The story of Zhaojun’s departure from the fortress has become a historical legend. It has been widely circulated in China and even the world, and has been known to everyone for more than two thousand years. In these long years, how can a story become a historical legend and be passed down and known ("Zhaojun has been around for a long time, Hu Hanhe has seen Gao personally (Dong Biwu)"), and how can a character "be around for a long time"? It relies on the development of culture (this article mainly refers to literature and art). The spread of the story of Zhaojun's departure from the fortress relies on the development of Zhaojun culture (this article mainly refers to the literature and art about Zhaojun), and the development of Zhaojun culture relies on the spread of the story of Zhaojun's departure from the fortress. They have a different name, called Zhaojun; they were produced in a different era, called Han Dynasty; most of them originated from a different historical record, called "Hanshu". According to the "Book of Han: Biography of the Xiongnu" and "Book of the Later Han: Biography of the Southern Xiongnu": During the reign of Emperor Jingning of the Han Yuan Dynasty, the Xiongnu Hu Hanxie Shanyu came to the court and asked for peace. Zhaojun voluntarily went out of the fortress to strengthen the unity of the Han and Huns. Based on this brief historical record, Zhaojun culture came into being. On this basis, through the continuous efforts of several literati in several dynasties, Zhaojun culture has been continuously developed. From ancient times to the present, from Zhaojun's hometown to Hohhot, except for the Western Han Dynasty, it can be said that not many people have seen Zhaojun, but those who talk about Zhaojun, write about Zhaojun, sing about Zhaojun, act about Zhaojun, draw about Zhaojun, chant about Zhaojun, and study Zhaojun Quite a few. Based on the history recorded in historical books and thousands of years of oral tradition, they used their full imagination. Folk artists told many beautiful legends, writers wrote many moving stories, painters painted many spectacular paintings, and musicians composed music. There are many touching movements, playwrights have created many operas with different plots, and poets have chanted many eternal poems. Through these countless literati, in different dynasties, different regions, and in different forms, they have continuously enriched and developed Zhaojun culture, thus forming a complete development system of Zhaojun culture today.
1. Regional development system of Zhaojun culture. The regions of Zhaojun culture developed from south to north, from one to two, and from two to three. There are three main areas, namely Zhaojun’s hometown, ancient Chang'an and the Xiongnu. Zhaojun’s hometown is the birthplace and development area of ??Zhaojun culture. It is said that it is the area of ??origin, mainly because Zhaojun had a rich cultural life before entering the palace. She read poems and essays as a child, "Zenggu Pipa" (Wang Xiangzhi of the Song Dynasty, "Yudi Jisheng"), as well as brocades with little embroidery, Xiangxi Huan There are many beautiful legends such as Yasha and Qiaoshu Xihua. It is said to be a development area, mainly because since the 1980s, a large number of scenic spots such as Zhaojun Memorial Hall, Zhaojun Residence, Zhaojun Terrace, Dressing Table, Nanmu Well, Niangniang Spring, Viewing Corridor, and Purple Bamboo Garden have been rebuilt. , and held six consecutive Zhaojun Art Festivals, attracting a large number of Chinese and foreign tourists and literati, who came to chant poems, paint, and write calligraphy. They continued to promote Zhaojun culture and became the main area for the development of Zhaojun culture. Zhaojun’s hometown includes the entire Xiangxi River Basin, because Xiangxi is all connected with Zhaojun. Zhaojun culture contains Xiangxi culture, and Xiangxi culture also contains Zhaojun culture. Zhaojun's hometown can be expanded to the Three Gorges area through the Xiangxi River Basin, because "Zhaojun's county and villages are connected to Wu Gorge" (Volume 148 of "Taiping Huanyu Ji"); the outlet of Xiangxi is also the mouth of Xiling Gorge; and In ancient poems, Zhaojun is called Gorgeous Girl. It can also be said that Bachu and Jingchu areas, such as ancient Jiangling. Zhaojun culture is also an important part of Chu culture, and the entire Chu region can also be said to be an important area for the spread of Zhaojun culture. Ancient Chang'an is another important area for the development of Zhaojun's culture, because "how many years Zhaojun entered the palace" ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of the Southern Xiongnu") and "accumulated for five or six years" ("Qin Cao" by Cai Yong of the Eastern Han Dynasty), after all, there are A period of palace life will also involve a lot of palace culture and clothing culture, as well as thoughts on love and patriotism. It was the important area of ??Chang'an, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty, and the important historical stage of life in the palace of the Western Han Dynasty that produced the story of Zhaojun's departure from the fortress and developed Zhaojun culture. The Xiongnu (today's Inner Mongolia) is the third important area for the development of Zhaojun's culture, because Zhaojun lived in the Xiongnu