Yuan Hongdao (1568 ~ 16 10) was a writer in Ming dynasty. Lang is good at words, but not learning from words, and there is no teacher. Huguang public security (now Hubei) people. Juren in the 16th year of Wanli (1588). The next year, I went to Beijing to take the exam and failed. After returning home, I learned from Li Zhi and accepted him as my teacher. Since then, I have been greatly influenced by Li Zhi Thought. Jinshi in the 20th year of Wanli (1592). I'm not an official. I traveled all over Chu with my brother. In the twenty-third year of Wanli (1595), he was elected as the magistrate of Wu county with outstanding achievements. Soon, I will visit places of interest in the south of the Yangtze River. Later, he was awarded Professor Shuntian, who was in charge of the etiquette department. Two years later, he resigned and returned to Li, where he lived by Liulang Lake, studied writing and traveled to Lushan Mountain and Taoyuan. In the thirty-fourth year of Wanli (1606), he entered Beijing to take charge of a grass and resigned soon. Two years later, he went to Beijing again, was promoted to be the official minister, and was transferred to be the foreign minister, and played the "year-end official inspection law", which later became a custom. In the thirty-seventh year of Wanli (1609), he moved to Langzhong, Ji Xun, and tried in Zhongdian, Qin Dynasty. After that, I will ask for leave and settle in Shashi.
Yuan Hongdao occupies an important position in the literary world of Ming Dynasty. He is called the "public security faction", and Hongdao is actually the leader. He has a systematic theory, which has become the literary program of the public security school: ① Oppose blind archaization and advocate that literature should change at any time. He said in Jiangjin Letters: "The world has changed, so has literature." There is no need to imitate the ancients today, but it is also a trend. "The preface to Xue Taoting's Collection says:" Those who only know the current situation ... attack the traces of ancient languages and think they are ancient, and they are also people who attack summer in severe winter. " To this end, he emphasized that literature should keep pace with the times and opposed the archaizing tendency of the seven philosophers before and after. The goal of changing the text at any time is to get rid of the false and keep the true and express the spirit. He said in the Preface to the Collection of Manuscripts in Su Hang Garden: "In ancient times, people with culture sought quality by publishing Chinese, and took our spirit as a mirror for fear of being really inferior. In the Collection of History of Xu Zengtai, he stated that the characteristic of his article is "truth" and pointed out that "truth" means "expressing one's temperament directly". In Xiao Xu Shi Xiu, through the comments on Yuan Zhongdao's poems, it is emphasized that poetry should "express its own spirit, be informal, and refuse to write unless it comes from its own mind". This formed the theory of "nature and spirit", which is the core of the literary theory of the public security school. The so-called "soul" can lead to the "interest" and "rhyme" of the article, which stems from "unintentional" or "childlike innocence". He pointed out in Xu Chenfuzheng's "Understanding Collection" that "it is rare in the world, only interesting. Interest is like the color on the mountain, the taste in the water, the light in the flowers, and the attitude of women. Although a good speaker can't say a word, only those who know know know. He also said, "If you are interested in your husband, you will gain nature and you will gain knowledge." What he called "soul" is an emotional activity excluding "reason" (thought) and a subconscious intuition. It is very close to Li Zhi's childlike innocence. He believes that folk popular literature is the "true voice" of "ignorance" and praises it. He discussed this aspect in articles such as Xiao Xu Shi Xiu and Introduction of Tao Xiaoruo at the Pillow. "We should tell the truth, so sometimes we worry that a woman is not as good as a bachelor's doctor, and the income of moaning is often faster than usual." Generally speaking, Hongdao's literary thought is quite complicated, and his "theory of soul" has a greater influence than his brother's "theory of learning". It also played a greater role in breaking the shackles of feudal thought, sweeping away the imitation of ancient writing style by the seven philosophers before and after, changing whitewashing into true colors and changing formulas into frankness. However, the "spirit of nature" he advocated ignored the decisive significance of social practice and ideological theory to his creation, which had negative consequences on his own creation, especially his later style of writing.
Yuan Hongdao's prose is distinctive, fresh and lively, which is outstanding in Marriage. Today, there are more than 280 letters, long 1000 words, short only 20 or 30 crosses. For example, "To Nie Huanan" wrote: "Defeat the iron net, break the copper cangue, step out of the sword tree and leap into the cool Buddha country. You are so happy that you can't describe it! A few days after the coronation, I felt more and more wonderful without an official. My brother has arranged to wear a green hat and grasp the oxtail, and he will always be free to hang out in front of outsiders! Burning incense in the morning and evening, I only hope that my brother will open a mansion in Chu in a few days and carve 30 episodes of Mr. Yuan for his brother. Don't be a big official and cry for poverty. " Remember those brothers who don't talk nonsense. "Concise and vivid, occasionally humorous, can be seen in his letters. There are more than 200 essays of all kinds, with diverse themes and very interesting. Among them, articles such as animals promoting weaving, fighting spiders and fashion described the local customs at that time. Biographies like Biography of Xu Wenchang and Biography of Drunk Soup are the best, with vivid characters. More than 90 travel notes inject subjective feelings into the scenery, with far-reaching charm and beautiful writing. For example, the scenery of early spring in the suburbs of Beijing described in Man Jing's Travels is purely realistic, with delicate description and rich feelings. Others, such as Tiger Hill, Tianmu No.1, Night Visit to Six Bridges and Waiting for the Moon, and Reading the Fifth Diary, are all excellent works with simple language and no axe marks.
Yuan Hongdao wrote more than 1700 poems in various styles, not as good as prose. Several poems, such as Roaring Tiger, There are chariots and horses at the door, Collection of Ballads, and Song of the Lane Gate, reveal that "the scarab is peaceful, pursuing profits and flying high above the sky" and "the east is sealed to the west, and the Jianghuai is full of big waves". "The shark family fled ten times and captured nine people"; Dark reality, such as "savage helps white people find ravines", has certain significance. However, most of his poems are limited to expressing personal interests, which can not fully reflect social life and have limited practical significance. At that time, some imitators of the style of public security school further developed this tendency and went astray. Therefore, there are merits and demerits in the establishment of the Public Security School represented by Yuan Hongdao. Generally speaking, as a literary improvement movement in the late Ming Dynasty, its achievements are still major.
Yuan Hongdao is the author of My Basket Collection, Jin Fan Collection, Jiefang Collection, Guangling Collection, Bottle Flower Zhai Collection, Small Collection, Broken Yan Zhai Collection and Song Hua Youcao. The Collection of Hongdao was first published in the Wanli period of Ming Dynasty, and now Qian Bocheng has compiled Ji Jian in Yuanhong Road.