First, grasp the vision of poetry and grasp poetry as a whole.
Poetry is good at conciseness of language, pays attention to vivid expression word by word, and expresses as much content as possible in a short space to achieve conciseness. Simplicity is not simple, but a glance. Conciseness has meaning beyond literal meaning, that is, speech understanding has an end, but the understanding of expressing meaning can vary from person to person. So there is a "poetic eye". The so-called eye of poetry is the best embodiment of poetry, and it is also a window for readers to spy on the content of poetry. Grasping the vision of poetry, they can basically grasp poetry as a whole, and then they can know the emotional context of poetry. By analyzing the eyes of poetry, we can enter the artistic conception, feel the interest, understand the will and explore the artistic techniques. Therefore, we should try our best to grasp the eyes of poetry when reading poetry, so as to correctly grasp poetry. This point was not paid enough attention in the past, but it is necessary to emphasize it now, although it is suspected that it is wise after the event. Seven-character poems are mainly composed of five characters. Of course, not all poems have poetic eyes, some are not in poems, but hidden in titles, and some poetic eyes in poems are set off by other words, which affects our sight. But in any case, we must grasp the key words of the poem.
The ancients refined words from the form, and we should grasp the poetic vision in combination with our understanding of the content. Generally, poetic eyes are not in nouns, but they must be flexible in nouns. In most cases, poetic eyes and keywords are often in verbs, adjectives and flexible numbers. If we simply look at the third and fifth words, sometimes mistakes will inevitably occur. If we combine verbs, adjectives and numerals, we should consider them from the perspective of poetry.
Verbs: When appreciating poetry, we should pay attention to verbs, especially verbs with multiple meanings.
Modifiers: mostly adjectives, but also the focus of poetry appreciation.
③ Special words: In poetry, some words are unique in themselves, and readers can find them quickly:
A. Reduplicated words: Reduplicated words have two functions: enhancing the sense of rhythm of language or playing an emphasis role.
B Onomatopoeic words: Some onomatopoeic words are reduplicated words, which are listed separately because of their high frequency. Function: make poetry more vivid and make people feel immersive.
C. Words expressing colors: These words are sometimes used as predicates, sometimes as attributes, and sometimes as subjects or objects. However, there is only one function. Color generally expresses mood, enhances the sense of color and picture in description, and renders the atmosphere.
Second, experience the artistic conception and understand poetry from a micro perspective.
The word "image" has a long history in China, which has developed and changed in many dynasties and has different meanings. However, some expressions tend to be consistent: image is the fusion of meaning and image, the unity of mind and things, and the fusion of emotion and scenery. "Image is a concrete feeling" (Ai Qingyu). Successful poetry often begins with capturing and refining images.
Image appreciation is also one of the important contents of college entrance examination for students' ability to appreciate ancient poems. For example, in the national unified examination in 2002, Li Bai's poem "Smelling the flute in Los Angeles on a Spring Night" raised questions related to images. The original meaning of "breaking willow branches" is a traditional image with rich meanings.
Both image and artistic conception are composed of emotion and scenery, but artistic conception often refers to the whole poem, and image refers to a smaller part that constitutes the artistic conception of the whole poem.
The so-called artistic conception, the traditional understanding refers to the artistic realm formed by the combination of the subjective feelings of the author (sometimes including the reader) and the objective physical environment reflected by the work. Emotion and scenery are the two most basic factors that constitute artistic conception. "Scenery is the medium of poetry, and emotion is the embryo of poetry" (Volume III of Four Kinds of Poetry), "Scenery has two names but cannot be separated" (Wang Changling thinks that poetry has three realms: object realm, scene realm and artistic conception realm. Wang Guowei believes that the artistic conception formed by the fusion of true scenery and true feelings is the enduring artistic charm of China's classical poems. "Ci takes the realm as the top" and "stands high in the realm" and "it is refreshing to write feelings and scenery".
Artistic conception is not only the environment, but also related to the poet's thoughts and feelings, which can be fully expressed.
