Summary of achievements
Du Mu's literary creation has made great achievements. His poems, ci poems and ancient prose are all named after his family, and he likes Taoism in Laozi and Zhuangzi. Du Mu advocates that all works should be based on meaning, supplemented by qi and guarded by words, and has a correct understanding of the relationship between content and form of works. And it can absorb and melt the strengths of predecessors and form its own special style. Influenced by Du Fu and Han Yu, Du Mu's ancient poems have a wide range of themes and strong brushwork. Du Mu's modern poems are famous for their beautiful words and ups and downs. Influenced by Du Fu and Han Yu, his classical poems have a wide range of themes and bold brushwork. His modern poems are famous for their beautiful words and ups and downs. The seven-law "Early Wild Goose" expresses the nostalgia for the people in the northern frontier displaced by the Uighur invasion, and it has a graceful and lingering taste. "Ascending the Mountain in Nine Days" writes his broad-minded mind in a bold style, but it also contains deep sadness. The general trend of poetry in the late Tang Dynasty is gorgeous and dense, and Du Mu is influenced by the atmosphere of the times and also pays attention to the use of words. This tendency of rhetoric is combined with his personal characteristics of "heroic and heroic", which is elegant, magnificent and exquisite.
Poetry achievement
Lin Jianlue's Du Fu, a Poet of Late Tang Dynasty, holds that Du Mu's poems can be divided into two categories: one is heroic and the other is romantic. The former is "or for mourning, or for mourning, or for sentimental work, mostly written in strange style"; The latter "is mostly a low-key fresh style, so it won't be full of paper." Du Mu, a poet in Wang Shuxiang, believes that Du Mu's poems are charming, steep and sometimes delicate. However, you should know Yuan Zhen, Bai Juyi, Li Shangyin, Wen and so on. Both appeared at the same time as him. He doesn't want to influence the creativity and style that became popular for a while, and he doesn't want to influence Wen Li's obscurity. I want to be my own, and I want to correct the shortcomings of the times. My intention must be extraordinary. Qian Miao's "On Du Mu's Poetry" holds that the delicate and cool style in Du Mu's poetry is unique in the late Tang Dynasty and in the whole Tang Dynasty. This is the characteristic of Du Mu's artistic genius, interwoven with strong feelings of worrying about the country and the people and the tenderness of hurting the spring and others. Ge's "Du Mu and His Poems" holds that "the desire of the nation
Gong's ideal brought rich imagination and bold spirit to Du Mu's poems, but his pragmatic spirit made his imagination and metaphor never have the strange color of the fairy world. Due to Du Mu's unique talent in "expressing his keen sense of the beauty of life in direct language", "he can always find unique beauty from everyday scenes and find an emotional atmosphere that is most harmonious with the artistic conception, and express it through the ingenious organization of the picture." Wang Xiping and Zhang Tian's analysis of the artistic beauty of Du Mu's poems shows that the artistic beauty of Du Mu's poems lies in its "vigorous imagery beauty", "strong and frank poetic beauty" and "fresh and clear artistic conception beauty". Wang Xiping's "On Du Mu's Creative Personality and Artistic Style" points out that Du Mu used to be frank and straightforward in his performances; Reasoning in poetry; The main means of Du Mu's deviance is to use the method of bending the body, while refuting (reversing the case) and asking questions, thus forming a bold and unrestrained style. Wu Zaiqing's "A Preliminary Study on the Expression Techniques of Du Mu's Poems" holds that "his poems are vivid and vivid, which is more closely related to his use of metaphor, personification, situational expression, situational expression and contrast. The methods of expression, such as reversing the verdict, ending, asking questions deeply and using allusions, also play a certain role in opening up new artistic conception and deepening ideological connotation in his poems. " "The direct expression of the soul and the inversion of grammatical sentences directly affect the bold and unrestrained style of his ancient poems." "Implicit and indirect, falling behind, feeling in the scenery, expressing the scenery and asking questions in depth are more obviously conducive to the formation of his poetic style."
