The author of Qiang Village is Du Fu, who was selected as No.217 18 of the whole Tang poetry. These three poems were written by Du Fu when he returned to Qiang Village in Zhangzhou (now south of Fuxian County, Shaanxi Province) from his left post in 757 AD (two years from Tang Suzong to Germany). On this group of poems, combined with ancient Tang poems, the evaluation is as follows: "Three words of bitterness are touching. In short, although I am at home, I am really worried about my country. The truth is true, and one word is enough. " It shows the social reality contained in this group of poems.
original text
Qiangcun village
Author: Tang Du Fu
one
The sky is red and the clouds are west, and the ground is flat at the foot of the sun.
Chai Men birds are noisy, and thousands of miles return to the guest to 2.
My wife blames me, and I'm still crying.
The world is in chaos, go with the flow and survive by luck (4)!
Neighbors are all over the wall, sighing [5].
Midnight is more like a candle than a dream [6].
Secondly,
When you are old and forced to drag out an ignoble existence, it will be less fun to return to China.
Joule never left her knee: she was afraid of my answer, but she went.
Looking back, I like to chase the cold, so I walk around the trees by the pool.
The north wind is strong, and everything can be worried.
Thanks to the bumper harvest of corn, I feel uncomfortable in bed.
Now it's time to think about it and use it to comfort dying people.
third
The chickens are crowing and the guests are beating.
Catch the chicken up with the tree, and then I hear the knock on Chai Jing.
Four or five elders asked me about my long trip.
Each hand has its own carry, and it will be clear when it is poured out.
Don't say that the wine tastes weak [6], and there is no cultivation in the millet field.
The war didn't stop and the children went to the East.
Please give your father ⒅: It is difficult, shameful and affectionate to sing an old song.
After singing, I sighed and four tears rolled down my face.
To annotate ...
(1) towering mountains; Yunfeng is described like this. The red cloud is west, that is, west of the red cloud, because the sun is west of the cloud. The ancients turned around and thought that the sun was walking, so they had the saying "the foot of the sun". These two sentences are far-sighted before time.
The birds were frightened because someone came. Du Fu came back from a walk. As the saying goes, "Walk home barefoot", he once borrowed a horse from an official, but he didn't borrow it. The word "a thousand miles away" has joy in suffering.
⑶ wife (nú): wife and children. Du Fu's wife received a letter from Du Fu before, knowing that she was not dead, but she was still startled by his sudden appearance, just stunned, and said, "It's all my fault." The next sentence says that when the shock is established and the mood returns to normal, the parties will believe it is true. At that time, I was sad and happy, and tears flowed unconsciously. These two sentences are extremely profound and vivid, and they are a wonderful shot.
So, as you wish. These two sentences are the explanations of the first two sentences and the introduction of the last four sentences. The word "accident" contains extremely rich content and infinite emotion. Du Fu has been trapped in the rebels for several months and may die. You can die if you leave the rebels; Emergency room, offend Su Zong, can die; Even this time, all the wind and frost diseases, thieves and tigers and leopards can die. Is it too accidental to be alive now? What's strange about the wife?
[5] 曻 (x: and), the sound of crying. In these sighs, readers seem to hear the admiration of their elders (neighbors) for this national poet.
Late at night, late at night Read Geng and go to bed late at night. I have a high fever today, so I say "more". This is because I am too excited to sleep, and I can't sleep after a long separation. Because of the accident, although I was in front of the lamp, I still suspected that I was in a dream.
If you are late, you will be old. Forced to drag out an ignoble existence refers to this letter to go home. Du Fu was attached to the countryside, so he made a promise and went back to his hometown to drag out an ignoble existence. Less fun, just because Du Fu felt it was a shame to stay at home at such a difficult time, so he felt "less fun". The word "less" is measured, not without it.
This sentence is pronounced in the word "fear", which is the syntax of up, down and down. The word "que" here is used as the word "namely". "Go" means "go" or "go at once". In other words, the children are afraid that their father will leave a few days after he comes home, because they have discovered his "little fun". Jinsheng sighed, "Joule's heart is full of spirit and his eyes are full of interests. She saw this early, but she didn't mean to, so she comforted her around her knees and was afraid that I would go back. "
(9) Recalling the past refers to June and July last year. Chasing the cool, chasing the cool place, which is the next sentence.
⑽ Du Fu returned in August, and it was early cold in the northwest, so there was this scene. Rustle, leaves write. "Caressing" is caressing thoughts. Concern for family affairs is bleak everywhere, and concern for state affairs is rampant, which worries me.
