I
"Mountaineering is full of emotion, while watching the sea is full of meaning." (Liu Xie's "Literary Mind and Carving Dragons: Thinking") From the time when the peony was in bud, poets began to write, "Although the green bud has sparse lobules, your feelings are more than enough." (Sun Fu's "Unexposed Peony") Express your love for peony, describe the customs and habits of the Tang Dynasty society, and all kinds of situations of seeing and enjoying flowers. "Looking at the sunshine, Mufeng blew off the fence. "The shelves of poems and books were covered with dust, and no one looked up all day." (Xu Yin's "Two Peony Flowers Part Two") Even the usual favorite poetry book has to be accompanied by dust. In the poems chanting peony in the Tang Dynasty, some poems were used to answer friends' questions about peony flowers, and some poems described peony as a farewell party for people ... "Building steps for loving the red river and teaching people to paint the future on the fan." Luo Yin also wrote a poem "Painting Peony on the Fan". Even so, the poets still feel that they have not fully expressed their love for flowers. Sun Fu wrote another poem, Peony Behind, expressing their feelings of parting. In the poets' pen, the peony flowers have thousands of expressions and all kinds of charm.
However, the poets in the Tang Dynasty were not completely intoxicated with the beauty of peony flowers. Through the superficial phenomenon of peony prosperity, they keenly discovered the hidden social problems behind it and expressed their sympathy for the poor life of working people through poetry. This is the most thoughtful poem among the poems chanting peony in the Tang Dynasty, and Bai Juyi's poem "Buy Flowers", the tenth of Qin Zhongyin, can be taken as a representative. Its poem says:
The imperial city is in the twilight of spring, and it is full of noise.
*** When you say peony, go with me to buy flowers.
the price is changeable, and the reward depends directly on the number of flowers.
burning a hundred red flowers, pressing five bundles of elements.
put up a curtain and weave a fence to protect it.
after water is sprinkled and covered with mud, the color remains the same.
There is a Tian She Weng who occasionally comes to buy a flower shop.
bow your head and sigh alone. This sigh is self-evident.
a cluster of dark flowers is blessed by ten people!
At the age of seventeen, Li Shangyin was appreciated by Linghu Chu for his literary talent. He was hired as an official in Linghu Chu's shogunate, and was instructed by Linghu Chu to learn how to write a letter. At this time, Li Shangyin was proud of his life and was in his prime. When he saw the peony in full bloom, he thought of Ling Huchu's cultivation of him, and wrote a poem "Peony" with seven rhythms:
Mian Wei first rolled up Mrs. Wei, and the embroidered quilt was piled up more and more.
He lowered his hand to carve Yu Pei, and bent down to fight for the golden dress.
When the Shijia candles were cut, the Xunling incense burner could be smoked.
I am a crayons in my dream, and I want to send the book leaves to the clouds.
The first one uses the allusion of Confucius' meeting with Nanzi, The Canon: "My wife is in the brocade, Confucius keeps her head in the north, and my wife worships again from the curtain," which is a natural thing. The second sentence uses the allusion of E Jun's boating, "Shuo Yuan": "E Jun is a man who cultivates his attire, embraces it when he walks, and lifts his embroidery quilt to get it back." Associating the blooming peony with these historical allusions, and using the characters in these historical allusions to express the impression of the delicate peony among the green leaves, it shows that the charm of peony causes readers to think beautifully. He Chao commented: "It is not enough to be a peony, and it is full of anger." (See Li Yishan's Poems, Shen Hou Tu Shuang's Commentary)
Three or four sentences compare peony to a woman who is good at dancing. When dancing, she lowered her hand and touched Yu Pei, and when she turned around, she floated a long skirt. The classic example is "Mrs. Qi is good at dancing with her sleeves up and her waist bent." These two sentences describe the peony swaying in the spring breeze, which is very vivid. The five or six lines of the poem borrow the story of Shi Lun using candles for cooking in Shi Shuo Xin Yu, and the story of Xiangyang, in which Liu Ji and he said, "Xun Lingjun went to other people's homes and sat there for three days." Describing the luster and fragrance of peony when it is open gives people a strong feeling. The last two poems use the allusions of Jiang Yan's five strokes in his dream and Wushan Goddess to express the esteem and cultivation of the fox hunter Chu and his own gratitude to the fox hunter Chu, expressing the poet's rippling longing for love and adding infinite charm to the peony. Ji Yun said: "Eight sentences and eight things, but it is full of enthusiasm, and there is no trace of using things. It is a great power!" The advantage of this poem lies in the development of practical branches, the vivid use of dead poems, the rich expression of ideas and poems, and the display of Li Shangyin's talent.