until his death. She wore Hu clothes, ate Hu food, learned Hu language, practiced Hu music, rode Hu horses, followed Hu customs, gave birth to children, and lived and worked in peace and contentment. Whether it was frontier grasslands, green mountains and black rivers, she left behind a large number of folklore stories and scenic spots. In front of Zhaojun's tomb, there is a stone tablet "Tomb of Concubine Ming of the Han Dynasty" and several poems and texts from past dynasties. The green tomb still exists today and has been famous for generations. It can be seen that the Xiongnu was an important area for the development of Zhaojun culture. From the perspective of the three key areas for the development of Zhaojun culture, I believe that Zhaojun’s hometown and Inner Mongolia are the two ends of the regional development of Zhaojun culture. Ancient Chang’an is a supporting point, connecting the economic and culture of the Han and Mongolian ethnic groups. Three points On the front line, a very unique and complete regional development system has been formed.
2. The content development system of Zhaojun culture: First, it is the theme content of Zhaojun culture, which is the historical fact of Zhaojun’s departure from the fortress. How did Zhaojun get out of the fortress? There are three theories: one theory is that Emperor Yuan of the Han Dynasty rewarded Chanyu and gave Zhaojun to Chanyu, which leads to the story of Zhaojun's departure from the fortress. For example, "Book of Han: Chronicles of Emperor Yuan" records: "In the first month of the spring of the first year of Jingning, the Xiongnu Hu Hanxie Shanyu came to the court, and the edict said: '... Hu Hanxie Shanyu did not forget his kindness, his hometown admired etiquette, and restored the ritual of greetings. , I hope that the legend of the protection will be endless, and there will be no military revolution. He changed the Yuan Dynasty to Jingning, and gave the Shanyu the title of Yan family to Wang Qiang of Yeting. '" Later, some Zhaojuns derived from this faction were forced to marry. Literary works of resistance and unyielding, such as Guo Moruo's early historical drama "Wang Zhaojun", contain content in which Wang Zhaojun despises the king and accuses the king.
The second theory is that the Chanyu volunteered to be the son-in-law of the Han Dynasty. Emperor Yuan agreed to the request and gave Zhaojun to the Chanyu. This leads to the story of Zhaojun's departure from the fortress. The "Hanshu Biography of the Xiongnu" records: "In the first year of Jingning, the Chanyu returned to the court. The gifts were the same as before, and the clothes, brocade, and silk were all doubled. Shanyu said that he wanted his son-in-law Han to be his own son. Wang Qiang, the son of Emperor Yuan, gave the Shanyu joy and wrote a letter to protect him. From the west of Shanggu to Dunhuang, there is an endless rumor, please stop the border officials and soldiers to give peace to the emperor and the people. "Later, this sect derived a large number of literary works about Zhaojun who was forced to leave the fortress and Fan, and the content and theme were changed from the original Han Dynasty. The harmonious marriage between the Hungarians turned into a seizure by the Huns, and Zhaojun's departure from the fortress turned into a tragedy of national humiliation. For example, Ma Zhiyuan's Yuan drama "Autumn in the Palace of the Han Dynasty" changed the content to state that the Yuan Emperor was in decline, Zhaojun and the Yuan Emperor were in love, and the treacherous minister Mao Yanshou failed to seek bribes, so he presented Zhaojun's portrait to the Huns, seducing the Huns to use force to extort Zhaojun, and the Manchu Dynasty The civil and military forces were helpless. Zhaojun was forced to leave the fortress because of the threat of force from the Xiongnu, so he left the fortress crying and miserable. The third theory is that Zhaojun asked for permission to go out and get married. A relatively complete record can be found in "Book of the Later Han·Biography of the Southern Xiongnu": "Zhaojun was named Qiang and was a native of Nanjun. At the beginning, during the reign of Emperor Yuan, he selected people from good families to serve in Yeting. When Han Xie came to the court, the emperor ordered five palace maids People gave it to him. Zhaojun had been in the palace for several years, but he could not see the emperor. He was filled with sorrow and resentment, so he asked Ye Ting to ask for help. The emperor saw the five daughters in the palace to show his beauty. , Gu Ying wandered around, moving around. The emperor was shocked when he saw it, and wanted to keep him, but he couldn't break his promise, so he went to the Xiongnu. "Although the record shows Zhaojun's resentment and Emperor Yuan's love, the content of Zhaojun's departure has developed to the point of voluntarily asking for it. Since then, it has become a traditional theme of Chinese classical literature, with poets writing poems and dramatists writing plays with a long history. Although the one thing these works have in common is that they still inevitably use the word "resentment" to describe Zhaojun's tragic fate. This "resentment" is mainly the resentment of the Han Dynasty, that is, her personal motivation for requesting her death, but after all, the theme content has undergone major changes. .
