The Balkan Peninsula has a long history, and the south is the birthplace of ancient Greek culture. After the 2nd century BC, it was ruled by Rome, Byzantium and Ottoman Empire. The rule of the Ottoman Empire lasted for more than 500 years. During this period, the people on the peninsula waged a series of struggles against the rule of the Ottoman Empire. Since the19th century, Russia is eager to open the passage to the South Mediterranean, Austria tries to expand southward to the Adriatic Sea, and Britain and France want to protect the lifeline to the Indian Ocean and the Far East. As a result, the peninsula has become a region fiercely contested by Russia, Austria, Britain and France, and it has been fought many times, so it is called the "European powder magazine". The main wars are: 1828 ~ 1829 and 1877 ~ 1878,1912 ~19/kloc-3. The war has intensified the opposition among the countries on the peninsula and the contradictions among the great powers. 19 14 years, with the assassination of Flantz Ferdinand, Crown Prince of Austro-Hungarian Empire in Sarajevo, World War I broke out, and all countries on the peninsula were involved in the war. In World War II, the peninsula was occupied by German and Italian fascists, and all countries opposed fascism. After the war, there were many military bases in the countries of the peninsula. Naval bases are: Split and Kotor Bay in Yugoslavia; Duras and Vlora in Albania; Varna, burgas; Constanta, Romania; Istanbul, Turkey; Piraeus and Thessaloniki in Greece. Air bases are: Tirana, Albania; Constanta, Romania; Sofia, tolbukhin; Yugoslavia's Ljubljana, Nis, Skopje, etc.
Among them, country introduction: Rome:
The capital and largest city of Italy. Located in the lower reaches of the Tiber River plain, 25 kilometers east of tyrrhenian sea. There are 24 bridges across the banks of the Tiber River in the urban area. National political, economic, cultural and transportation center. The population is 2.83 million (1989). The birthplace of ancient Rome. At the beginning of 2000 BC, the Romans moved here from the northeast. From the eighth century BC to the fourth century BC, castles were built and early Roman cities gradually formed. From 756 to 1870, it was the capital of the papal state, and 1870 became the capital of Italy after the unification of the kingdom of Italy (the papal state retreated to the Vatican). Industries include food, textiles, machinery, printing, chemicals, electronics and plastics. The main center of the Italian film industry. Civitavecchia on the northwest coast is its main port. One of the most famous tourist attractions in the world. In ancient Rome, which accounts for 40% of the urban area, there are many large-scale ancient buildings (such as Flaviat Semicircular Theater, Colosseum, Acrobatic Arena, Pantien Temple, Duke Diocletian Bathroom, etc.). ) and art treasures. The Vatican in the northwest of this city is the seat of the Vatican. There are churches, palaces, museums, universities (built in 1303), academies of science and libraries.
Rome lies in the north-south direction of the Italian peninsula. There is an Apennine Mountains, which divides the Italian peninsula into two parts. Next to the Apennines, there is a Tiber River. Rome is located at the lowest altitude of 30 kilometers, where the Tiber River enters the Mediterranean Sea.
Rome is located on the hilly plain in the lower reaches of the Tiber River, with a history of more than 2,500 years. It is a treasure house of art and a famous cultural city. Rome is the capital of Italy and the seat of the Roman Catholic Church. It is the city with the largest area and population in Italy. Rome is the political, historical and cultural center of Italy and the birthplace of the splendid culture of the world. The ancient city is in the north and the new city is in the south. Built in the 1920s and 1950s, it is a modern Leifeng City with skyscrapers. The Vatican, where the Vatican is located, is located in the northwest corner of the ancient city. The ancient city of Rome is like a huge open-air history museum. On the ruins of the ancient capital of Rome, there are world-famous monuments such as the Imperial Senate, the Arc de Triomphe, the Chicken Pillar, the Pantheon and the Maximus Arena. There are also many fine buildings and fine works of art in the Renaissance.
Rome has a warm climate and four distinct seasons, and spring is the most suitable season for traveling in a year. Rome has a warm climate and four distinct seasons, and spring is the most suitable season for traveling in a year. Rome has a warm climate with four distinct seasons, and spring is a year.
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963- 1992) is located in the Balkans. 1992 was dissolved and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia * * * (later renamed Serbia and Montenegro * * * is now dissolved as Serbia * * *.