Classical poetry
Influenced by Du Fu and Han Yu, Du Mu's ancient poems are good at integrating narrative, discussion and lyricism, with rigorous style and thin sentence patterns, such as Poems of Feeling for the Heart, Poems of Du Qiuniang, Poems of Zhang, Lonely Village in the County, Books in the Snow, and Autumn Sending to Hebei. Among them, prose narrative and discussion are common. Du Mu's ancient poems were influenced by Han Yu. But sometimes he will use metaphor and image language to discuss, full of lyricism. Du Mu's ancient poems often have a different realm, simple and unpretentious, heroic and vigorous, such as "Chizhou bid farewell to Meng Chi's ancestors". In the late Tang Dynasty, the style of poetry was modest and powerless, mostly metrical poems and quatrains. Few people can write long poems. Du Mu's ancient poems were also outstanding in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. His poems, together with excellent poems known as "handsome", constitute three main aspects of his poetry creation.
Quatrain
Du Mu's quatrains are equivalent to metrical poems, which have achieved great success and have always enjoyed a high reputation. Guan Shiming's Preface to Reading Tang Poems in Snow Mountain House said: "Du Tiancai Yi has Whitestorm, but sometimes he dreams." Seven-character quatrains are one, especially good at it. "Compilation of Poems in Heshang Wine Garden" says: "Du Fu's poems are only the most fashionable and always interesting. The moon has a lonely shadow, Gao Xia is alone, and the rest are not. " Shen Deqian regards Du Mu's quatrains as "implicit and meaningful", which can be called "inherited voice" in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and summarizes its characteristics as "far rhyme and far spirit". He achieved the highest achievement among the seven wonders, with beautiful artistic conception, amazing comments and meaningful charm. Poems on history, amazing ideas, high historical knowledge. Du Mu's scenery is lyrical and poetic, with beautiful artistic conception and meaningful charm, which is beyond the seven wonders of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Du Mu is good at capturing the beautiful images of natural scenery, describing them with quatrains, subtle and refined, and blending scenes. In just four sentences, he wrote a complete and beautiful scene, just like a painting, such as Jiang Nanchun's quatrains.
Lvshi
There are a considerable number of Du Mu's regular poems, among which there are more than 100 Collected Works of Fan Chuan, and about 167 except the Collected Works of Fan Chuan and other collections. His regular poems occupy an important position in all his poems, and his artistic achievements are also very high, especially the seven laws. The style of Du Mu's poems is handsome, cold, vigorous and heroic, which is the most prominent in his regular poems. Later poetry critics have pointed out that "steepness" is the characteristic of Du Mu's regular poems. Liu Kezhuang's Post-Shi Cun Dialect in Song Dynasty said: "Du Mu and Xu Hun are at the same time, but different. Pasturing in the Tang Law often contains less embarrassment to correct the disadvantages of the times. " Yang Shenyun in Ming Dynasty: "Since the late Tang Dynasty, Li Yishan has declined, but Du Mu is the best. Song people commented that his poems were magnificent, elegant and beautiful, and they were particularly awkward in the regular poems, and believed them with positive and negative times. " The reason why Du Mu's metrical poems are "small and steep" or "special and steep" is that, as Zhao Yi said, "since the middle Tang Dynasty, metrical poems have prevailed and competed to discuss diseases, so they are multi-syllable harmonious and have a beautiful style. Du Mu is afraid of weakness and creates his own arrogant learning to correct its disadvantages. " Abrupt, on the one hand, refers to the abrupt momentum produced by poems without rhyme changes; On the other hand, it refers to the bold and vigorous artistic conception similar to classical poetry. Du Mu pretended to be an awkward sentence in the verse, or expressed an ancient meaning, showing a strong momentum and trying to correct the weak and mature style of poetry. Du Mu's Seven Laws are very realistic. In addition, Du Mu's rhythmic poems are all ancient rhymes, and there is a quaint charm in lingering.
Prose achievement
On Du Mu's Poetry and Prose by Wang Xiping and Zhang Tian comprehensively discussed Du Mu's poetry and prose in the Collected Works of Fan Chuan, and thought that its main characteristics were: 1. The style was sharp and profound; Second, extensive quotation, chapter analysis and sufficient reasoning; Third, the discussion is combined with lyricism, and the discussion has a strong lyrical color; Fourth, be good at vivid description and narration, vivid and full of truth. The article also points out that we can see the imprint of his article from the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty from two aspects: one is to open the way for Song people to understand and be fluent, and the other is to lay the foundation for the combination of arrogance and dispersion. Kou Yanghou (on Du Mu's Prose) 5 points out that Du Mu's prose has made great achievements in ideological content, mainly in the long political articles of political commentators. Their artistic hotspots are: vertical and horizontal debate, full of literary talent. Rigorous structure and meticulous reasoning. Use even sentences skillfully to spread arrogance. And some of his articles about people's narrative lyric objects are also original in art.
