The literary achievements of ancient Greece are as follows: high artistic achievements, complete categories and great influence on the world.
The main literary achievements of ancient Greece are as follows: 1. Poetry. Ancient Greek poetry includes epic poems and lyric poems. Ancient Greek literature began with Homer's epic handed down in the 9th and 8th centuries BC. Homer's epics "Ilion Ji" and "Odysseus Ji" tell the story of the battle between Trojans and Greeks in ancient Asia Minor (then collectively referred to as achaean). According to legend, a professional musician named Homer wrote these two epics, and they were completely preserved. In addition, there are many oral literature similar to Homer's epic, but unfortunately it has long been lost.
At the end of the 8th century BC and the beginning of the 7th century BC, the poet hesiod left us two long narrative poems, Work and Time and Shenpu. His narrative poems belong to Homer's epic because they use the same meter and dialect, but the content is completely different from Homer's epic. In Work and Time, hesiod used allegorical tone to describe the hard work of farmers all the year round, the cruel exploitation of local nobles, and the good and bad luck on different days. The narrative is simple, without the romantic atmosphere described in Homer's epic. His other narrative poem, Divine Spectrum, tells the origin of the gods and tries to form a complete system of different myths and legends. From his legend about the origin of the universe, we can see the influence of the East in Asia Minor.
. In Sparta in the 7th century BC, the famous? Qin Song? This poet, Tepanderos, is said to come from Lesbos Island in the eastern Aegean Sea, and has many new creations in music and meter. At the beginning of the 6th century BC, near Lesbos Island in Asia Minor, there was a poem written in the local Ionian dialect. The main poets are Alcaeus and [[Sappho]], both of whom belong to clan nobles and oppose local tyrants, so they have to flee from time to time. There are carols, poems about war and politics, and songs about love in Alcaeus's 10 volume of poems, most of which are drinking songs. His poems are permeated with optimistic fighting spirit and some thoughts of loving the motherland and hometown. Sappho was the most famous poetess in ancient Greece. She wrote nine volumes of poetry, but only two have been handed down, and the rest are just broken chapters and simple notes. Her poems have sincere feelings, simple and natural language and touching power. Alcais Uss and Sappho both created their own unique poetic meter, which was imitated and used by later generations. An important lyric poet after them was Anacreon, who wrote five volumes of poems. Many poets in Alexandria imitated his works in the 3rd century BC. There are still people who imitate his drinking songs and love songs.
After Sappho, the center of ancient Greek lyric poetry shifted from the East to Athens and Sicily. In areas where aristocratic rule is preserved (mainly in areas where dorris people live) or where power belongs to tyrants, solemn and gorgeous choruses and hymns to gods are developed. The genre of chorus is more complex and the beat is more free. From the 7th century BC to the 5th century BC, it is recognized that lyric poetry in ancient Greece is the most prosperous era. The last poet of this era was Buck KiRidders, who also wrote many ode to the victors.
In the 9th century BC, China was in the early stage of the Eastern Expedition, and the earliest poet Qu Yuan in China was probably at the end of 4th century BC, obviously much later than these Greek poets. A hundred schools of thought contend a little later than Qu Yuan. And their achievement is only prose.
The earliest tragic writers include? Father of drama? Tespis, Corilos, they first introduced masks into drama. But Aeschylus, Sophocles and euripides are the most accomplished tragic writers in this period. The earliest tragic writers include? Father of drama? Tespis, Corilos, they first introduced masks into drama. But Aeschylus, Sophocles and euripides are the most accomplished tragic writers in this period.
And aristophanes, known as the father of comedy.
Third, philosophy.
Greece is the hometown of philosophy. Among the famous philosophers, Thales attributed everything to water and actually announced the birth of philosophy. We can assume that Thales was infected by the spirit of the times, and his ideas came from the mysterious enlightenment of the protector of the polis. But it is only a hypothesis that there are really too few historical materials. To be sure, Thales tried to find a kind of harmony from the moment reason was born, which is in line with religious facts.
Pythagoras contributed more because he left more historical materials, which also showed that he did more work. First of all, ask? Everything is based on numbers? Is this better than Thales? Water? A great progress in ontology. That's it? Count? , inspired people and later generations until Plato. Secondly, it affirms the harmony of numbers, thus actually admitting it? Heaven-man induction? And put it into action. Third, he put it? Count? Contact the gods, verify the relationship between philosophy and religion with mysticism, and establish your own religion? Not against the will of the Olympians. ? Proportion? It is a very important proposition of Pythagoras school, and it is actually about the practice of harmony. The theory of harmonious purification based on proportion has inspired many artists and doers in later generations? Maybe it contains the meaning of bondage.
