Flexible translation of classical Chinese
Selected from Volume 18 of Shen Kuo's "Mengxi Bi Tan·Skills". Movable type printing is also called movable type printing, one of the four great inventions in China. The method of printing books using engraving boards had not yet been adopted on a large scale by the Tang Dynasty people. The following is a translation of the classical Chinese version of "Float" for your reference.
Translation
The people of the Tang Dynasty did not use stereotypes to print books on a large scale. It was not until the Five Dynasties that the Five Classics began to be printed, and all subsequent books were printed on engraving boards.
During the Qingli period, Bi Sheng, a commoner, invented another trap. Its method is to use clay to carve characters, which are as thin as the edge of a copper coin. Each character is made into a character mold and burned with fire to make it hard. First, set up an iron plate and cover it with a gray material such as rosin and wax mixed with paper dust. If you want to print, put an iron frame on the iron plate, and then arrange the characters densely. When the iron frame is full, it will be used as a plate. Hold it close to the fire and bake it; when the medicine is slightly melted, use a flat plate to press it. surface, then all the characters arranged on the board will be flat like a whetstone. If you only print three or two copies, it cannot be considered simple; if you print dozens or even hundreds or thousands of copies, it is extremely fast. When printing, two iron plates are usually made. One plate is being printed, and the other plate has been lined with lettering patterns. This plate has just been printed, and the second plate is ready. The two plates are used alternately, and the printing is completed in a very short time. It can be done. Each character has several character models, such as "Zhi", "Ye" and other characters. Each character has more than twenty character models, which are used to prevent repeated characters in a board. When not in use, use labels made of paper strips to classify them, make a label for each rhyme part, and store them in wooden grids. If there are rare characters that are not prepared at ordinary times, carve them out immediately and grill them over a grass fire, and they can be made quickly. The reason for not using wood to make movable type molds is that the texture of the wood can be loose or fine, and it will become uneven if it is wetted with water. In addition, the wood and the medicine stick to each other and cannot be removed. It is better to use clay to bake the type molds, and then use fire after use. Bake it to melt the medicine, rub it with your hands, and the lettering will fall off on its own without being stained by the medicine at all.
After Bi Sheng's death, his calligraphy stencils were obtained by my cousins ??and nephews, and they are still treasured today.
Writing Characteristics
Writing Skills
This article grasps the characteristics, explains the procedures, and is methodical, giving people a clear, complete and systematic impression.
Write about movable type printing and explain it closely with the characteristic of "living". When explaining, the explanation is mainly based on the order of the working procedures, and the superiority of the trapeze is reflected through comparison with the engraving. For example, when writing about plate making, it is explained in the order of character making, plate design, typesetting, printing, and flat characters. Writing and printing: Two boards are commonly used, one for printing and one for printing. "If you have just completed this printing, then the second board is ready, and they can be used interchangeably, and it can be done in an instant." Although writing and breaking the block is a side note, the superiority of clay printing also fully reflects the "liveness" of the letterpress when compared with wood carving.
Language Appreciation
The language of this article is simple, concise and accurate.
The entire "Mobile Type" is selected from "Mengxi Bi Tan - Techniques". The usage, efficacy and advantages of clay movable type are clearly explained. The pronoun "zhi" is also used many times in the article, such as "weizhi", "yangzhi", "tiezhi", "shuzhi", etc. They all refer to the corresponding physical objects respectively, which reduces the duplication of content and helps The conciseness of writing. The precise use of words is also a significant advantage of this article. For example, if clay characters are heated by fire to make them hard and shape, use "burn"; in order to soften and solidify the medicine on the iron plate, place the iron plate on or near the fire to bake, use "yang"; in order to facilitate the dismantling of the plate, , use fierce fire and high temperature to melt the medicine, use "melt". The word "burnt" in "burnt soil" also means burning, and is synonymous with "burning", so "burnt" is used to avoid word duplication, which reflects the beauty and non-boring of classical Chinese. The words "burn", "yang", "melt" and "burn" are all used accurately and appropriately.