Soon, Wang Maoyuan, an envoy of Li Deyu Party member Heyang, became a secretary because he loved Li Shangyin's talent, and married his daughter to him. From then on, Li Shangyin lived in the crevice of party struggle, and never had the happy mood of Shang Huashi in the past. In the late spring of Tang Wenzong's third year, Li Shangyin took the exam in Chang 'an. He left Chang 'an and went back to the original path, passing through the middle. (Now Zengnei, Guyuan, Gansu Province) He lived in the reverse brigade, just in the bitter rain, and the peony in the yard just bloomed, when it was knocked down by a gust of wind and rain. The poet recalled the past, touched the scene, and borrowed peony to express his life experience, and wrote the famous "Two Peony Lost in Rain".
for one thing,
Xiayuan can't be chased in other years, and Xizhou is suddenly in phase today.
It's still cold in the water pavilion at dusk, but Luo Jian's spring fragrance is warm.
The butterfly dances diligently to collect the pistils, and the beautiful woman lies disconsolate.
Fangfei is in Zhangtai Street, and ask Gong Yao to donate some.
Looking back at the flowers in Beijing, it's a pity that the peony was defeated by the rain. Compared with peony, the poet thinks of frustrated relatives and friends from his own decline, and sees the big because of the small, and places his hopes far away.
Secondly,
The waves laugh and the pomegranate flowers are not as good as those in spring, and the early scattered flowers are more well known.
The tracts burst into tears and the number of heartbrokens was counted, and the golden harp startled the strings and broke the dreams frequently.
Wan Li pays more attention to yin than to the old, and the business in one year is dusty.
Looking back at the dance in Qianxi, I feel that the powder is new now.
This poem has fallen from its original source to being excluded by others. At the beginning of the poem, put aside peony and write pomegranate flowers first. Because the pomegranate blooms late and can't catch up with spring, some people laugh at it inexplicably, but I'm more aware of people when it blooms early and sets early. Three sentences say that flowers contain rain, and four sentences say that rain hits flowers, hoping to become empty. How clear it is! And the peony is defeated by the rain, Wan Li is cloudy, and it is not old, and it is angry in a spring, and it is wiped out. These words, from the scattered peony to the change of the whole personnel, push the sorrow of people to the peak, and at the end of the poem, they are reversed, saying that it will rain in the future, and the peony will fall. Looking back on the present, it is still beautiful and touching, and the implication is that today's scattered is nothing, and the destruction in his year will be far greater than today. The whole poem is about expressing ambition and writing scenery is about expressing emotion, from which we can easily get a glimpse of the poet's infinite inner feelings after being hit by politics.
2
As a poetic style, object-chanting poems have a long history. The first article of The Book of Songs, Nan Zhou, is inspired by "feeling sorry for the dove", while "Songs of the South of China and Lisao" express their aspirations to "Lan Zhi" and their feelings to "Quan Hui". In the Western Han Dynasty and the Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties, poems with material propositions appeared. When poetry reached its peak in the Tang Dynasty, the poems about objects also became rich and magnificent.
More than 5 authors who chanted peony poems in the Tang Dynasty mostly belonged to poets after the middle Tang Dynasty. Influenced by the New Yuefu Movement, they inherited the fine tradition of chanting poems developed from The Book of Songs and Songs of the South, and showed a realistic tendency in their creation.