Therefore, without a thorough understanding of artistic conception, it is difficult to understand the connotation and artistic charm of poetry.
It is necessary to guide students to make full use of various favorable factors, grasp the characteristics of poetic language, remove obstacles of emotion, time and space, and logic, strive to expand the condensed meaning of poetry, supplement the reduced components, weld the process of ellipsis, connect the jumping emotions, make up the inner feelings between lines and stanzas in poetry, reproduce the images and pictures of poetry, naturally enter the deep artistic conception of poetry, and appreciate the unique art of poetry.
Third, inspect the environment and appreciate poetry in all directions.
Environmental description includes natural environment description and social environment description. Ancient poetry mainly describes the natural environment (scenery), which is the main content of ancient poetry.
The main function of scenery description is to explain the background, contrast feelings, express feelings, use scenery description to contrast feelings, or as a symbol of feelings, to achieve the height of scene blending, so that poetry is profound, subtle, refined, meaningful and endless.
Grasp the description of the scenery in the poem, determine the tone of the artistic conception, and understand and feel what "this person" and "this situation" are; Feel the thoughts and feelings expressed in poetry. Feeling emotion is the psychological reaction activity of readers after entering the artistic conception of poetry, and it is an important link in appreciating reading. Appreciating poetry must really enter the life scene described in the work, and feel the beauty of artistic conception, rich emotions, philosophy of life or life enlightenment in poetry with the characters or authors in the work. This is the so-called "empathy theory".
Fourthly, analyze the skills and examine the poem from the form.
The expressive skills, that is, expressive means and artistic skills, include borrowing scenery to express feelings, blending scenes, borrowing things to express feelings, borrowing ancient times to satirize the present, using allusions, paving the way, symbolizing, contrasting, setting off, trying to excel, gaining the first voice, seeing the big from the small, combining dynamic and static, and combining reality with reality (when shaping characters, it is called the combination of positive description and side description).
There are many ways to describe the scenery. In short, we should pay attention to the angle of observing and describing the scenery, such as height, height, inclination and leaning. To master the methods of description, such as drawing shapes, sounds and colors; Understand the techniques of describing scenery, such as dynamic and static combination, contrast between light and shade, etc.
There are many ways to portray characters in poetry, which can be described from the front or from the side. It can be outlined in thick lines or carved in thick colors; Can pave the way, can set off, can set off, can also use imagination and association.
When portraying characters, the expression technique used is profile description or imaginary writing.
Setting off is a common rhetorical method, and it is also a common means of expression in Chinese classical poetry. We often say that Syaraku's actions, reality, happy scenes and sad scenes in classical poetry can all be set off.
Symbol means that one thing represents another. In literary works, symbols usually imply the author's thoughts, attitudes and feelings with concrete things. It is like a metaphor or simile, omitting the first part and leaving only the second part. It has its own entity, but it represents another thing.
Rhetorical methods: There are many rhetorical methods used in classical poetry, mainly involving metaphor, metonymy, personification, duality, exaggeration and repetition. In addition, we should also pay attention to Fu Bi, symbol of harmony and other techniques commonly used in classical poetry.
Expression: narration, description, discussion,
There are four ways to express emotion, among which description and lyric are the key points. There are three ways to express feelings: expressing feelings directly, expressing feelings through scenery and blending scenes.
Structural skills: the structural form of poetry, common coordination between the beginning and the end, in-depth layers, first general and then sub-points, first scenery and then feelings, transition, bedding, foreshadowing and so on.
Fifth, taste the language and scrutinize poetry from a deeper level.
Literature is the art of language, and poetry is the most essential language art in literature. To express rich content in a short space, the language of poetry must be concise and vivid. In order to create meaningful artistic realm, the language of poetry must be vivid and vivid. Therefore, the appreciation of poetry should start with language. We should not only read the whole article, but also consider it chapter by chapter and analyze it carefully, so as to discover and understand the author's intention of choosing words, making sentences, choosing sounds and defining words.