About the author
Shen Kuo, courtesy name Cunzhong, also known as Mengxi. A native of Qiantang, Hangzhou, he was a scientist, politician and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty. Proficient in astronomy, mathematics, physics, chemistry, geology, meteorology, geography, agriculture and medicine, he is an outstanding engineer, an outstanding diplomat, and one of the most outstanding scientists in the history of our country. In his later years, he wrote a masterpiece "Mengxi Bi Tan" in Mengxi Garden in Zhenjiang based on his life experiences. This book was hailed by the famous British scholar Joseph Needham as "the coordinate in the history of Chinese science and technology." [2] When he was 1 year old, he moved south to Wuyishan and Jianyang areas in Fujian, and later lived in seclusion in Youxi area in Fujian. Renzong Jiayou became a Jinshi in the eighth year of his reign. During Shenzong's reign, he participated in Wang Anshi's reform movement. In the fifth year of Xining's reign, he was promoted to Si Tianjian, and the following year he went to Zhejiang and Zhejiang to inspect water conservancy and police services. In the eighth year of Xining's reign, he went to Liao as an envoy to refute Liao's territorial claims. The following year, he was appointed Hanlin bachelor and Quan Sansi envoy to rectify Shaanxi's salt administration. Later, he learned about Yanzhou and strengthened his defense against Xixia. In the fifth year of Yuanfeng, the Song army was defeated by Xixia in the battle of Yongle City, and was demoted. "Trapboard" is selected from "Mengxi Bi Tan - Technique". "Mengxi Bi Tan" has 30 volumes and is rich in content, including astronomy, geography, mathematics, physics, literature and art, history, chemistry, geology, meteorology, geography, agriculture and medicine. It is a masterpiece of notes that covers a variety of knowledge.
Full text of the translation of the trapeze
The translation of the trapezoid is as follows:
The people of the Tang Dynasty had not yet done this on a large scale using engraving boards to print books. Feng Dao of the Five Dynasties began to use engraving to print the Five Classics, and all subsequent classic documents were engraving-printed editions.
During the Qingli period of the Song Dynasty, a commoner named Bi Sheng invented the movable type plate. Its method is: use clay to carve characters, the character mold is as thin as the edge of a copper coin, carve a character mold for each character, and use fire to make it hard. First set up an iron plate and cover it with rosin, wax mixed with paper dust.
If you want to print, you put an iron frame on the iron plate, then densely arrange the characters in the iron frame. When the iron frame is full, it becomes a printing plate. Take it to the fire. Bake it on the iron plate; when the medicine on the iron plate is slightly melted, use a flat plate to press it on top of the character mold, then the character mold will be as flat as a whetstone.
If you only print two or three copies, it cannot be considered simple; if you print dozens or even hundreds or thousands of copies, it is extremely fast. Usually two iron plates are made, one is being printed, and the other is already being typed. The printing on this one has just been completed, and the second plate is ready. The two plates are used alternately, and it can be completed in a short time.
Each character has several impressions, such as "Zhi", "Ye" and other characters. Each character has more than twenty impressions, which are used to prepare repeated characters in the same edition. When not in use, mark them with paper strips, make a label for each rhyme part, and store them in wooden grids.
When you encounter rare characters that you don’t usually prepare, you can immediately make them, bake them with grass, and you can make them quickly. The reason why wood is not used for engraving is that the wood grains are sparse and dense, and become uneven when exposed to water. They also stick to the medicine and are difficult to remove. Unlike the clay characters that have been burned by fire, and then baked with fire to melt the medicine after printing, these characters will fall down by themselves with a touch of your hand and will never be stained.
After Bi Sheng's death, his calligraphy stencils were obtained by my cousins ??and nephews, and they are still treasured today.
From "Trapboard" by Shen Kuo of the Song Dynasty, the original text is as follows:
Block printing of books was not yet popular in the Tang Dynasty. Since King Feng Ying began to print the Five Classics, all subsequent classics have been written in black and white.
In the Qingli calendar, there are commoners who are promoted, and they are also traps. The method: use clay to carve words, as thin as a coin lip, each word is a seal, and burn it with fire to make it strong. First set up an iron plate, and put rosin, wax, paper ash and the like on it.
If you want to make a seal, place an iron model on an iron plate, which is densely covered with characters and seals. The iron model is filled with a plate, hold it in the fire, and when the medicine is a little warm, press a flat plate on its surface. The characters are as flat as a stone. If you print only three or two copies, it is not easy; if you print hundreds, hundreds, or thousands of copies, it is extremely fast.
Two iron plates are often used, one plate is used for printing, and the other plate has already printed the words on its own. The person who has just completed the printing will have the second plate ready, and they can be used interchangeably, which can be done in an instant. Each word has a number of seals, such as "Zhi", "Ye" and other characters. Each character has more than twenty seals to prepare for duplication in one board.
If not, use paper stickers, one rhyme for each rhyme, and store them in wooden grids. If there are strange characters that are unprepared, they can be carved with a twist and burned with grass and fire, and they can be completed in an instant. If it is not made of wood, the wood will be sparse and dense, and it will be uneven when exposed to water. At the same time, it will stick to the medicine, so it is not suitable. If it is not like burning soil, use it and then use the fire to make the medicine_, brush it with your hands, and the seal will come out. If it falls, it will not be stained.
After his death, the seal was obtained by the rest of the group and remains a treasure to this day.
Original translation of Shen Kuo's "Trapboard"
Classical Chinese is an article composed of a Chinese written language in ancient China. It was the language used by the Han nation before the "May 4th Movement". It mainly includes written language based on the spoken language of the Pre-Qin period. The following is the classical Chinese translation of Shen Kuo's "Flipboard" that I compiled for you. Welcome to read it. I hope you will like it.