We have left a series of vivid and vivid images by chanting peony in the Tang Dynasty. The image of the working people in the satirical poems about flowers, represented by Tian She Weng in Bai Juyi's poem "Buying Flowers", became a typical image group of poets in the Tang Dynasty and remained indelibly in our memory. The image of the flower-admiring person in the works of chanting flowers and expressing one's feelings is not the same because all the objects of chanting are peony flowers. "Looking at all the flowers is no better than some flowers, cut them off and dip them in cinnabar." (Xu Yin's "One of the Two Peony Poems") We can feel the vividness and distinctiveness of this image only through the manner of the flower watcher. "I would rather carry a pot into a drunken hometown," (Duan Ying's "Cows Respect Teachers' Houses to See Peony") This is a flower-appreciating person with a bold personality; "There is no need for complicated strings and songs, but there is more emotion in silence." (Wu Rong's Red and White Peony) This is a flower lover with an introverted personality. Some people describe the flower-watchers from different angles, "It is better to watch the flowers in the rain hand in hand when it is fine." (Dou Liangbin, "Looking at Peony in the Rain") This is to enjoy flowers in the rain; "A column of high and low shades is red, and the fire is surrounded by dew." (Wen Tingyun's "Watching Peony at Night") This is to enjoy flowers at night, so that "I just want to put a pillow on the side of the bar and talk about my homesickness at night." (Xue Neng's "Three Peony Poems"), its image will be vividly on the paper. The more fully the author describes the infatuation of the flower-watcher, the more prominent this image in the poem will be. There is also a description of the psychological changes of flower lovers, which will make the image and expression of the characters vivid and lifelike. Wang Jian has a poem entitled "Peony Flowers in Rented Houses":
Renting a house is a luxury, but it may be a demon at first.
the powder is dark purple and greasy, and the flesh color turns red and delicate.
I hope the wind stays, but I'm worried about the scorching sun.
poor scattered pistils, collect them as incense.
The whole poem describes a series of psychological changes of flower watchers in detail: "It's a demon to be afraid of opening at first". When you see the blooming peony in the rented house, it may be the first time! Aroused a feeling of surprise and fear, and even worried that it was a rare thing. "The pink light is purple and greasy, and the flesh color is red and delicate." The beautiful peony finally intoxicated him and immersed him in joy, so he deeply wished that the spring breeze would keep it and the scorching sun would not scorch it. However, when flowers bloom and fall, when the flowers have gone and fallen, pity urges him to collect the residual flowers again to make incense and place his reluctant feelings. A series of psychological depictions are very delicate, and the characters are also vivid, which has a strong artistic appeal. The images of flower-admiring people in the poems expressing feelings are mostly the reappearance of the poet's self-image, so we can feel the pulse of the poets' thoughts and feelings from these poems and see the ability of the Tang people to capture the images in the poems chanting peony.
There are many artistic features in the works of chanting peony in the Tang Dynasty. The charm of peony flowers has given poets rich imagination, for example, describing white and purple peony "white jade is not moist, purple ganoderma lucidum is not auspicious"; (Sun Fu's "Another Title on Peony") describes the fragrance of peony "Rui Kan Ling Feng Zhuo, Xiang Xu Bai Long Qin"; (Xu Yin's "He Servant Shoots Twenty-four Zhang Peony Eight Rhymes") describes the late stage and fall of peony flowers, "The blooming day should be eclipsed, and when it falls, Qing Di will be sad"; (Tang Yanqian's Peony) Imaginary wings travel thousands of miles, Wan Li, heaven and earth. In order to describe the peony's posture, poets used bold and exaggerated techniques:
The rain is charming at midnight, and the husband and the spring breeze smell good.
-Xu Yin's
Giving peony flowers again according to rhyme and history
It's useless to envy peony, but you dare not bloom because you're too ashamed to kill roses-Xu Ning's
Peony in Tikaiyuan Temple
these exaggerations describe and set off the appearance of peony.at first glance, it's strange to build a brick in the sky, but it's doubtful that the candle will come out. Go around in shock and feel red, and move to sit and feel red.
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Yao He's "Calling to See Peony with Wang Langzhong". The jade tent stays until the end of the day, and the Yao and Taiwan partners are waiting to die.