The masterpiece that best reflects Zhaojun's voluntary request is Cao Yu's historical drama "Wang Zhaojun". He started from the historical fact that he "asked for the order of Ye Ting", changed Zhaojun's "resentful" attitude, and created a "lightly pretentious, natural" person who was smart and courageous, and voluntarily requested the order for the reconciliation between Han and Hungary. A Han girl. The second is the development of Zhaojun's life outside the Great Wall and Zhaojun's death on the basis of Zhaojun's departure from the Great Wall, which is another important part of Zhaojun's culture. When Zhaojun arrived in the Xiongnu, he "gave birth to two sons. When Huhanxie died, the former Yan family had a son who wanted to marry him. Zhaojun wrote a letter asking for his return. When the emperor became emperor, he ordered to follow Hu Su, so he was reinstated as the Hou Shanyu Yan family" ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty") "The Biography of the Southern Huns"), have children and live and work in peace and contentment. Cao Yu's historical drama "Wang Zhaojun" shows this content. She lived in Qionglu, wore Hu clothes, learned to ride horses, practiced archery, loved to sing "We have known each other forever", and lived a happy life, and finally died in Shanyuting, Mobei. However, there are also historical records: "Zhaojun was unhappy when he came to Shanyu," and finally "committed suicide by swallowing medicine" ("Qin Cao" by Cai Yong of the Eastern Han Dynasty). There are also some legends and works simply say that Zhaojun did not reach the Xiongnu and died in the river on the way. Although it deviates from the true nature of history, it enriches and develops the content of Zhaojun culture. For example, Ma Zhiyuan's drama "Autumn in the Palace of the Han Dynasty" describes Zhaojun as traveling to the Heijiang River at the junction of Han and Hungary, and committing suicide by throwing herself into the river. This shows her national dignity and patriotism that she was born as a Han Dynasty person and died as a ghost of the Han Dynasty, revealing her national dignity and patriotism. It reflects the author's national consciousness and national integrity. Looking at it now, due to historical limitations, it was impossible for the author to understand the positive significance of Zhaojun's trip to the fortress to marry in history. Third, adding the content of Mao Yanshou's ugly painting of Zhaojun's face to the story of Zhaojun's departure from the fortress adds a legendary color to the content development of Zhaojun culture. Originally, Zhaojun's departure from the fortress had nothing to do with Mao Yanshou, but the addition of Mao Yanshou added to the twists and turns, drama, and legend of the story, and enriched the plot and content of Zhaojun's culture. Although it is not consistent with historical facts, it is easily misunderstood by people. accept. There is no record of the story of Mao Yanshou in the official history, but there is a record in Ge Hong of Jin Dynasty's "Miscellaneous Notes of Xijing: Abandoned Market in Paintings": "Since Emperor Yuan's harem was so numerous that it was not common, he ordered the painters to draw pictures according to the pictures. . Everyone in the palace offered bribes to painters, ranging from 100,000 to 50,000. Du Wangqiang refused, so he could not see him. Later, Emperor Yuan discovered that Zhaojun was a harem because he gave it to the Xiongnu Chanyu. Firstly, I regretted it too late and killed Mao Yanshou. As a result, Mao Yanshou suffered a thousand years of infamy. All literary and artistic works about Zhaojun, on the basis of praising Zhaojun and resenting the emperor, inevitably also condemn Mao Yanshou and express injustice for Zhaojun. For example, Ma Zhiyuan wrote Mao Yanshou as a traitor in "Autumn in the Palace of the Han Dynasty" on the one hand, saying that he vilified Zhaojun when he failed to seek bribes; on the other hand, he wrote Mao Yanshou as a traitor. Once his crimes were exposed, he dedicated Zhaojun's true portrait to the Huns to instigate the Huns. Taking Zhaojun by force becomes the main target of condemnation in the whole play. The numerous poems are particularly outstanding, ranging from scolding Mao Yanshou to scolding people like Mao Yanshou, from criticizing Emperor Yuan to criticizing the rulers of the dynasty, using Zhaojun's misfortune to express his lack of talent, borrowing Zhaojun's wine to relieve his worries, etc. , various borrowings of topics, full imagination, without Mao Yanshou, any literary and artistic works about Zhaojun will be greatly reduced.
