Chongqing is located in the transitional zone between the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River between east longitude105101'and north latitude 28 10'-32 13'. The climate belongs to subtropical monsoon humid climate, with an annual average climate of about 18℃, an average minimum temperature of 6-8℃ in winter, an average temperature of 27-29℃ in summer, total sunshine hours of 1, 000- 1, 200 hours, warm in winter and hot in summer, long frost-free period, abundant rainfall and humid and cloudy. In 2004, the average temperature was 18.4℃, and the annual total rainfall was 1 182. 1 mm, which was 470 kilometers long from east to west and 450 kilometers wide from north to south. The border borders Hubei and Hunan in the east, Guizhou in the south, Sichuan in the west and Shaanxi in the north. Chongqing is vast in territory and abundant in resources, with rivers and mountains. There are Daba Mountain in the north, Wushan Mountain in the east, Wuling Mountain in the southeast and Dalou Mountain in the south. The terrain inclines from north to south to the Yangtze River basin, with great ups and downs. The landform is dominated by hills and mountains, with large slope area and obvious bedding, and typical karst landscapes such as stone forest, peak forest, caves and canyons are distributed. The main rivers are Yangtze River, Jialing River, Wujiang River, Fujiang River, Qijiang River and Daning River. The main stream of the Yangtze River runs through the whole territory from west to east, with a total length of 665 kilometers, and passes through three anticlines in Wushan, forming the famous Qutang Gorge, Wuxia Gorge and Xiling Gorge, namely the world-famous Three Gorges of the Yangtze River. Jialing River comes from the northwest and bends into the Yangtze River. There are Bili Gorge, Wentang Gorge and Guanyin Gorge, which are the Three Gorges of Jialing River. The downtown area of Chongqing is surrounded by the Yangtze River and Jialing River, surrounded by two rivers and two mountains, with beautiful scenery and unique scenery. All kinds of buildings are surrounded by mountains and rivers, and are famous for their beautiful "mountain city" and "river city". Especially the beautiful and charming "Mountain City Night Scene", whenever night falls, the lights in the city are connected with water and sky, which is spectacular. The beautiful geography of mountains and rivers in Zhong Ling has given birth to a unique and magnificent natural landscape that integrates mountains, water, forests, springs, waterfalls, gorges and caves. The most famous three-dimensional corridor, the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River, has steep peaks and cliffs. It is famous for the scenic spots of Qutangxiong, Wuxiaxiu and Xiling, with different shapes and full of charm, as well as the Three Gorges of Daning River and Maduhe River. Li Bai, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, said, "A thousand miles in Jiangling will be returned in one day. The apes on both sides of the strait can't stop crying, and the canoe has passed Chung Shan Man. " Sing the songs of the Three Gorges, leaving a lasting impression. The magical physical geography has also created rich natural resources, such as Jinfo Mountain in Nanchuan, which is known as the treasure house of natural genes, Simian Mountain in Jiangjin, the only surviving virgin forest in the same latitude area of the world, the scenery of rivers and valleys such as Wujiang River, Jialing River and Daning River, and the scenery of lakes such as Changshou Lake, Xiaonanhai Lake and Qinglong Lake.
Ethnic minority population:
With the Han nationality as the main body, there are Tujia, Miao, Hui, Manchu, Yi, Zhuang, Buyi, Mongolian, Tibetan, Bai, Dong, Uygur, Korean, Hani, Dai, Wa, Lahu, Shui, Naxi and Qiang. The total population of ethnic minorities is 6.5438+0.75 million, of which Tujia has the largest population of 6.5438+0.10.30 million, followed by Miao with about 520,000 people, mainly distributed in Qianjiang Development Zone and five ethnic autonomous counties in Fuling area. The city's total population is 31442,300, and the minority population accounts for 5.6% of the city's population, mainly Tujia and Miao. All ethnic minorities in this area still retain their own traditional customs. Tujia people have swing dancing, singing Nuo opera and playing lanterns, while Miao people have autumn festivals and mountain-stepping festivals, as well as sheep and horse festivals, Mars festivals, crying weddings, jumping funerals and other ethnic customs and activities. Tujia Diaojiaolou and Miao embroidery and batik are unique. Colorful folk customs have become an important tourism resource in Chongqing.
Bayu culture:
Bayu culture is one of the most distinctive national cultures in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. Bayu culture originated from Ba culture and refers to the regional culture formed by Ba people and Ba country in the historical development. Ba people have always lived between mountains and rivers. Influenced by nature and dangerous environment, Pakistanis are tough, tenacious and brave, so they are famous for their bravery and good fighting skills. When the Pakistani army took part in the crusade against the Shang (Yin) war, it always sang the ballad of marching and danced with the charge, and went forward bravely, just as the ancient book said, "The king of Wu attacked Zhou and danced before the Song Dynasty."