⑾ The word "Lai" means that all this is due to it. If there is no wine, you will be worried to death. Rotten bed, that is, wine cellar. Note, Liu Ye refers to wine.
These two sentences are expected, because the wine has not been brewed yet. "Considerable" means having enough wine to drink. "Let's use it to comfort dying people." Just use it (wine) to numb yourself. This is just a sentence, not true.
[13] Chai Jing is from Chai Men, but also from Chai Jing and Fei Jing. The first knock on the door was drowned out by the cock crow, and then I heard it, so it was called "the first sound". According to the method of raising chickens, it is not the same now, nor is it the same in the north and south. The Book of Songs says that "chickens perch on hills", while Han Yuefu says that "chickens crow on trees", which seems to perch on trees. Shi Shenghan's Qi Yao Min Jin Shushi said that "chickens were raised in the Yellow River valley, and chickens were still allowed to live in trees in the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, there is also a sentence in Du Fu's poems". According to Du Fu, "When I met Meng Yunqing in Hudong, I returned to Liu Hao's house, feasting and singing because of drunkenness", and at the end of the cloud, "the courtyard tree cried like tears." Lake City is near Tongguan and belongs to the Yellow River Basin. Poetry is written at dawn, and the cloud "the courtyard trees crow" is especially enough to prove it. Catch the chicken up with the tree, which is equivalent to driving the chicken back to the nest, and naturally it will be quiet.
[14] "Asking" means asking about the inheritance, that is, bringing gifts to sympathize with others, and sending things is also called "asking". The elder brought wine to Du Fu, so he said, "Ask me".
⒂ (kē), wine vessel. Turbidity refers to the color of wine.
[14] Bitter characters have a faint wine taste, which means that the wine taste of Bitter characters is very poor. A well-meaning word is to repeatedly say that you feel sorry and write the honesty of your elders. Let's talk about the reason why the taste of wine is weak. Bitter words, bitter memories, bitter love, etc. It is also an idiom in the Tang Dynasty. Liu Cha's poem "Answer to Meng Dongye" says: "Being cold by acid, Meng Fuzi loves old fork poems." It doesn't mean pain or sadness. A well-meaning word is a "don't say".
Ge Bing's work ⒄ Ge Bing mentioned war.
Please sing an old song for your father. First, thank you. Second, forgive your father. But because of the strong smile, "Song" became "crying".
This sentence is the lyrics. The word "bitterness" is closely related to the sufferings of the elders. It's hard to get here, so it's hard. Just because of the difficulties, it is not only impressive, but also shameful. From here, we can see the influence of people's quality on poets.
Du Fu is a poet who "compares himself with Ji and Qi" and "worries about Li Yuan in poor years". At the moment, he is collecting his left hand, and he is still drinking their wine in the face of this disastrous "Li Yuan". How can he not sigh? How can you not look up at the sky and sigh until you burst into tears?
Translation of works
one
The sky in the west is covered with red clouds like mountains, and the sun shines obliquely on the ground through the feet of the clouds.
After a long journey home, I witnessed the bleak Chai Men and the noisy birds singing, which made me feel depressed!
My wife and children didn't expect me to be alive, and I was stunned for a long time before I cried with joy.
At this time of war, it is really a little unexpected to come back alive.
When the neighbors heard the news, the onlookers crowded behind the low wall and sighed.
Late at night, the husband and wife sat opposite each other, as if in a dream. I can't believe all this is true.
Secondly,
When people reach old age, they still feel that they drag out an ignoble existence, but they are forced to be unhappy all day.
My son has been around my knees all day, never leaving, afraid that I will leave in a few days after I go home.
After a few laps, I saw the scene of following the emperor in those days, but things were different, leaving only regrets and sighs.
A cool breeze blew, and I felt that I couldn't serve my country. I had mixed feelings and was miserable.
Fortunately, I know the autumn harvest is coming. Although the newly brewed domestic wine is not bad, it feels mellow and oozing from the rotten bed.
Now that this wine is enough to drink, just use it to anesthetize yourself.
third
Crowds of chickens are crowing, and when guests come, the chickens fight.
I drove the chicken to the end of the tree, and then I heard someone knocking at Chai Men.
Four or five village elders came to express their condolences to me for coming back from far away.
Holding a gift in his hand, he poured a cup of turbid wine and sake.
Repeatedly explained: "Why is the wine weak? This is because no one works in the fields.
