His literary tradition is not only critically inherited and developed by Soviet writers through Gorky, but also has great influence in the world literary world. He put forward Tolstoyism in his literary creation and social activities, which had a far-reaching impact on many political movements.
Life:
Tolstoy was born into a noble family. 1 year old lost his mother,1year old lost his father. He was raised by relatives at home. 1845 was admitted to the oriental language department of Kazan university, studied Turkish and Arabic, failed the mid-term exam, and transferred to the law department the next year. He didn't concentrate on his studies and fell in love with social life, but at the same time he developed a strong interest in philosophy, especially moral philosophy, loved Rousseau's theory and his personality, and widely read literary works. 1847 In April, a school was established for farmers' children. 1 1 nominally worked in Tula Provincial Organs Administration Bureau, and was promoted to fourteen civil servants the following year 12. 185 1 year, Tolstoy and his brother went to the Caucasus as soldiers. 1852, he took part in a battle, showed courage and published the novel Childhood.
1848, Tolstoy, 20 years old.
Tolstoy read Turgenev's Hunter's Notes in 1853 and admired it very much. Tolstoy was transferred to the Danube front in 1854, participated in the siege of Sevastopol in the Crimean War, and wrote Youth, Youth and Sevastopol Tales.
Initial stage of creation
Tolstoy and his wife
Tolstoy began to write when he was in the Caucasus, and novels such as The Story of Sevastopol were published in Modern People. 1855, 165438+ 10. In October, he came to Petersburg and was welcomed by Turgenev and Necrasov. He met writers and critics such as Goncharov, Fett, ostrovsky, Drujinin, Annenkov and Botequim. Tolstoy was inclined to the views of Druzinin and others, but he thought that any art could not be divorced from social life. By 1859, he broke up with Modern People magazine. /kloc-retired with the rank of lieutenant at the end of 0/856. At the beginning of the following year, I went to France, Switzerland, Italy and Germany.
1856, he drafted a plan to liberate farmers by means of labor rent, and tried it out in his manor. 1860, the death of his eldest brother Nicholas deepened his pessimism. From 1859 to 1862, he almost dropped out of school. He founded more than 20 schools for farmers' children in Jasna Paulia and nearby rural areas, and studied the Russian and Western European education systems. From 1860 to 186 1, he also visited schools in Germany, France, Italy, Britain and Belgium. Later, he founded educational magazines such as Jasna Ya Pogliana. 1862 When he was out in July, his home was searched by military police for two days. Soon, he closed the school.
marry
Tolstoy in 1862, Sophia andreyev Na Thor Staja (сояандеевнаае) His relationship with his wife is still controversial. To be sure, most of the time they have a good life. His wife helped him manage the manor, which enabled Tolstoy to spend all his time on the meticulous carving of literary works. Here, Tolstoy left masterpieces such as War and Peace and Anna karenin to mankind. Each of his works has to be revised many times, and his wife is also responsible for copying and saving manuscripts.
Tolstoy in 1897.
After the wedding, the revolutionary situation gradually turned into a low tide, and he gradually overcame the ideological crisis. He divorced from social life, settled in the manor, bought real estate and lived a simple, quiet, harmonious and happy life. From 65438 to 0863, he wrote his masterpiece War and Peace in six years. 1866, attended the military court to defend soldier Spening. Spinning was slapped by the officer because he couldn't bear the abuse. Although Tolstoy ran for it, Schbunin was finally shot. This incident formed his opinion against the court and the death penalty.