1945, Yugoslavia was liberated from Nazi Germany, and the People's Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed, with Tito as its chairman. After World War II, Yugoslavia implemented nationalization and land reform and began socialist construction. Due to the discord between South and Soviet Union, Tito did not want to be controlled by the Soviet Union. The relationship between South and Soviet Union broke down in 1948, and the Yugoslav * * * Production Party was expelled from the Soviet-led * * Production Party Intelligence Bureau. 1949, the intelligence agency publicly reprimanded yugoslavia for "completely degenerating into fascism and joining the world imperialist camp". After Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchov took control of the Soviet regime, South-Soviet relations began to improve and diplomatic relations resumed. Since then, South-Soviet relations have been at a low level, and the South has not joined the Eastern Group, an international economic organization led by the Soviet Union, and the Warsaw Pact, a military organization. 1963, Yugoslavia amended its constitution and changed its name to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The former Yugoslavia pursued an independent foreign policy of non-alignment, and Tito was the initiator of the non-alignment movement. He opposed the monopoly of international affairs by big powers, opposed war and maintained peace, which won international respect for Yugoslavia. 1974 revised the constitution again and announced "joint labor" and "delegation parliament". 1980, after Tito's death, the Federation implemented collective leadership, countries became increasingly loose, and ethnic conflicts intensified. 199 1 year, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia declared their independence one after another. 1On April 27th, 1992, the National Assembly of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia adopted a new constitution, announcing that Serbia and Montenegro would jointly establish the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia officially disintegrated.
Administrative divisions of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia;
Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, capital Sarajevo;
Socialist Republic of Croatia, capital Zagreb;
Socialist Republic of Macedonia, capital Skopje;
The Socialist Republic of Montenegro, the capital of Grad, Ti Tuo, is now renamed Podgorica;
The Socialist Republic of Serbia with Belgrade as its capital includes two socialist autonomous provinces:
5a。 Pristina, the capital of Kosovo's socialist autonomous province;
5b。 Novi Sad, Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina;
Socialist Republic of Slovenia, capital Ljubljana.
1990 After the disintegration of the former Soviet Union, all ethnic groups began to strive for autonomy and independence. After it was renamed Serbia and Montenegro in 2003, Yugoslavia officially withdrew from the historical stage as a country name.
A brief history of yugoslavia
Yugoslavia is the Slavic nation in the south. Slavic nationality originated from today's Russia, Ukraine and other eastern European regions. In the 5th and 6th centuries, some Slavs began to migrate to today's Balkan Peninsula and became the ancestors of Slavs such as Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Montenegro and Macedonia. By the 9th century AD, some Slavic nation states, such as Croatia and Serbia, had been formed. Slavic peoples in the south are greatly influenced by Byzantine culture. Except Croatia and Slovenia, most of them believe in Orthodox Church.
Dreams come true. First Yugoslavia
1398, the Ottoman Empire of Turkey defeated the Serbian army in today's Kosovo, thus beginning its 500-year rule in the Balkans. 1878, Serbia and Montenegro gained independence after a long-term resistance struggle. Croatia and Slovenia were under the rule of Austria-Hungary at that time. 19 12 and 19 13 The two Balkan wars made Macedonia separate from Turkey. The Balkan region began to have the desire to unite the Slavic people in the south, especially Serbia, which gained independence, has made the establishment of a unified Yugoslav country with itself as the core as its basic national policy.
In World War I, Serbia stood on the side of the Allies ... After the war, the collapse of Austria-Hungary gave Croatia and Slovenia the opportunity of self-determination. The allies represented by France also advocated the establishment of a powerful Yugoslav state in the Balkans to contain Germany. In this way, the dream of national unity of the Slavs in the south came true.
19 18 years, Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia established the "Kingdom of Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia". 19 19 The Treaty of Versailles recognized and defined the sovereignty and boundaries of this kingdom, which was the first Yugoslavia. 1929 Kingdom changed its name to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
The war gave birth to the second Yugoslavia.
1941April 6th, the Axis Group of Germany and Italy launched a full-scale aggression against the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. On April 17, the Royal Army was defeated and surrendered, King Peter Alekseyevich Romanov went into exile in London, England, and the first Yugoslavia fell.
After the German fascists occupied Yugoslavia, the Yugoslav Production Party headed by Tito led an armed uprising and began an arduous anti-fascist guerrilla war for four years. In World War II, the guerrilla warfare in Yugoslavia was the biggest battlefield behind enemy lines, which contained and destroyed a large number of effective forces of German fascism, and the guerrilla forces led by Yugoslavia also grew to 800,000. 1943165438+1October 29th, the Yugoslav People's Liberation Committee held a meeting in Jajce, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and decided to set up an interim government headed by Tito, the Yugoslav National Liberation Committee, to establish a federal republic with equality among all ethnic groups after the war, to deprive the exiled government of its rights, to prohibit King Peter from returning to Yugoslavia, and to award the rank of Marshal Tito.
