Cao Cao in Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a negative example, a schemer and careerist of the feudal ruling class, with all kinds of ugly desires (although some records are well-founded, they are greatly exaggerated), but the real Cao Cao in history is an outstanding politician, strategist and poet of that class. Although he participated in the suppression of the Yellow Scarf in the open confrontation between the peasant army and the landlord class in the uprising at the end of the Han Dynasty, he did many things beneficial to the people in the process of unifying the north, such as opposing gentry and landlords, restraining land annexation, reducing the exploitation of farmers, resuming production, eliminating the threat of foreigners in the north, stabilizing the lives of the people in the Yellow River basin and playing a role in promoting history.
As a poet, he has a good influence in the history of literature. His poems are only about twenty, some of which should be included in the first-class works at that time. Now give the following two songs and see what their main features are. Look at Hao Lixing first:
The soldiers of the Kwantung Army rose up against the cruel people. On the first day of the first date, General Ding Meng went to attack Dong Zhuo in Chang 'an. Dong Zhuo's army came together, each with its own plans, looked at each other and refused to stand out. Power makes people fight, and heirs are self-defeating. Yuan Shao's cousin Yuan Shu proclaimed himself emperor in Huainan, and the emperor Yuan Shaomou carved the emperor in the north. Because of the war, soldiers have long been unable to take off their battle clothes, their armor is covered with lice, and many people have died because of years of war. The bones were bare in the field, and there was no one among them, and there was no crowing. Give birth to a hundred relics, and read it to break people's intestines.
Good Li Xing is an old topic in Yuefu folk songs in Han Dynasty, and it is an elegy. Cao Cao used to write about people's losses in the war, which is also the nature of mourning. The first two sentences of this poem describe that the Kanto generals will form a joint army to crusade against Dong Zhuo. At that time, Cao Cao himself was the most active person for Dong. Starting from the third sentence, I said that I had hoped to unite with the heroes, just like Zhou Wuwang would be a vassal in Jin Meng, and also like Liu Bangxiang attacking Xianyang, taking Luoyang and destroying Dong Zhuo. Unexpectedly, after the start of the army, the generals waited and waited, but later they fought for power and profit and killed each other. Yuan Shu, the younger brother of Yuan Shao, proclaimed himself emperor in Huainan. Yuan Shao also plans to establish Liu Yu in the north and carve his seal. They caused years of melee, which made the soldiers unable to disarm for a long time, and a large number of people died, leaving a thousand miles of desolation. The whole poem is mixed with discussion and emotion in the middle of narration. It is pointed out that the cause of Wan's death at that time was that a few people fought for power and profit. It is solemn to reprimand those who have brought disaster to the people. Sentences such as "Bones are exposed in the wild, but there are no crows in a thousand miles" describe the horror of the war disaster and are soul-stirring. The author's sense of sadness is also deep, which reminds people of similar poems by other poets at that time, such as RoyceWong's "Going out without seeing, Bones Covering the Plain" ("Seven Wounded Poems") and "Looking around without seeing anyone, but seeing the forest" ("Joining the Army Poetry"). Cai Wenji's battlements are mountains and forests, and the courts are full of Ai Jing. I don't know who the bones are, and I can't cover them vertically and horizontally (sorrowful poems). Cao Zhi's "walls are all bows, and thorns are towering." "... Why is Nakano depressed and there is no one in a thousand miles" ("Ying Ying's Poems") are all taking pictures of the disasters of the times. Many poems in Jian 'an era are directly based on social reality and reflect people's sufferings. These poems directly inherited the realistic spirit of Yuefu folk songs in Han Dynasty, and also influenced the realistic poets in later generations.
Hao Wen's writing style is simple and straightforward, but he has a certain touching power. During his long military life, Cao Cao witnessed the most vivid images of social ruin and people's displacement and death, and was deeply touched. Therefore, his writing is very real and shows sympathy for the victims, which is naturally different from general conceptual works. Cao Cao's sympathy for the sufferings of the people is also manifested in other works, not limited to this one. Some people think that Cao Cao's "Good Li Xing" is "a hypocritical poem aimed at defrauding people's trust", which is groundless. It is not uncommon for some feudal ruling class elites to sympathize with people's livelihood. Bai Juyi in Tang Dynasty and Fan Chengda in Song Dynasty did a lot of work, and they both wrote many poems that sympathized with people's sufferings. It is not surprising that Cao Cao wrote such works as Good Li Xing.