Ideological transformation
Anna karenin (2)
1In September, 869, I passed by Al Zamasu on business, and suddenly felt an unprecedented sadness and horror in the hotel late at night. This is the so-called "terror of Zamasu". From the autumn of 1868 to the summer of 1869, he became interested in Schopenhauer's philosophy and was once influenced. From the early 1970s, he began a new ideological crisis and a new exploration period. He studied all kinds of philosophical and religious books, but he couldn't find the answer. These thoughts and feelings were clearly reflected in Anna karenin. He visited priests, bishops, monks and hermits, and got to know the farmer and independent Kang Shutayev. Finally, he completely denied the official church and accepted the belief of patriarchal farmers. Finally, under the strong influence of the new revolutionary situation and the great national famine at the turn of the 1970s and 1980s, he abandoned his class, completed the transformation of the world outlook brewed in 1960s and turned to the position of patriarchal farmers. In Confessions (1879 ~ 1880) and other papers, he extensively expounded the process of his ideological transformation. However, he opposed violent revolution, advocated Christian fraternity and self-cultivation, and sought ways to solve social contradictions from religion and ethics. Tolstoy is original. From then on, Tolstoy hated himself and the aristocratic life around him, engaged in manual labor from time to time, farmed and sewed shoes by himself, built houses for farmers, refused luxury and became a vegetarian. He also changed his view of literature and art, denouncing his past works of art, including War and Peace, as "grandstanding games", shifting the focus of his creation to papers and political opinions, directly propagating his social, philosophical and religious views, and exposing the evils of landlord and bourgeois society. The scripts, short stories and folk stories written at that time were also for this purpose. He also engaged in a wide range of social activities: 188 1 year, because his children were studying, his family moved to Moscow, he visited slums, participated in the 1882 Moscow population survey, and got a deeper understanding of the life of the lower classes in the city; 188 1 year, he wrote to Alexander III, requesting pardon for the revolutionaries who assassinated Alexander II. 189 1, he wrote to the editorial departments of Russian News and New Times, renouncing the copyright of his works written after 188 1; From 189 1 to 1893 and 1898, we organized rescue activities for the affected farmers in Ryazan and Tula provinces. He also worked hard to protect the Morocan and Du Hobl persecuted by the official church, and decided in 1898 to use the full reward of resurrection to help Du Hobl immigrate to Canada.
Tolstoy organized famine relief in 189 1
From the mid-1990s of 19, Tolstoy strengthened his critical attitude towards social reality, and he often expressed doubts about his charity and anti-evil thoughts. This is reflected in Haze-Miao La and other works. The czar's government had long tried to imprison or exile him because of his article "On Famine", but it stopped because of his prestige and public opinion. At this time, because of the publication of Resurrection, he was accused of opposing God and not believing in the afterlife. 190 1 was excommunicated in the name of Russian Orthodox Church. This decision caused protests all over the world, but Tolstoy took it in stride. In the same year, because the Tsar government suppressed the student movement, he wrote "To the Tsar and His Assistant". The following year, he sent a letter to Nicholas II, demanding people's freedom and abolishing private ownership of land. 1904 writing against the Russo-Japanese War. He sympathized with the revolutionaries and welcomed the revolution, but he did not understand and avoid the 1905 revolution. After the failure of the revolution, he opposed the cruel killing of revolutionaries by the czar government and wrote I Can't Be Silent.
old age
Tolstoy tried to run away from home again and again in 1882 and 1884 after his world outlook changed dramatically. This intention is reflected in his works in the 1980s and 1990s. In the last few years of his life, he realized the awakening of farmers, and he was pessimistic and disappointed because he was far away from their thoughts and emotions. I feel very uneasy about the lifestyle of the landlord manor that I don't believe in. The dispute between disciple Tolstoy and his wife made him feel more bitter.
1908 Tolstoy is in the study.
Tolstoy, 1908.
Before Tolstoy left home, the extent of his break with his wife was well known. One night, the husband and wife quarreled again. Later, Tolstoy's wife knelt down and begged Tolstoy to read the poems and essays written by her husband in his early years for her to find the original sweetness, but Tolstoy was already dead. Finally, I left Jasna Ya Pogliana secretly on 19 10 year1October 28th. He suffered from pneumonia on the way and died at Astabovo Station on June 7th165438+1October 20th (Gregorian calendar165438+1October 20th). According to his last words, the body was buried in the forest of Jasna Ya Pogliana. There are no tombstones and crosses on the grave.