At the end of the article, "Du Mu inherited the fine tradition of the ancient prose movement led by Han Yu, but at the same time he could find his own way." Wu Zaiqing's "Du Mu and Han Yu's ancient prose movement" holds that from Du Mu's creative thought and practice, his relationship with Liu Han, especially Han Yu, is obvious. Mainly manifested in the following aspects: First, Du Mu inherited and developed Liu Han's view on the relationship between meaning, qi and ci in Wen Xin Diao Long. Secondly, Du Mu advocates that literature should be supplemented by qi, which is basically consistent with the concept of "qi" mentioned by Han Yu. Thirdly, we can also see Du Mu's inheritance and development of Liu Han from the text sentence pattern and style. Finally, the article points out that in the late Tang Dynasty, when arrogant prose developed with the glitz of writing style, Du Mu was able to resist glitz, stick to the direction of prose, and try to avoid using arrogance, which was more thorough than Han Yu.
Military literature achievements
When Du Mu was young, he loved reading Sun Tzu's Art of War, annotated thirteen articles of Cao Cao's version of Sun Tzu's Art of War, and wrote contemporary military literature theories such as Sin Yan, On War, Defense Theory and The Original Sixteen Guards.
Du Mu's poetic achievements. Strong women in business don't know how to hate their country, but they still sing backyard flowers across the river. More than 480 ancient temples were left in the Southern Dynasties, and countless pagodas were shrouded in wind and rain. If the east wind is not convenient for Zhou Yu, I'm afraid the outcome will be Cao Cao's victory and Er Qiao's detention in Tongquetai. There are many talented children in Jiangdong. Whether they will make a comeback is still unknown. As soon as I rode on the smile of smoke and smoke, no one knew that the fresh fruit litchi was sent from the south. Excuse me, where is the restaurant? The shepherd boy pointed to Xinghua Village. Stop and sit in the maple forest late, and the frost leaves are red in February flowers. Yangzhou's ten years, like a dream, wake up, but in the brothel women this is a fickle reputation. Eight poems have made Du Mu's position in the poetic world.
Du Mu's Prose Achievements. Later generations grieved, failed to learn from it, and let future generations mourn for future generations.
Du Mu has made great achievements in prose, poetry, military and other fields all his life, but it is difficult for military achievements to move up politically. So it's a pity that Du Mu can only recite so many books all his life, and he still has the reputation of living in a brothel.
Literary characteristics of poetry
The characteristics of poetry are changeable, some are atmospheric, some are euphemistic, some are sentimental and some are sad. However, in the vast majority of nostalgic poems, most of them are light poems praising nature and scenery. Because Du Mu himself is a very heroic and optimistic person, his poems are very changeable, showing heroic hair, worrying about the country and the people, being broad-minded and always eager to make contributions to the country, so his poems are very atmospheric.
Du Mu lived in a period of constant internal and external troubles in the Tang Dynasty. Du Mu was eager to save the country and the people and attached importance to military affairs. He wrote many military papers and commented on Sun Tzu's Art of War. In the end, due to the incompetence of the emperor and the dictatorship of eunuchs, his ambition was not satisfied. In literature, Du Mu is famous for his poems, ci poems and ancient prose. Especially as a poet, he is a poet in the late Tang Dynasty, and together with Li Shangyin, he is called "Little Du Li" corresponding to Li Bai and Du Fu.
In style, his poems give people a sense of elegance and handsomeness, while in language, he is famous for his beautiful words and ups and downs of feelings, especially for his strangeness. For example, the famous epic "Crossing the Qing Palace in China": "Looking back at Chang 'an, there are piles of embroideries, and the top of the mountain opens a thousand times. Riding the world of mortals and laughing, no one knew it was litchi. "Visualization with typical cases is harmful to history. His "Red Cliff" and "Wujiang Pavilion" comment on historical events with unique insights, realizing a high degree of unity of literature and history.
Later generations imitated Du Mu, but failed to reach its height. In addition, his poems about objects are widely praised for their vivid images and lasting adaptability.