-Qi Ji has titled Peony in Nanping Back Garden
These are exaggerated descriptions of Shang Huashi. At the same time, when chanting peony, the poem also uses various ingenious personification techniques from the beginning.
I want to burst into laughter, but there is a song.
-Two Peony Poems by Wen Tingyun
Jin Ruixia is full of colorful fragrance, and the first suspected girl is out of the orchid room.
-Look at the Peony for Duan Chengshi by Zhou Yao
These are anthropomorphic ways to describe the peony as a beautiful woman. There is also a clever anthropomorphic technique, which is linked with the characters in historical legends to describe the beauty of peony.
Cut the Chu women towards the clouds, and cut the moonlight on the moths night
-Xu Yin's "Chasing the White Sherman and Chanting to Bai Mudan"
is cut in an easterly way, but it seems to show off the makeup of Xizi.
-Yin Wengui's "Assistant Minister Zhao looks at the red and white peonies and praises them for sending them up"
Song Yu's cheeks are tender, and Wen Jun's cotton is preliminarily cut.
-Xu Yin's Remembering the Peony
That is even more blinded by smoke, and the beauty of the south China is weeping.
-The Peony by Tang Yanqian
These personification techniques, which are associated with figures in historical legends, create a beautiful realm of employment and arouse readers' rich imagination.
When poets use various artistic techniques to describe peony, they don't just use a certain artistic technique, but integrate various artistic techniques in a comprehensive and diversified way, depicting the beauty of peony in many ways and aspects, so as to convey the thoughts and feelings of poets. In order to explain the application of various artistic techniques in chanting peony, we have made a general classification. In fact, rich imagination should be achieved through bold exaggeration and clever personification, and bold exaggeration contains clever personification, and clever personification also contains bold exaggeration, which is almost inseparable. Bai Juyi's "Peony Fang" is a good example, and its poem goes:
Peony Fang, Peony Fang, Golden Blossom and Ruby Room.
a thousand pieces of bright red glow, and a hundred branches of bright red light.
when the ground blooms with splendid satin, when the wind doesn't knot the musk deer sac.
the fairy tree is white and colorless, and the peach blossom of the queen mother is small and not fragrant.
the dew is light and purple, and the sunrise shines with red light.
there are shades of red and purple, and everything goes down with the back.
Ying Ye's affectionate and shy face makes him unable to contain drunken makeup.
low charming smile hides her mouth, brooding and complaining is like heartbroken.
the rich and expensive multimedia messages are fantastic, and the flowers and flowers are extremely messy.
The money of carnation is fine, and the peony of hibiscus is bitter ...
In Bai Juyi's works, rich imagination, bold exaggeration, clever personification, etc., all kinds of artistic techniques are combined in one furnace, making this poem like a Chinese painting, with delicate brushwork and freehand brushwork, which shows the charm of peony flowers and gives people an immersive feeling.
The language of chanting peony poems in the Tang Dynasty is mainly shallow and fluent, like Bai Juyi's poem "Deep meaning and shallow words, bitter thoughts and sweet words." (Yuan Mei) His poem "Buy Flowers" is aimed at "Yi Yu (Bai Juyi) who wants to see it, and it is approachable." The language of other poets' peony poems also shows this feature. For example, Ling Huchu wrote a poem "Go to Dongdu to say goodbye to Peony"
I haven't seen a small courtyard flower for ten years, and the purple calyx is in bloom and I'm away from home.
When you get on the horse and go out and look back, when will you get Beijing?
The language is simple and clear, and the love for flowers and the meaning of farewell overflow the poem. Liu Yuxi also wrote a poem "Farewell Peony to Linghu Chu"
A column of flowers in Pingzhang House was not at home when it arrived.
mo daoxi is not far away, and it is the end of the world outside the door in spring.
It's also shallow and fluent, and the farewell contains profound implications. When the two poems are read together, they are as homely as usual, but they also contain deep feelings. Using line drawing techniques, a beautiful realm with deep feelings and expressive words is created. It is precisely because of this language's superficial and fluent characteristics that the poet uses the technique of line drawing more often, and with a few strokes, he draws a lively picture, which contains endless meanings outside the poem. Xu Ning has a poem "Peony"