The war didn't stop, and all the children went to the East. "
Please let me sing for the elders and thank them for their deep feelings of bringing wine and condolences in difficult days.
After singing, I couldn't help sighing, and all the guests present were in tears, which made me very sad.
Creation background
In 755 AD (Tianbao 14th year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty), the "Anshi Rebellion" broke out, which not only weakened the unprecedented prosperity of the Tang Dynasty, but also brought untold sufferings to people all over the world. The following year, Chang 'an fell. Like ordinary people, Du Fu, a great realistic poet, was unfortunately swallowed up by the frenzy of war, started a wandering life and experienced the damage of war.
In 757 AD (two years from Tang Suzong to Germany), Du Fu, who had just been left to clean up the mess, angered Su Zong by writing a letter to rescue the furniture that had been stopped, and almost cut off his head. However, Su Zong hated him from then on. In August, he was ordered to leave Fengxiang. The poet visited his family during his trip from Fengxiang to Qiang village in Zhangzhou, which gave him the opportunity to go deep into the people. Before Du Fu returned to Qiang village, he had not heard from his family for more than ten months. Du Fu was very anxious at that time, because of chaos, unknown situation and various legends. The poet, who went through many hardships and dangers, was finally reunited with his family safely, which made him deeply moved, so he wrote three famous poems, Qiang Village.
Make an appreciative comment
These three poems were written by Du Fu when he returned to Qiang Village in Zhangzhou (now south of Fuxian County, Shaanxi Province) from his left post in 757 AD (two years from Tang Suzong to Germany). On this group of poems, combined with ancient Tang poems, the evaluation is as follows: "Three words of bitterness are touching. In short, although I am at home, I am really worried about my country. The truth is true, and one word is enough. " It shows the social reality contained in this group of poems.
The first part focuses on the surprise scene of the poet's family reunion when he first got home, and the unique psychology of the characters during the war.
"The sky is red, the clouds are west, and the foot of the sun is flat. Birds sing in Chai Men, returning thousands of miles. " The poet trekked thousands of miles and finally returned to Qiang village at dusk. The sunset on the horizon is also eager to hide under the horizon to have a rest. There are several birds chirping in the treetops in front of the woodshed door, which highlights the desolation and desolation of the special rural life that year. Even so, the singing of birds adds to the joyful atmosphere of "returning thousands of miles" and has the meaning of welcoming the returnees. Even the birds rejoiced at the poet's return, not to mention his wife and children. The first four sentences of this poem are simple in wording, but profound in meaning, which provides an atmosphere for the later narrative lyricism.
"My wife blames me, and I am still crying." These two sentences vividly convey the complex feelings when relatives suddenly met during the war. For many years, the poet has been wandering around alone, coupled with the war, the war is endless. His life and death are unknown to his family, and he has not returned all the year round. In addition, without his news, his family had long been lucky and dared not expect the poet to return safely. Today, Du Fu, a relative, suddenly returned to China, which was unexpected by his family, so he had the psychology of "blaming me". "I was still crying when I was shocked." My wife's eyes are full of surprise, surprise and tears after surprise. There are too many complicated emotional factors in tears: bitterness, surprise, complaint, sadness and so on. This reunion is too precious. It was bought with the pain of a narrow escape after a long separation. In that era of war, sorrow and bones everywhere, few people were as lucky as Du Fu. Therefore, the poet sent out a deep and sad feeling: "The chaos of the world drifted with the tide, and the rest of the robbery was accidental." From the "contingency" of the poet's existence, readers can realize the "inevitability" of sadness. The secret of Du Fu's poems is that they are not only a reflection of the poet's own life experience, but a highly concentrated summary of real life.
The good news of the poet's survival soon spread throughout Qiang village, and neighbors came to visit with surprise. "The neighbors are full of walls and sigh." Neighbors are watching carefully on the wall, and they can't bear to ruin the festive atmosphere of the poet's family reunion. When they watched the poet survive, their neighbors could not help sighing. In this sigh and sigh, there is also the poet's own pain. "Midnight is more like lighting a candle, and relatively more like a dream." The poet described the incredible fantasy feeling of reunion after a long separation with extremely simple and vivid scenery. How many times have I called the names of my relatives in my dreams, and now my relatives really suddenly appear in front of me. The sudden meeting made the poet feel unreal. As night fell, dim candlelight lit on the stove and the family sat together. Under the dim light, this scene made the poet feel like he was in a dream. With these two simple words, the poet showed the unique feelings of people in the war years more strongly. This description is very typical, from writing about the ups and downs of a person and a family to writing about the sufferings of the whole world.
