Direct lyric, also known as direct expression of one's feelings, is a lyric way in which the author directly expresses his love and hate attitude towards related people and things without attaching any "attachments". For example, Meng Jiao's After Graduation:
After obtaining a government degree,
Meng Jiao
I used to be dirty and didn't like to brag.
At present, I am extravagant.
Keywords spring breeze, horseshoe disease,
See all the Chang 'an flowers in one day.
The poet Meng Jiao is 40 years old. He couldn't help feeling proud and surprised when he thought that he could make great achievements from now on, so he wrote this poem. At the beginning of the poem, I speak my mind. In the past, the difficulties in my life and the limitations in my mind are not worth mentioning. Now in to beno. 1, my gloom is like being blown away by the wind, and my heart is really unspeakable. Coupled with the last two indirect lyrics, he expressed his triumphant pride to the fullest.
Another example is written by Chen Ziang on the tower of Youzhou:
No one can see the ancient wisdom of the ancient king, only those wise men who can't see the afterlife can see it. I miss heaven and earth, and there is no limit, and I cry alone!
The whole article expresses the poet's frustrated situation and lonely and depressed mood in a generous and sad style.
Second, borrow scenery to express emotion.
When the author feels something about a scene or an objective thing, he puts his feelings and thoughts in this scene and expresses them by describing this scene. This lyric way is called borrowing scenery to express emotion. For example, Du Fu's quatrains:
The water waves in the river, the white feathers of waterfowl, the green and red flowers on the mountain are in contrast, and you want to burn. I watched it again this spring. When is the year of return?
The whole poem expresses the feeling of staying in a foreign land. The artistic feature of this poem is to write sadness with joy. Only by saying that spring is harmonious can we compare the poet's eagerness to return home. It does not reveal homesickness directly from the scenery, but compares the poet's deep homesickness with the difference between objective scenery and subjective feelings. Another example is Bai Juyi's Spring Tour in Qiantang:
From the north side of Gushan Temple to the west side of Jiating, the lake is just level with the embankment, with low clouds and waves on the lake. Several early orioles raced to the sunny tree, and their new swallows were carrying mud in their nests. Colorful spring flowers will gradually fascinate people's eyes, and shallow spring grass can barely cover the horseshoe. I love the beauty on the east bank of the West Lake, and I can't get enough of it, especially the white sand embankment under the green poplar.
This is a landscape poem. This poem closely follows the local environment and seasonal characteristics, and depicts the West Lake, which has just put on a spring coat, as vibrant and just right. Its beauty lies not in the detailed description of poverty, but in the emotion in the scene, which writes the concentrated and full feelings endowed by the beauty of nature.
Third, borrow things to express feelings.
Poets often use empathy to externalize subjective feelings into objective things. Such as Du Mu's "Farewell":
Give a gift to a friend
Du Mu
Affectionate but always ruthless,
Don't laugh before going to bed.
Candle has a heart, say goodbye,
Cry for others until dawn.
This is a poem expressing the poet's nostalgia and farewell to the young singer. Although this poem is about parting from sorrow, it does not use the words "sorrow" and "sorrow", but puts aside oneself to write the burning candle at the farewell party and uses this image to express personal nostalgia and farewell. The candle tears that flowed all night were sad for the departure of the hero and heroine. The personification implied in it is even more ingenious. Another example is Wang Wei's Acacia:
When those red berries come in spring, they flush on your southern branches.
People who want to miss them collect more, and Mix red beans have attracted people's attention.
Red beans tells a sad story. Legend has it that in ancient times, there was a woman who died under a tree because her husband died in a foreign country and became a red bean. So people call red beans "acacia". It is often used to describe lovesickness in Tang poetry.
Some things in classical poetry have formed some "routines" in expression and meaning, which can be mainly divided into two categories:
(1) There are: willow (willow, folding willow), plum, grass (fragrant grass, green grass), waning moon, smoke wave, long pavilion, short pavilion, Guanshan, Guan Yu and so on.
The grass is ruthless, and the sunset is even more outside. (Fan Zhongyan, "Su Curtain Covering")
Where did you wake up from drinking tonight? There is a breeze on the bank of willow. (Liu Yong's "Yulinling")
Where is the return trip? The long pavilion is shorter. (Li Bai's Bodhisattva Man)
The autumn wind blew Yi Dao's voice, and every household remembered the people guarding the border. (Li Bai's Midnight Wu Ge)
(2) Borrowed things to write about the journey and melancholy are: cicada, west wind, returning geese, sunset, afterglow, sunset, whistling apes, Zigui (cuckoo, Du Yu, Shu bird), partridge, flute, pipe, etc. For example:
It's too late for Changting. (Liu Yong, "Yu")
The ancient road is sparse, the sun sets, and heartbroken people are in the end of the world. (Ma Zhiyuan, "Tianjingsha? Qiu Si ")
Jathyapple, what comes to us is the melancholy voice of Du Fu, a sad empty mountain. (Li Bai's The Hard Road)
Why use the elegy of willow to complain about the delay of spring, old Yumenguan, a spring breeze is not blowing! (Wang Zhihuan's Liangzhou Ci)
The wind is fast and high, the ape cries sadly, and the birds are circling in the white sand. (Du Fu's Ascending the Mountain)
In the evening, the river is gloomy and there are partridges in the mountains. (Xin Qiji's Bodhisattva Man)
Fourth, borrow things to express feelings.