Hera Crete's personality is a little different, and she is also sick. It is said that he is unpopular. But he was impressed by the greatness of nature in a larger field (which should have included society) and devoted his life to explaining his? Logos is called by modern philosophical language? Unity of opposites and struggle? The category of. Grasping the dialectics of nature not only achieved Heraclitus, but also defeated Heraclitus, that is, was defeated by the cosmic order? Logos？ Nihility based on skepticism. (European history) The only thing that is not empty is what he believes? Logos？ ; In fact, it has a harmonious nature. I found another contribution of Heraclitus from the complex clues of art: spillover theory? . Of course, the contribution is not only directed at art, but art is very sensitive? When the proper environment is provided. I will talk about it later.
The next philosopher is parmenides, whose historical mission seems to be specially set for Heraclitus. The Greek thought space fell into this? Far apart? In a dilemma The emergence of such a keen empedocles has settled the ideological pattern of the times? In other words, I did the simplest but most glorious job: overall consideration, mediocre. Later, Anaxagoras, and then Democritus, finally completed the interpretation of nature. The natural philosophy after Democritus has been in a low state for a long time, which was started by Socrates? People? Philosophy has become the darling of the ideological circle. The main reason lies not in natural philosophy itself, but in ever-changing social themes. It should be said that the social theme of the whole archaic period attracted people's interest in natural philosophy (as did religion). Democritus's atomism is also an aesthetic harmony theory, but it is out of keeping with the times (I mean utilitarianism here? Times? ), because humanism, which had been dormant throughout the antique period, woke up and immediately emerged from the ground, shaking out a large number from the soil? Wise man? . 16
Should I say Socrates is also one? Wise man? But he doesn't claim to be like this, but he is proud of it? Philosopher? . I said? Socrates starts first? People? Philosophy? It is also said in this sense. My prejudice may lie in ignoring what protagoras put forward? Man is the measure of everything? But I brought it up now.
Socrates attached importance to the purpose of existence, so that he could tolerate secular behavior that obviously violated the gods. Perhaps in fact, he has noticed the secularization of the gods. This is an unchangeable social fact. Socrates emphasized applicability, which he thought was proportion, harmony and purpose. This attitude eventually led to theological teleology.
It should be said that Socrates has not clearly felt the precariousness of the system in the early Republic of China, and he is still immersed in the prosperity formed since the Persian War. At least he believes in God. In a sense, it was the Greek-Persian war that gave birth to it? Human discovery? , also announced? The destruction of mankind? . Another significance of the Persian War is that it strengthened the belief of the gods and made them paranoid, but they began to preserve their evil hearts.
After Socrates was killed, Plato suddenly discovered the true meaning: the Greeks were destroying themselves, and the patron saint of the polis had lost his mind. So Plato decided to build another one? Religious circles, utopias, are famous for their supreme gods? Ideas? . What if Plato didn't use it then? Ideas? This word, but is it used? The supreme god? Or? Zeus? Then, we have every reason to believe that this is a change from polytheism to monotheism. The key point is that Plato didn't say so, which saved the dangerous situation that philosophy might go to theology. Plato's anyway? Utopia? It is actually a living model of totalitarianism. 18 After several social experiments failed, he proposed a feasible one. Country? Mode (but the ultimate goal is still utopia). What I want to say is that all Plato's works serve the ideal country (including the discussion on art). Of course, the interpretation and practice of his works in later generations may make Plato? Screaming in love with it? .
The footsteps of history have come before Aristotle, but Aristotle has no time to take care of it? His mental burden is too heavy. The task of summarizing nature belongs to Aristotle. Some people say that Socrates' contribution cannot be overemphasized. In fact, three generations of grandparents and grandchildren deserve this honor. Considering the intention of this paper, I would like to point out the following achievements of Aristotle (because these achievements are so skillful that it does not prevent me from naming them without explaining their meaning): harmony and order.
Fourth, history.
Herodotus Thucydides Xenophon.
Herodotus was called. Father of history? Thucydides, the author of History, wrote History of the Peloponnesian War.
Xenophon wrote about Greek history, responsibilities of cavalry commanders, riding, Agsilaus, income of Athens, etc.
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There are also mathematics, astronomy, physics, painting, sculpture, architecture and so on. Ancient Greece reached an incredible level and created a miracle in the history of world civilization.