personality, of course, are the easiest to get pleasure and sublimation from Li Bai's poems. However, with the growth of social experience and the hardships of life, Du Fu's poems can make people get the most praise and recognition from them, and the romance will be released briefly with the first bloom of youth. However, when the lead is washed away and the vicissitudes are full, people will realize that the heavy and arduous social reality and experience are the greatest gains in life. "Petals flow like tears, and lonely birds sing their sorrows." All life in the four seasons is integrated with things and my own experiences. "Everything is ready, except for the east wind". When individuals and society are integrated and shoulder together, when moral responsibility and friendship are closely linked with the real society in which they live, people seem to be able to live a little taste and style. This is what we feel when we read Du Fu's poems. "Leaves fall like the waves of a waterfall, and I watch the long river always roll forward", and the strong perception of life experience coexists with rivers and four seasons. There are rivers and mountains among individuals, and there are individuals among rivers and mountains. Heaven and man are one, but I forget things. Abundance, poverty, calmness and openness are all closely related to our own life experiences and the real society. No one can leave his time. Therefore, when Li Bai was drunk, he had to humbly and helplessly write: "Suddenly, my soul trembled and the situation was long. I only felt that my pillow was full of misty clouds."
"Du Li's articles are dazzling", whose literary value, historical value and personality value can't be erased by anyone. It is easier to shake mountains and rivers than to shake them, and it is even more ridiculous to suppress Du Yang and Li. Li Bai is romantic and naive, bold and open-minded, unrestrained, pursuing freedom and independent personality in life, despising powerful people, treating fame and fortune like dirt, and having the spirit of struggle and rebellion all his life; Du Fu was deeply depressed, frank and open-minded, experienced hardships, sympathized with others, cared about the country and people's livelihood, closely combined his own destiny with the destiny of the country, and regarded the sufferings of the people as his own responsibility. They are two peaks in the history of China literature.
Guo Moruo's "Li Bai and Du Fu" is a model of literature and art serving politics and a standard work of "flattery"-it is said that he has always liked Li Bai, and Mao's old friend Zhang is still writing a book "Liu" at the age of 85, which has been praised and funded by Mao. Not to be outdone, Lao Guo began to write the last paper in his life when he was in his eighties. At that time, in just over a year from 1967 to 1968, Lao Guo's two sons, Guo Shiying and Guo Minying, were persecuted to death by the "Cultural Revolution"! It was in this great bereavement that Lao Guo began to write Li Bai and Du Fu, and made a vague guess about the motivation and intention of writing this book. It is true that Lao Guo has his own power and freedom in writing, but he would rather take the theme as the first priority, cater to the ideology of the rulers, and capture the ancients by pure political struggle. This is precisely Lao Guo's point of view. Judging by the current ideological values, it is indeed very contradictory to Lao Guo's situation at that time to ask the ancients to wear ornaments and get stuck in a dead end.
Mao Zedong's revolutionary courage is brilliant. He unexpectedly reached the peak and then collapsed to the extreme, which led to the unprecedented Cultural Revolution that he planned and launched and became the root of human disasters. During the Cultural Revolution, under his exclusive high-pressure political rule, the arrogance of personality worship made slaves everywhere, and everyone felt insecure, so the shemale trembled, confused right and wrong, lost morality and personality. Guo Moruo, who shocked the world in the name of rebellion, had to wave the stick of class struggle and act recklessly under such political pressure. Guo Yisheng is at the forefront of class struggle. He is a genius with early wisdom. He not only made great academic achievements in his life, but also devoted himself to domestic political struggles and became a celebrity between the two parties in China. During the Anti-Japanese War, Fu, director of the Political Department of the National Army, was in charge of the literature and art propaganda front. He almost recruited the first-class literati and celebrities in the country, and was very brilliant for a while, playing the "Hongbo Qu" of an era. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, he turned the corner and resolutely drew a line with the Kuomintang. After liberation, he became the literary standard-bearer of our party. With superhuman wisdom and courage, he always grasped the opportunities given to him by history and destiny, which can be described as a generation of heroes. I didn't expect to write Li Bai and Du Fu in my later years, but it left a deep brand of class struggle. In order to cater to the current situation and flatter the autocratic rulers' kindness to Li Bai, he competed to classify two great poets in the Tang Dynasty who admired each other as rivals full of suspicion and resentment, and made a low-level common sense mistake, which finally left a living handle for the mediocrity and boredom in the second half, which could not but make people sigh. Lao Guo's mistake further makes us realize the distortion and destruction of human nature by autocratic rule, and also makes people feel the shame and sorrow of "literature and art serve politics".