Divided into two categories: one is narrative works, such as Du Fu's Car Shop and Bai Juyi's Selling Charcoal Weng; One kind is lyric works that express feelings through human behavior, such as Zhang Ji's Qiu Si:
Melancholy Qiu Si
Ji Zhang
Look at the autumn wind in Luoyang,
The writer's book is full of meaning.
I can't talk about it in a hurry
Pedestrians came and opened again.
This poem, with a meaningful fragment in daily life-the details of thinking activities and actions of sending letters home, expresses the deep thoughts of people who are away from home for their loved ones in a very real and delicate way. One or two sentences said that I would write a letter to my family, and my heart was full of sadness. I feel that there are endless words, but I don't know where to start at the moment. Three or four sentences cut out a detail when the letter from home was to be sent: when the envelope was ready, it seemed to have been written, but the messenger was on the way, and he hurriedly opened the envelope for fear that he had missed something important just now. The two sentences in the narrative convey a true and delicate homesickness, which is really memorable. Others such as:
A young woman in the boudoir will never be sad; Spring came dressed up and boarded Chui Building alone. (Wang Changling's in my heart forever)
I can't bear to climb to the top of the mountain, look at my hometown and think about it. (Liu Yong's "Klang Ganzhou")
Last night, the west wind withered the trees, and I went up to the tall building alone and looked at the horizon. (Yan Shu's "The Recent Flowers")
V. Love (or things) in the scene
"It is difficult to write a scene, such as in front of you; The meaning is endless and can be seen outside the words. " ("Jinling Wild Record"), there are many masterpieces in ancient poetry that turn scenery into emotion, which contains feelings in scenery and scenes. Such as Wang Zhihuan's "Liangzhou Ci":
The Yellow River is getting farther and farther away, because it flows in the middle of the Yellow River, and Yumenguan is located on a lonely mountain.
Why use the elegy of willow to complain about the delay of spring, old Yumenguan, a spring breeze is not blowing!
Wang Fuzhi, a poet in A Qing, said in Jiang Zhai Shi Hua: "Although this scene is called Er, it is inseparable. God is infinite to poets. " It is more appropriate to comment on Liangzhou Ci with this sentence.
Sixth, hold something to express your will.
With the help of the characteristics of something, the author combines his subjective feelings and expresses his ambition. Such as Lu You's "Yongmei":
Outside the bridge, the plum blossoms are lonely, no matter what. Twilight arrival, plum blossom is helpless, already exhausted, but also subject to wind and rain. I'm not talking about fighting for spring, but poor women are jealous. Even after autumn, when it is ground into dirt and turned into dust, plum blossoms still emit fragrance as usual.
The author uses plum blossoms to show his noble character of not associating with flatterers, not afraid of slanders, not afraid of destruction, and being loyal and self-controlled.
Seven, borrow the ancient irony today
This is a commonly used expression in epic poems, which takes the experience or lessons of historical figures or events as lessons for some aspects of the real society. Such as Liu Yuxi's "Taicheng":
The six generations of Taicheng competed for beauty, and spring sex was the most extravagant.
Thousands of families have become weeds because of a flower in the backyard.
The whole poem takes Taicheng, the place where the emperors of the Six Dynasties lived in politics, as the title, and describes the dissolute life of the emperors of the Six Dynasties, which is in sharp contrast with the desolate scene of overgrown weeds, and turns serious historical lessons into shocking concrete images, giving them infinite feelings of mourning for the past and hurting the present.
Eight, lyrical allusions
Use allusions to express feelings, satirize current events and express thoughts and feelings. Such as Xin Qiji's "Once upon a time, Jingkou, Gubeiting nostalgia":
Throughout the ages, heroes can't find Sun Zhongmou. Dancing pavilions and singing platforms always blow away. The setting sun shines on the grassland covered with grass and trees. People say that this was once the place where Emperor Wu of Song lived. Think that year, Jin Ge iron horse, swallowing Wan Li like a tiger. However, Li Liu Yi Long, the son of Liu Wang Yilong, was a great success and made a swift northern expedition. Instead, he made the Northern Wei Emperor Wu Tuoba fly south and returned to the north bank of the Yangtze River, which was severely hit by his opponent. Forty-three years, I still remember watching it and bonfire Yangzhou Road. Looking back, there is a crow club drum under the beaver temple! Who can ask: Lian Po is too old to eat?
This word uses five allusions, and expresses his thoughts and feelings well through historical facts.