The second poem, the author's depressed and ambivalent mood after returning to China, expresses the author's mentality of being in troubled times and wanting to serve the country rather than drag out an ignoble existence.
For a poet whose sorrow is related to the world, the joy of meeting is short-lived. "I was forced to drag out an ignoble existence in my old age, and I was even less happy at home." After settling down, the poet's ambition to serve the country revived, and his worries about the Tang Dynasty gradually diluted the joy of meeting. At the moment of national crisis and people's poverty, the poet is guarding a small family. The poet realized that this situation was tantamount to drag out an ignoble existence. The author once set the ambition of "loyal to the monarch, and then change the customs", which was drowned in the Jin Ge iron horse and the war. The anguish of unpaid ambition made the poet's face no longer smile. After a long time, even the children noticed the change of their father. "Joule never leaves her knees, but she is afraid of me." Looking at his father's increasingly sad face, sensible children know that his father is worried about state affairs again and that his father will run away from home again for his ideal. Therefore, the child guards his father every day and cherishes every moment with his father.
"Recalling the past, I chased the cold, so I walked around the pool tree. The north wind is strong, worrying about things and worrying about people. " The poet pinned his anguish in his chest by comparing the past with the present, and interspersed scenes in his narrative. "Whispering North Wind" greatly increased the sad atmosphere, strengthened the depth of "sorrow", and one of the words "fried" left room for readers' imagination.
As a great patriotic scholar, when the contradiction between ideal and reality cannot be solved, the poet's heart begins to become extremely anxious, and the poet needs to find a breakthrough to vent his repressed emotions. For thousands of years, countless frustrated literati have forged an indissoluble bond with wine. In the poem, Du Fu also expressed his feelings in unison: "Lai's harvest has made him feel bad. Now it's time to think about it and use it to comfort the dead. " The poet is called writing wine, but in fact he is talking about sorrow. All aspects are the angry words of the poet. In my twilight years, my ambition is hard to stretch, and my anger is hard to blame. The word "harmony" expresses the helplessness and pain that the poet is eager to pour out, which is exactly what Li Bai said: "But since the water is still flowing, although we cut it with swords, we raise our glasses to dispel our worries."
The third song describes the scene where neighbors bring wine to express their deep sympathy and the poet's gratitude. Through the words of elders, it reflects the lives of the broad masses of the people. ? "The cock crows, the guest fights", and the cock crows is also a metaphor for the turmoil of the times. At the same time, such a picture is also unique to the countryside. It was the crowing of chickens that attracted the poet to go out to drive away the chickens and meet his neighbors. "Drive the chicken to the tree, and then you can smell the firewood." The first four sentences are simple and solid, depicting the unique scenery of the countryside, and this simplicity is consistent with the sincere and frank friendship between the elders and neighbors below.
"Four or five elders asked me about my long trip", and the "elders" explained that there were only old people at home, and no one was a little younger. The affectionate words of the late elder are Zhang Ben, and also pave the way for the later "War has not stopped, and children are marching eastward". In ancient times, "Q" had the meaning of greeting and sympathy, and at the same time, it had the further meaning of "giving", so "everyone has his own shoulder" appeared. Because the good wine could not be produced, the villagers repeatedly apologized and explained the reason: the well-meaning "the wine tastes weak and the millet has not been cultivated." As the military revolution did not stop, the children made an expedition to the east. "Years of war, even underage children have been recruited to the front, which reflects the dangers of war, just four sentences, interlocking, layer by layer. The whole picture of "An Shi Rebellion" is reflected by the small incident of "the taste of wine is weak", and this poem also shows a high degree of generalization.
In the last four sentences, the poet thanked him with a song. "Please sing an old song for your father and feel sorry for your hardships." The poet was deeply moved by the concern and sympathy of his parents and neighbors. In order to express his gratitude, the poet improvised poems and responded with songs. The word "shame" has rich meanings, including "shame", "grace" and "gratitude", and there are more elements of "shame" and "sin". Facing the simple villagers, the poet was deeply threatened by the times and lived a hard life, but he failed to contribute to the interests of the country and the villagers. He was grateful and ashamed. The two sentences at the end push poetry to the extreme. "Singing and singing, four tears are flowing." The poet sang Long song and cried, filled with indignation, and his sadness suddenly rose. "A hundred worries" has become Long song's chant, which is meaningful and full of helplessness and pain. The poet's deep anxiety about state affairs and family affairs greatly infected his neighbors, causing * * * voices and tears in the room. The listener and the singer have different sad feelings, but the fundamental reason is the rebellion of comfort. The poet's emotional thoughts are not only personal, but also can represent the wishes of millions of people and patriots in Qian Qian. Du Fu's image as a poet is sublimated from "self" to "self" in his works. The tears in "Vertical and Horizontal" are the tears that hurt the troubled times and the tears that mourn the country. The emotional undercurrent hidden in the group poems rushes out at the end, and the sad feelings push down to the highest point, showing strong artistic appeal.