In ancient times, Ba people were good at singing and dancing, and their song and dance content mainly evolved from "war dance" to Bayu dance, and later gradually became a court dance for performance. Bayu dance is a group dance, vigorous and powerful. In the Han Dynasty, Bayu Dance was listed as a court banquet and performed at court celebrations. Since then, the Bayu dance has been evolving, and its branches include the feather dance of modern people, the shield dance of Jiangnan, the waving dance of Tujia people and the tap dance of eastern Sichuan.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Ba people's folk songs were also quite famous. They are popular not only in Pakistan, but also in Chu. In the Selected Works of Zhaoming, there is a record that Bashan tune is widely sung by the people: "There are singers in the county, starting from Xialiba people, and thousands of people belong to it." The county mentioned at this time refers to the capital of Chu State, which is now Jiangling, Hubei Province. Bashan tune has a spectacular scene sung by thousands of people in Chu, not to mention in Pakistan. Bashan tune, also known as Zhi Zhu Ci, is a folk song created and sung by the people. Influenced by it, scholars have followed suit. Liu Yuxi, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, imitated folk songs and wrote nine poems about Zhi Zhu. Among them, "Willow Green Jiang Shuiping, I listen to Langjiang songs. Sunrise in the east and rain in the west, the road is sunny, "which is loved by the general public because of its clever metaphor of the relationship between men and women." "Since Liu Yuxi, Zhi Zhu Ci has become a kind of poetry form that keeps pace with folk songs, and it has been preserved in the poetry collections of the past dynasties in China, which shows the great influence of Bashan tune on China's literary creation.
Mountains and rivers have created passionate, tenacious and heroic Chongqing men, as well as tender and heroic Chongqing daughters.
The Yangtze River winds through Bashan like a green ribbon. Since ancient times, Chongqing people often can't sing water without loving life. For example, fishermen on the riverside chase love sisters and express their feelings with water: "The river rises, the river is clear, and fishing boats fight upwards;" If you can't catch fish, you won't close the net, and if you can't catch a girl, you won't close your heart. " The teenager in the mountain wants to test whether his girlfriend is loyal to him, and always asks the river deeply: "Call the mountain girl to answer, and call the water girl to answer. Why doesn't the mountain respond to you, and the running water speaks and you are silent? " These folk songs truly and profoundly sang the simple and fresh labor and love life of people on both sides of the Yangtze River.
On the Qianlichuan River from Chongqing to Wushan, the waterways are narrow and curved, there are many reefs and rocks, and there are countless dangerous beaches. In the old society, ships sailing on the river were mostly pushed or pulled by manpower, ranging from dozens to hundreds of people working collectively on the river, and only the chant was used for unified command. Therefore, on the rolling Chuanjiang River, there are many water ballads praising the boatman's life-Chuanjiang Haozi.
The life of boatmen in the old society was extremely hard, so they poured out their misfortunes in a sad voice:
Climb up the beach on a stone,
There are eight strings on the shoulder.
Frost, snow and rain,
Beach climbing all year round.
All the bones were torn,
Climb the rocks, climb the slopes.
People pulling boats are like cattle and horses.
It is difficult to feed a family without enough food.
Bad beaches and bad water boats were broken,
The boatman drowned and fed the fish and shrimp.
Leaving parents, wives, children,
Hunger, tears ...
In the past, the optimistic and generous boatmen not only poured out their sufferings, but also sang the social features and natural landscapes on both sides of the Yangtze River with songs. As the river boat moved, what the boatman saw made them improvise. There is a very popular boatman's song, which sings about the Chongqing city gate built by the mountains and rivers:
The waterfront pier on the Yangtze River is Chongqing,
Open nine doors and close eight doors and seventeen doors.
Chaotianmen Wharf welcomes guests and receives saints.
Thousands of flower buns are as white as silver.
Linjiangmen sells firewood and trees neatly.
Through the distant gate, gongs and drums are loud, burying the dead,
The seeds of Nanjimen cabbage are poured out and poured in,
The golden gate faces the government office,
Chuqimen sells medicinal materials to treat people.
Taipingmen sells seafood and delicious food.
There is a square ancient well in Dongshuimen.
Fish jump in the dragon gate in the real Wushan Mountain.
There are not many words in the chant, but it vividly describes the gate architecture and customs of ancient Chongqing.
History has finally turned a new page, and most of the ships on the river in the new society have realized mechanized and semi-electrified operation. Even so, under special circumstances, some jobs are still inseparable from people's efforts, and the slogan of thousands of miles on the river is still rippling under Chongqing. Cai, an old boatman, once sang such a song praising a new life:
Hey hey hey!
The Yangtze River (yo) means the Yangtze River (yo).
There are good scenery on both sides of the Yangtze River.
The chimney is full of motors (yo),
Melons and fruits are like honey, rice and wheat.
Jiang's ships only have shuttles (yo)
Pack up and run, busy day and night (yo) ...
The boatman's song on the river vividly expresses the boatman's style of making waves in the new period. 1In July, 1987, the French avignon Art Festival organized a folk art exchange activity of "The world's great rivers meet on the Ceroni River", and the organizers invited Cai and others to sing at the meeting through the Ministry of Culture of China. Thoughts and folk singers from all over the world were stunned when they sprinkled the bright songs condensed with blood and sweat by thousands of Qian Qian Yangtze River boatmen on the stage. They all read the history of an ancient and young nation with their eyes, ears and hearts, and read all kinds of joys and sorrows that have happened on the Yangtze River. With the theme of "River Music", international friends praised the "Boatman's Song" played by Cai and others, saying that it completely "reflected China's emphasis on traditional folk art".
There are various types of labor songs in Chongqing folk songs, such as "Masonry Song" for beating stones and "Reporting to Lu Ge" for carrying poles. Since ancient times, the people of Bayu have loved to tell stories. Folk oral literature has a broad mass base, and it is still a major feature of Chongqing folk literature to like telling stories.
The unique Bayu culture has created a profound cultural heritage in this land of Chongqing. Cultural talents are constantly emerging, cultural products are colorful, and culture and art are unprecedentedly prosperous.