1945 In May, with the support of the Soviet Red Army, the whole territory of Yugoslavia was liberated. In the anti-fascist war, the Yugoslav people made great national sacrifices. In four years, 6,543,800 people died, accounting for 654.38+065.438+0% of the population of Yugoslavia at that time. 1945165438+1October 29th, the People's Republic of Yugoslavia was formally established. 1963 the new constitution changed the name of the country to the socialist federal Republic of yugoslavia, and Tito became the president for life. According to the principle of national equality, the new Yugoslavia consists of six autonomous republics of Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and Montenegro, and two autonomous provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina under Serbia.
The new Yugoslavia led by Tito implements the socialist workers' autonomy system at home and pursues a non-aligned policy abroad. In 1970s and 1980s, Yugoslavia made great economic achievements, and its national living standard was once at the leading level in Eastern Europe. Due to Tito's high prestige in World War II and Yugoslavia's non-aligned policy of not following the Soviet bloc and not attaching to the Western bloc, Yugoslavia also occupies a high position in the world.
Struggling third yugoslavia
Because all ethnic groups in Yugoslavia have been ruled by different forces and have different cultural traditions, such as Serbia, Montenegro and Macedonia believe in Orthodox Christianity, Croatia and Slovenia believe in Catholicism, and Bosnian Muslims and Kosovo Albanians believe in Islam. In addition, in history, great powers often provoked and created ethnic disputes for their own self-interest, which caused many ethnic conflicts. After Tito's death, these contradictions began to intensify gradually.
The drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe also had a great impact on Yugoslavia. As the core of Yugoslavia's reunification, the South * * * alliance also began to disintegrate, and the separatist forces in various countries became stronger and stronger, gradually controlling the local political power. 199 1 year, Croatia and Slovenia led by tudjman took the lead in declaring independence. At the same time, ethnic conflicts in Yugoslavia are intensifying day by day, and western countries have decided not to support the reunification of Yugoslavia out of ideological and strategic interests. 1992 1 month, Germany took the lead in recognizing the independence of Croatia and Slovenia, and the whole EU followed suit. 199 1 year1kloc-0/month, Macedonia declared its independence. 1In April 1992, Bosnia and Herzegovina declared its independence again.
In view of the new situation, the two remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro in the former Yugoslavia announced the establishment of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992, with an area and population of only about 40% of the original, and were called "Little Yugoslavia" or "Third Yugoslavia". New Yugoslavia faced difficulties at the beginning of its establishment. A war broke out between Serbs, Croats and Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Yugoslav and Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic was accused by the West of "ethnic cleansing" and was subject to economic sanctions. The domestic economy is declining and diplomacy is extremely difficult.
1In August 1995, NATO led by the United States launched a large-scale air strike against Bosnian Serbs. Serbian President Milosevic, Croatian President tudjman and Bosnian President Izetbegovic signed the Dayton Peace Agreement in the United States, and the civil war in Bosnia finally basically subsided. Later, the West took advantage of the conflict between the Albanian minority and the Serbs in Kosovo, Yugoslavia, and continued to put pressure on Yugoslavia. From/KLOC-0 to March 24th, 1999, the massive bombing of Yugoslavia caused the biggest humanitarian disaster in Europe since World War II.
National flag: Blue, white and red are Slavs' favorite colors. The tricolor flag was once the national flag of Serbia-Croatia-Slovenia United Kingdom. When the People's Republic of Yugoslavia was founded, a red five-pointed star with a yellow border was added to symbolize the people's freedom and liberation. 1992 After the establishment of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the tricolor flag was re-used.
National anthem:
Hey, Slavs. Originated from the national anthem of Poland, it was written in 1834, and 1945 was officially designated as the national anthem of Yugoslavia.
National flower:
Peach blossom.
Speaking of Yugoslavia, people over the age of 30 may hum a few words of "Ah, goodbye to friends, ah, goodbye to friends, goodbye to goodbye"-the Yugoslav film Bridge was once all the rage, and the movie style of war theme was quite relaxed. Its theme song "Ah, goodbye to friends" is a bit like our guerrilla song, showing the soldiers fighting desperately for the honor of the motherland and the nation. Another film, Walter Defends Sarajevo, made the Yugoslav city Sarajevo quite famous in China. In addition, the name of Tito, the then Yugoslav leader, is familiar to us.
Yugoslavia [Socialist Union of Yugoslavia] is a federation with extremely complicated national conditions, and its characteristics can be summarized as follows:
Federal state;
Two kinds of pinyin characters;
Three languages;
Four major religions;
Five major ethnic groups;
Six republics;
Seven sides;
Eight leaders;
Nine governments.
The complexity of this national situation itself has immeasurable contradictions. Tito noticed this when he was alive and made some arrangements for it. However, desire cannot replace reality. Behind him, the contradictions intensified and eventually got out of hand-the result was the disintegration of Yugoslavia, which was divided into five parts.
