Citation is a common expression in ancient poetry, such as Xin Qiji's Song of Eternal Sorrow? There are five successful allusions in Gubeiting in Jingkou: Sun Quan, Emperor Wu of Song, Liu Yilong, Beaver and Lian Po. These allusions are historical anecdotes of Jingkou, and the poet expresses his thoughts and feelings implicitly and naturally with the help of these historical facts.
There are two kinds: quoting useful things and quoting previous poems. Using things is to express the author's thoughts and feelings through historical stories, including his position and attitude towards some problems in real life, personal feelings and wishes. , belongs to the ancient express my feelings. Quoting or borrowing the poems and songs of predecessors is also an allusion, aiming at deepening the artistic conception in poetry, prompting people to associate and seek the implication. For example, almost every sentence in Wang Bo's Preface to Wang Tengting uses allusions, which enhances the cultural connotation of the article; In Yangzhou Slow, Jiang Kui used Du Mu's poems either explicitly or implicitly, forming a contrast between reality and reality, and expressing the desolation that things are different and different.
If allusions are used properly, good artistic effects can be achieved. The use of allusions in poetry can not only make the language of poetry concise, but also increase the richness of content, enhance the vividness and implicitness of expression, receive concise and thought-provoking effects, and enhance the expressive force and appeal of works.
There are four kinds of allusions in ancient poetry.
1. Ming Yong. Directly quoting the original story of allusions, the poet's feelings are consistent with the allusions used.
For example, Cao Cao's "Short Songs" ends with "The mountain will never be too high and the sea will never be too deep. Duke Zhou vomited, and the world returned to the heart. " When the duke of Zhou spat, the world returned to his heart. "The original poem used Ji Dan, the Duke of Zhou, to help him become a young king, saying that the Duke of Zhou" spat three times a meal and fed three meals, but he was still afraid of losing people in the world. "Cao Cao used this code to express the sincerity of recruiting talents and treating talents in the world.
2. secretly use it. Indirect quoting is to integrate allusions into poetry, which is implicit and meaningful and naturally unadorned. The style of writing is smooth and coherent, and when the words come out, you can understand poetry even if you don't know the allusions; It makes more sense to know that it has been published. So covert use is also called chemical use.
For example, Lu Xun's famous sentence "Look at a thousand fingers coldly, bow down and be a willing ox" implies the allusion of "a willing ox". The word "Gan Niu" comes from Zuo Zhuan. According to legend, Qi Jinggong doted on his youngest son Cha in his later years and was also an obedient boy. A naughty boy wants his father to pretend to be a cow and let him play with him. Gong Jing agreed, put the rope in his mouth, put his hands on the ground, and continued to learn from Niu Jiao. Qi Jinggong was old, so he accidentally fell to the ground and knocked out a front tooth. So the story of "Gan Niu" was widely circulated.
3. Side use. It refers to the use of allusions from the side, that is, deliberately avoiding the positive and negative meanings of allusions, choosing the other side of allusions, taking advantage of the situation, insinuating and indicating the author's own intentions. Can play a key role and be concise.
For example, the poem "Tian Jia" written by Mei in Song Dynasty reads like this: "Nanshan tastes beans, and the pods are broken; Empty a pile of glutinous rice, nothing to fill the oil pan. " The poem borrows from Cao Zhi's Seven Steps Poem: "Boil beans and burn them, and the beans cry in the kettle. This is the same root, and it is urgent not to speculate with each other. " Cao Zhi wrote "Seven Steps Poetry", which is about the bitterness of fighting in the same room, killing each other and rushing into it. May Yao Chen used it to describe the hardships of farmers' lives.
4. Reverse use. That is, the original allusions are used in reverse, that is, the meaning of allusions is opposite or relative to their original intentions. By means of suggestion, contrast and contrast, the meaning of allusions is extended, pun intended.
For example, there is a saying in Du Mu's Nine-Day Ascension, which says, "Since ancient times, it's just like this. Why should Niu Shan be alone?" On the surface, this poem says that he is crying, but it is actually an allusion. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi Jinggong arrived in Niu Shan, looked at the capital of the north and wept bitterly, sighing, "Why didn't I come here to die!" Du Mu is seldom happy. He climbed the mountain with his friends to express his feelings. He doesn't think he needs to cry alone like Qi Jinggong. He regrets the impermanence of life, which has always been the case. Who can survive? This article is quite different from Qi Jinggong's tears when he went to Niu Shan.
Allusions have the following functions:
First, evaluate the history and discuss the present with reference to the past.
1. In some poems with the theme of lamenting history, ancient poets often express their unique views by quoting allusions from historical figures or stories.
2. In view of some disadvantages in society, when the ancient poets were unable to speak freely due to the restrictions of the surrounding environment, they often quoted allusions to allude to current events, so as to achieve the expression effect of satirizing the present by borrowing the past.
Second, lyrical expression, showing the heart.
The essential feature of poetry is lyricism, but sometimes the poet's feelings are not expressed directly, but expressed tactfully with the help of allusions. Judging from the types of expressing emotions, we can usually be divided into the following situations:
1. Express praise and praise for beautiful things.
2. Express positive and optimistic attitude towards life.
3. Express grief and lament for the hard-won ambition.
Third, trigger association. Innovative artistic conception
In poetry, allusions are quoted when describing realistic scenery. We can connect this scene with that scene at that time, so that we can create a new picture, deepen the artistic conception of the poem, promote people's association, and thus enhance the expressive force and appeal of the work.
Fourth, it is concise and rich in connotation.
Ancient poetry is often limited by the number of words and sentences. How to express rich connotations in a limited space is a good means. Because allusions are highly generalizations of historical stories, they can not only increase the capacity of poetry, but also receive artistic effects with simple words and rich meanings.