The original text of "Trapboard"
Books printed on wooden boards were not yet popular in the Tang Dynasty. The Five Classics began to be printed in the Five Dynasties, and all subsequent classics were written in tablet form.
In the Qingli calendar, there is a commoner named Bisheng, and it is also a trap. The method: use clay to carve words, as thin as a coin lip, each word is a seal, and burn it with fire to make it strong. First set up an iron plate, and put rosin, wax, paper ash and the like on it. If you want to make a seal, place an iron mold on an iron plate to seal the characters densely. Hold the iron mold as a plate and hold it to the fire. When the medicine is slightly melted, press a flat plate on its surface, and the characters will be as flat as a hammer. If you print only three or two copies, it is not easy; if you print hundreds, hundreds, or thousands of copies, it is extremely fast. Two iron plates are often made, one plate is used for printing, and the other plate has already placed the words on its own. The person who has just completed the printing will have the second plate ready, and they can be used interchangeably, which can be done in an instant. Each word has a number of seals, such as "Zhi", "Ye" and other characters. Each character has more than twenty seals to prepare for duplication in one board. If not, use paper stickers, one rhyme for each rhyme, and store them in wooden grids. If there are strange characters that are unprepared, they can be carved with a twist and burned with grass and fire, and they can be completed in an instant. If it is not made of wood, it will be sparse and dense. If it is wet, it will be uneven. It will also stick to the medicine, so it is not suitable. It is not like burnt soil. After using it, use the fire to melt the medicine, then brush it with your hands, and the seal will fall off. , not stained.
After his death, his seal was obtained by Yu Qun and has been preserved to this day.
Word translation
Block-printed books: Books printed with woodblocks. Block printing, printing with engraving and template.
Sheng Weizhi: Do this kind of thing on a large scale. It refers to "block printed books". Sheng, on a large scale. for, to do.
Five Dynasties: refers to the five dynasties after the Tang Dynasty, including the Later Liang, the Later Tang, the Later Jin, the Later Han, and the Later Zhou. Beginning, only.
The Five Classics: the classics of Confucianism, including the "Book of Changes", "Shangshu", "Book of Songs", "Book of Rites", and "Spring and Autumn". After the Han Dynasty, they were collectively called the Five Classics.
After: that is, "in the future". Already, the same as "with".
Classics: refers to various important books.
Banben: A book printed on a wooden board.
Qingli: The reign name of Song Renzong.
Buyi: civilians. This refers to scholars who are not officials.
In ancient times, common people wore linen clothes, so they were called commoners.
Chi: its, pronoun. How to make a trap.
Qian Lip: The edge of a copper coin.
Seal: impression, word seal.
Ling Jian: to make hard.
And: Mix.
To: use.
Mao: Meng, Gai.
Desire: Want.
Fan: frame.
Hold it to the fire: put it on the fire and roast it. Just, get close. Yang, roast.
Medicine: refers to the rosin, wax and other substances mentioned above.
The characters are as flat as a whetstone: The characters are as flat as a whetstone. Whetstone: Whetstone.
Zhi: Same as "only".
Not simple: It cannot be regarded as simple.
Dozens, hundreds, thousands: tens or even hundreds or thousands.
自: 不自, in addition.
Tools: Get ready.
Reciprocity: alternation, turn.
To: used.
Tick it with paper: Mark it with a note. Posts, marked with tags.
Each rhyme is a post, and the wooden grid is used to store it: each word in the rhyme is made into a label, and it is stored in a wooden grid. Rhyme refers to the rhyme part. Post, label, noun. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, people divided Chinese characters into 206 rhymes according to the rhyme rules of poetry, and later they were combined into 106 rhymes.
Odd characters: characters that are written in a special way, or are uncommon or not commonly used.
Xuan: immediately, quickly.
Those who do not use wood to make movable type: the reason why wood is not used to carve movable type.
Arts and science: texture, texture.
Concurrently: also.
Not advisable: cannot be taken off.
Burnt soil: Refers to clay characters that have been burnt by fire. Burn: burn.
End: end, finished.
Whisk: wipe, dust away.
No: not at all.
Yu: Me.
Cousins ??and nephews.
Full text translation of "Float"
People in the Tang Dynasty had not yet done this on a large scale. It was not until the Five Dynasties that engravings were used to print the Five Classics. After that, all important books were printed from engravings.