2. Now it is Yugoslavia.
Country name. Located in the middle and northwest of the Balkan Peninsula in Europe. It borders the Adriatic Sea in the south and borders Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Macedonia and Albania on land. Area102,000 square kilometers. Population10.57 million (1989), mainly Serbs, Montenegrins, Albanians, Hungarians, Romanians and Turks. Serbian-Croatian is widely used. Belgrade, the capital. The territory is mountainous, and the north of the mountain is a part of the middle reaches of the Danube. The main rivers are Danube River and Morava River, which are rich in water resources. The whole territory is dominated by continental temperate broad-leaved forest climate, and the coastal zone belongs to the Mediterranean climate and is relatively humid. The annual precipitation is 550-750 mm, and there are abundant mineral reserves such as copper, lead and zinc, as well as coal and iron. In the 6th century AD, Slavs began to cross the Carpathian Mountains and immigrate to the Balkans. In the 7th century, Slavs developed into the ancestors of major nationalities in modern Yugoslavia. Since the ninth century, Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia and Macedonia have been established one after another. Since15th century, it has been ruled by Turkey and Austria-Hungary successively. After the First World War, the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed and the national independence movement surged. 19 18, 18 In February, the United Kingdom of Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia was established. 1929 was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. 194 1 April was occupied by German and Italian fascists. 194 1- 1945 waged an anti-fascist national liberation war. 1945 165438+ The People's Republic of Yugoslavia was established on1October 29th. It is a federal system and consists of six republics (Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and Montenegro) (with a total area of 255,800 square kilometers and a population of 22.85 million 1983). 1963 was renamed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. After 1980, the domestic ethnic contradictions became increasingly fierce and the political situation was turbulent. By the beginning of 1990, the ruling Yugoslav production alliance had disintegrated. 1991June, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia, former Yugoslav member countries, have successively seceded from the Federation and declared their independence. 1On April 27th, 1992, the Yugoslav Parliament adopted a new Yugoslavia composed of Serbia and Montenegro, named the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Machinery manufacturing, nonferrous metals and smelting, wood processing and food processing are the main industries. The main crops are wheat, corn, sunflower, sugar beet and tobacco. Horticulture and animal husbandry are relatively developed. Export agricultural products and minerals, ships, leather and tobacco. Import fossil fuels, machinery, chemical products, steel and cotton. The main cities are Nish, Subotica, Kragujevac and Podgorica.
1. 19 18- 194 1
Yugoslavia began in 19 18 1 February1day, and is a kingdom of Serbia-Croatia-Slovenia (Croatia and Slovenia) composed of Serbia (including Macedonia and Montenegro). 19 18 years 1 February1day, Bosnia and Herzegovina joined. * * * Six countries.
19291October 3 was renamed as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
2. 194 1- 1945
194 1- 1945 During the Second World War, Yugoslavia was invaded and divided by Germany and Italy, and Yugoslavia was temporarily disintegrated.
3. 1945- 1992
1945 In World War II, Tito led the army to repel Germany and Italy, and 1 1 announced the establishment of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia on September 29th. 1April 7, 963, renamed as the Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia. The administrative divisions of Yugoslavia were reorganized into six independent republics, namely Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia. (that is, the country composed of six countries in the first stage of recovery. )
4. 1992-2006
199 1- 1992, Slovakia, Croatia, Malaysia and Poland became independent one after another, leaving only Montenegro and Serbia to join Yugoslavia. 1April 27, 1992, the country name was changed to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. On February 4, 2003, the new constitution was renamed Serbia and Montenegro, and the word "Yugoslavia" officially entered history. On June 3, 2006, Montenegro declared its independence. In the same month, Serbia also declared its independence, and Yugoslavia officially declared its complete disintegration. Mongolia and Serbia each use their own national flags, and Yugoslavia's blue, white and red tricolor flags have also become historical flags.
The Yugoslav Federation officially declared its complete disintegration. The existing country that geographically inherits its old capital Belgrade is Serbia.
5.2008
Kosovo unilaterally declared independence.
Kosovo unilaterally declared independence, but it is difficult to really become a new country in a short time. Once the ecstasy of independence fades, the real pain that Kosovars face and will continue to face will strike again: Kosovo is one of the poorest regions in Europe, and the corruption problem has reached such a serious level that it is almost impossible to merge with Albania. Due to the opposition of Russia and other countries, the prospect of joining the United Nations may be far away. In Serbia, it is generally believed that the territory of Serbia is like a Nokia mobile phone-a newer and smaller version is launched every year. In Serbia, voices against Kosovo's independence can be seen everywhere.
Experts on international issues in the United States believe that Kosovo may not be recognized by the United Nations, cannot manage itself, and rely on European countries to maintain order and NATO to provide armed forces, which may lead to Kosovo eventually becoming a failed country.