Du Fu's Qiang Village is as typical as Three Officials and Three Farewells. Although the work only tells the poet's personal experience of returning to his hometown after chaos, the scenes of family reunion, such as "My wife complains that I am here, but I am still in shock", "Holding a candle at night is like a dream" and "Neighbors are full of walls and sighing", are by no means unique life experiences of the poet's family, but they are of universal significance. This group of poems truly reproduces some social realities after the "An Shi Rebellion" in the Tang Dynasty: the world is in turmoil, the military revolution is not over, children are marching eastward, and their wives and children are separated, which has a strong "poetic history" meaning.
In art, the poet combines narrative, lyricism and scenery writing in one furnace, with rigorous structure and simple language. He used the method of comparing the past and the present to express the poet's lofty patriotic feelings and embodied Du Fu's gloomy and frustrated poetic style. The three-chapter poems are not only continuous in form, but also guide readers to associate and imagine well, which makes the meaning of this group of poems transcend the text itself and appear rich and profound. Du Fu's three poems "Qiang Village" reflect the serious harm of An Shi Rebellion with the poet's personal experience and experience, which has a high degree of artistic generalization and reflects the author's profound poetic skills.
Brief introduction of the author
Du Fu (7 12-770) was born in Gongxian County (now Gongyi, Henan Province). Du Fu's great-grandfather (Du Fu's father) moved from Xiangyang (now Hubei) to Gongxian (now Gongyi, Henan). A great realistic poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He is concerned about the country and the people and has a noble personality. About 65,438+0,500 of his poems have been preserved, and his poetic skills are exquisite. His influence on China's classical poetry is far-reaching, and he is called "the sage of poetry" by later generations, and his poetry is also called "the history of poetry". Du Fu and Li Bai are both called "Du Li". In order to distinguish it from the other two poets, Li Shangyin and Du Mu, namely "Little Du Li", Du Fu and Li Bai are also called "Big Du Li".
Du Fu's poems are called "the history of poetry" because many of his poems are depressed and worried about the country and the people. Du Fu's poems are good at classical style and rhythmic poetry, and have various styles. He accurately summed up his work style with the words "depressed and frustrated", mainly focusing on depression. Du Fu lived in the historical period from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty. Most of his poems involve social unrest, political darkness and people's sufferings. His poems reflected the social contradictions and people's sufferings at that time. His poems recorded the historical changes of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, and expressed the lofty Confucian spirit of benevolence and strong sense of hardship, so they were called "the history of poetry". Du Fu is concerned about the country and the people, with noble personality and exquisite poetic skills. Du Fu wrote more than 1500 poems in his life, many of which are famous works that have been handed down from generation to generation, such as Three Officials, Three Farewells and Du Gongbu Collection. Among them, the "three officials" are Shi Haoguan, Xin 'an official and Tongguan official, and the "three farewell" are newly married, homeless and resigned. Du Fu's poems handed down from generation to generation are the most extensive in the Tang Dynasty, and he is one of the most outstanding poets in the Tang Dynasty, which has a far-reaching influence on later generations. Du Fu's works are called human scars and sages in poetry. The people are in poverty, and the bottom of the pen is turbulent.
Du Fu is good at using many systems of classical poetry and creatively developing them. He is the pioneer of the new Yuefu poetry style. His Yuefu poems contributed to the development of the new Yuefu movement in the middle Tang Dynasty. His "May 7th" ancient novel, which is also a history of poetry, begins to narrate and focus on the whole story, marking the high achievement of China's poetry art. Du Fu also showed extraordinary creativity in the May 7th law, and accumulated complete artistic experience in the aspects of temperament, antithesis, refining words and sentences, which made this genre reach a fully mature stage. Du Gongbu has been handed down from generation to generation. His works include Imperial Army Recovering the Banks of the Yellow River, Wang Chun, Jueju and Wang Yue.