During the Qingli period, a commoner named Bi Sheng invented letterpress printing. Its method is: use clay to carve a character mold, which is as thin as the edge of a copper coin, carve a character mold for each character, and use fire to make it hard. First set up an iron plate and cover it with something like rosin, wax mixed with paper dust. When you want to print, put an iron frame on the iron plate and fill it up densely. When it is full, it becomes a plate. Bake it close to the fire. The rosin and wax will melt slightly, and then use a flat plate to place it on the plate. Pressing it up and down, the print is as flat as a whetstone. If you only print two or three copies, it is not easy; if you print dozens or even hundreds of thousands of copies, it is extremely fast. Usually two iron plates are made, one is for printing, and the other is already being typeset. This one has just been printed, and that one is ready. The two are used alternately, and the printing can be completed in a very short time. There are several character models for each character, such as "Zhi" and "Ye". Each character has more than twenty characters printed to prevent them from being repeated in one edition. When not in use, mark it with a piece of paper, make a label for each rhyme word, and store it in a wooden grid. When encountering rare characters that are not prepared at ordinary times, carve them immediately, bake them with grass, and they will be ready in a while. The reason why wood is not used to carve movable type is that the texture of wood is uneven and will become uneven when exposed to water. In addition, it is stuck with rosin and cannot be removed. Unlike calligraphy made from clay, After printing, bake it with fire to melt the medicine. When you wipe it with your hand, the print will naturally fall off without being stained by the medicine at all.
After Bi Sheng's death, those calligraphy models were obtained by my cousins ??and nephews, and they are still treasured today.
The original text of "Float" is read aloud
The translation of the classical Chinese text of "Float" and the original reading are as follows:
Original text:
Block-printed book, Tang Dynasty It has not yet flourished. Since King Feng Ying began to print the Five Classics, all subsequent classics have been written in black and white.
In Qingli, there are cloth clothes and traps. The method: use clay to carve words, as thin as a coin lip, each word is a seal, and burn it with fire to make it strong. First, set up an iron plate, and put rosin, wax, paper ash and the like on it. If you want to make a seal, place an iron mold on an iron plate, and the characters will be printed densely. Hold the iron mold as a plate, hold it to the fire, and use a flat plate to press the surface of it, and the characters will be as flat as a stone. If you print only three or two copies, it is not easy; if you print hundreds, hundreds, or thousands of copies, it is extremely fast. Two iron plates are often made, one plate is used for printing, and the other plate has already placed the words on its own. The person who has just completed the printing will have the second plate ready, and they can be used interchangeably, which can be done in an instant. Each word has a number of seals, such as "Zhi", "Ye" and other characters. Each character has more than twenty seals to prepare for duplication in one board. If not, use paper stickers, one rhyme for each rhyme, and store them in wooden grids. If there are strange characters that are unprepared, they can be carved with a twist and burned with grass and fire, and they can be completed in an instant. If it is not made of wood, the wood will be sparse and dense, and it will be uneven when exposed to water. At the same time, it will stick to the medicine, so it is not suitable. If it is not like burning soil, use it and then use the fire to make the medicine_, brush it with your hands, and the seal will come out. If it falls, it will not be stained.
_After his death, the seal was acquired by the rest of the group and remains a treasure to this day.
Translation
The people of the Tang Dynasty did not use engraving boards to print books on a large scale. Feng Dao of the Five Dynasties began to use engraving to print the Five Classics, and all subsequent classic documents were engraving-printed editions.
During the Qingli period of the Song Dynasty, a commoner named Bi_ invented the movable type plate. Its method is: use clay to carve characters, the character mold is as thin as the edge of a copper coin, carve a character mold for each character, and use fire to make it hard. First set up an iron plate and cover it with rosin, wax mixed with paper dust. If you want to print, put an iron frame on the iron plate, and then densely arrange the characters in the iron frame. Once the iron frame is filled, it becomes a printing plate, and bake it on the fire; when the iron plate is The mixture on the top is slightly melted, and a flat plate is pressed on top of the lettering mold, so that the lettering mold is as flat as a whetstone. If you only print two or three copies, it cannot be considered simple; if you print dozens or even hundreds of thousands of copies, it is extremely fast. Usually two iron plates are made, one is being printed, and the other is already being typed. The printing on this one has just been completed, and the second plate is ready. The two plates are used alternately, and it can be completed in a short time. Each character has several impressions, such as "Zhi", "Ye" and other characters. Each character has more than twenty impressions, which are used to prepare repeated characters in the same edition. When not in use, mark them with paper strips, make a label for each rhyme part, and store them in wooden grids. When encountering rare characters that are not prepared at ordinary times, they can be made immediately and baked with grass and fire, and they can be made quickly. The reason why wood is not used for engraving is that the wood grains are sparse and dense. When wet, the wood becomes uneven and sticks to the mixture, making it difficult to remove. Unlike the clay characters that have been burned by fire, and then baked with fire to melt the mixture after printing, these character molds will fall off by themselves with a touch of your hand and will never be stained.
After Bi_'s death, his calligraphy patterns were obtained by my cousins ??and nephews, and they are still treasured today.