3. The form development system of Zhaojun culture The form of Zhaojun culture is mainly based on the historical facts recorded in historical books. According to the development and changes of the content, the forms have also developed into various forms. From ancient times to the present, the most prominent form is poetry.
Since the Jin Dynasty, through more than ten dynasties, especially the five dynasties of Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, there have been many poems praising Zhaojun, some say there are thousands of them. According to "Ode to Zhaojun in the Past Dynasties" compiled by Lu Ge and others published by Changjiang Literature and Art Publishing House "Selected Poems and Annotations" introduced, there are more than 770 poems. You can imagine how many poets are writing about Zhaojun in the form of poetry, and how many readers are reading about Zhaojun in the form of poetry. The second prominent form is drama. The most representative ones are the ancient playwright Ma Zhiyuan's drama "Han Palace Autumn", the modern playwright Guo Moruo's historical drama "Wang Zhaojun" and Cao Yu's historical drama "Wang Zhaojun". These dramas shaped Zhaojun's image from different angles and put Zhaojun on the stage through the literary and art form of drama. In recent years, the TV series has also been created, bringing Zhaojun to the screen and into thousands of households. The third prominent form is folk literature. This form became particularly prominent after the 1980s. Through this form, another new climax of Zhaojun culture was set off. There have been a series of Chinese history books "Wang Zhaojun" published by Zhonghua Book Company, "Legends of Wang Zhaojun" published by Gansu People's Publishing House, and "Legends of the Three Gorges" published by Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House, among which a group of "Legends of Wang Zhaojun" was selected. . Especially in Xingshan County, Zhaojun's hometown, a group of authors who wrote about and studied Zhaojun appeared. They successively published a series of books in the Zhaojun series with the title Zhaojun and a series of books in the Xiangxi series with the title of Xiangxi. He has made positive contributions to the development of Zhaojun culture. The Zhaojun series includes "Zhaojun's Hometown" published by Hubei People's Publishing House, "Zhaojun's Stories and Poems" published by Beijing Yanshan Publishing House, "Zhaojun's Hometown Place Names and Legends" published by Jilin People's Publishing House, and "Zhaojun's Hometown" published by Beijing Yanshan Publishing House. "Selected Hometown Folk Songs" etc. The Xiangxi series of books include the prose collection "Xiangxi Style" published by Hubei People's Publishing House, and the poetry collection "Xiangxi New Rhythm" published by Guangdong People's Publishing House. These all reflect the characteristics of Zhaojun's cultural development in Zhaojun's hometown. Of course, the formal development of Zhaojun culture also includes novels, such as "The Romance of Two Phoenixes" and "Zhaojun Hefan"; there are also fine arts paintings, such as "Wang Zhaojun Mounting the Horse", "Ming Fei Leaving the Fortress", "Zhaojun Leaving the Fortress", "Zhaojun" "Out of the Silk Shadow", as well as musical works such as "Ode to Peach Blossom Fish"; what is particularly eye-catching is the white marble statue of Zhaojun created by Mr. Zhang Heng, a sculptor from Inner Mongolia, for Zhaojun's hometown. In short, the literature and art with Zhaojun as the theme have formed a unique and complete development system from regional development to content development to form development.