Cao Cao's Good Li Xing is a pioneering work to write practical things at that time through ancient Yuefu. (A Qing Shen Deqian said: "Writing current events in ancient Yuefu began with Cao Gong." Let's not underestimate the value of this pioneering work. Zhong Xing, a poet in the Ming Dynasty, commented on this poem: "A true record of the late Han Dynasty is also a true history of poetry." As we know, Du Fu, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, is called "the history of poetry" because he is good at expressing current events with poetry, and Zhong Xing's comments are naturally highly regarded. Of course, Cao Cao's poems don't reflect reality as richly as Du Fu's, but they also take the road of realism. Bai Juyi advocated realism with the slogans of "doing for the times" and "doing for the cause", and Yuan Zhen also advocated "satirizing what happened at that time to influence future generations." Cao Cao's Good Li Xing is such a poem. Bai Yuan's theory is summed up from the creative experience of realistic literature in past dynasties, including the creative experience of Jian 'an writers such as Cao Cao.
Now let's look at the other side of Cao Cao's poetry from the four-character poem "Short Songs".
Singing to wine, the geometry of life. For example, morning dew is much more difficult to go to Japan.
Be generous, and your troubles will be unforgettable. Du Kang is the only one who can solve the problem.
Qingqing is your collar, YY is my miss. But for your sake, I've thought it over.
A herd of deer, yo, ate mugwort in Ye Yuan. I have a group of good guests, playing the piano and playing the piano.
As clear as the bright moon, when can I forget it? The troubles come from this and cannot be cut off.
The weirder, the more useless. Talk about it? I miss the elegance of the past.
There are few stars on the moon, and blackbirds fly south. Turn around the tree three times, what branches can you rely on?
The mountain is never too high, and the sea is never too deep. The duke of Zhou vomited, and the world returned to the heart.
"Short songs" is also a Yuefu topic, and this article is probably used for banquets. The whole poem is divided into eight chapters with four sentences in each chapter. Starting with wine and songs, drinking and listening to songs is a reality in the current banquet. The song at this time is generous, because he expresses concern. This kind of worry is so deep that I have to drown my sorrows in wine. The second chapter and the second chapter express their feelings about the passage of time through songs and wine. In the third chapter, two sentences in Qingqing use idioms in The Book of Songs. The word "zi" in the first sentence and the word "jun" in the third sentence refer to the talents admired by the author, including some "guests" present. The fourth chapter uses all the sentences in The Book of Songs Luming Literature. Luming Literature was originally a banquet poem, so it was borrowed to express the welcome to the "guests". The fifth chapter talks about the depth of hardship. Chapter six lobbyists come from afar, and the subject and object are congenial. In the seventh chapter, in addition to describing the scenery, Wu Que's helpless metaphor is used to express the author's own complex feelings, where emotion and scenery blend together. The eighth chapter expounds the great ambition of seeking talents and starting a business.
The last two chapters are the focus of the whole poem. Chapter 8 is the key to understanding the author's subjective thoughts, which is very clear and need not be discussed. The seventh chapter is the key to the formation of the atmosphere of the whole poem, and it is also the place with the strongest artistic appeal of the whole poem, and the most memorable poem of the reader is also here (Su Dongpo remembered that "the moon stars are scarce and birds fly south" when he hanged himself at Chibi).
Sentences such as "black magpie" contain metaphors, and readers will inevitably have different guesses about its meaning. Judging from the context and the atmosphere of the whole poem, this may not be a complete comparison of the author. As the old saying goes, it is also unreasonable to persuade scholars to be good at choosing teachers and not to come to Wu and Shu in the south, because "black magpies fly south" is the keynote of the narrative, not an idea.
Due to the chaos at the end of the Han Dynasty, the population in the north moved a lot, and most of the refugees went to the south, with Jingzhou being the most, and some of them went to Jiangdong and Jiaoguang. After Liu Biao's death, Jingzhou became the center of the Three Kingdoms War, and residents had to move again. In this poem, the phrase "black magpies fly south" ... "What branches can I lean on" may contain homesickness, as shown in the author's other Yuefu poem "Walking to the West", which shows that the author is tired of the life that he can't live in the north, and it seems that it may also contain the emotion of lamenting the people's displacement and migration. It is precisely because of this chapter that readers feel the root of the worries repeatedly expressed in the poem and are really moved by it, as if this is not only a personal feeling, but also a social atmosphere at that time.
Literary knowledge,1April 959