Dai Fugu (1167 ~ 1248? ) likes roaming, and is famous for his poems.
The Jianghu Poetry School in the Southern Song Dynasty was a group of poets with Jianghu travelers as the main body at that time. Jianghu travelers belonging to this school of poetry are social strata composed of lower intellectuals. The emergence of Jianghu Poetry School is a literary phenomenon as well as a social phenomenon.
Jianghu Poetry School rose in the early 13th century, that is, in the middle of the Southern Song Dynasty. At that time, Jiangxi's poetic style, which was in its heyday, began to decline, and Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda, Lu You and others, who represented the highest achievements of poetry creation in the Southern Song Dynasty, died one after another. Poetry, which has always been lively, began to get lonely. The earliest people who broke this loneliness were the "Four Spirits": Xu Zhao, Xu Ji, Weng Juan, and Zhao Shixiu. Xu Ji, the word to the middle, and the word Yuan Wen,No. Lingyuan; Weng Juan, the word continues to be ancient, and the word is refreshing; Zhao Shixiu, the word Zizhi, is also called Lingxiu, also known as Ganoderma lucidum, and is called Tianle. The four people are both from Yongjia (now Wenzhou) in the Southern Song Dynasty, and they are called "Yongjia Four Spirits" because they all have the word Ling in their font size. These four Yongjia poets, encouraged by Ye Shi, a great scholar, advocated Yao and Jia Hanzhen. Their poems are characterized by narrow boundaries and skillful language, and they are known as "Yao Jia" and opposed to "Jiangxi", thus injecting a fresh air into the poetry world. The creation of "Four Spirits" was admired and imitated by a large number of Jianghu poets at the same time. In the first year of Baoqing (1225), Chen Qi, a bookstore in Qiantang, compiled some poems with the works of Jianghu poets as the main body at that time and carved them into Jianghu Collection, which objectively summarized the creative achievements of Jianghu poems before Baoqing. Around him, he attracted a group of Jianghu poets, which further promoted the popularity of Jianghu poetic style. While the Jianghu poets are expanding their activities, a leader, Liu Kezhuang, appears. Among the Jianghu poets, Liu Kezhuang not only has the highest creative achievements, but also has rich and profound creative theories. He likes to guide young people and reward them for falling behind, so he is followed by many people. At the same time, he was not satisfied with keeping pace with the "Four Spirits", but led a group of Jianghu poets to open up creative fields, which deepened the poetic style of Jianghu. In this way, the Jianghu Poetry School, with the "Four Spirits" as the pioneer, Chen Qi as the voice and gas contact and Liu Kezhuang as the leader, formally appeared as a group and became the main force that enveloped the poetry circles in the middle and late Southern Song Dynasty.
There are as many as 138 members of the Jianghu Poetry School. Such a large number of poets came into being in the background of the further deterioration of the political and economic situation and the great changes in cultural thoughts in the Song Dynasty. In the cultural history, they are often called Jianghu tourists or Jianghu hackers. Lin Xiyi's "Sequel to the Eleventh Draft of Zhuxi Zhai", Volume 13, "Postscript Yu Rong Lin's Poems" said: "The poems of this world are flourishing, and they are used in the rivers and lakes, and those who think that they are useful for sightseeing. Less is a volume, more is a collection, long and orderly, short and postscript. Although in the meantime, the old people also have satirists, and everyone is unconscious. " Fang Hui commented on Dai Fugu's "Send to Xun Mei" in Volume 2 of Ying Kui Lv Sui, saying: "Since Qingyuan and Jiading, there have been poets paying their respects. There are many followers of Liu Guogai in Longzhou, including Shi Ping. It' s a common practice, and it' s not a matter of doing business. The book, which seeks the only way, is called a' broad plaque', and the poem, which has won thousands or even tens of thousands. For example, Song Qian, the father of Hushan, was self-deprecating, paid a visit to Jia Sidao, and got 2, yuan to build a Chinese residence. Qiantang Lake Mountain, this Cao Shizhen is a group. " Zhao Wen's "Castle Peak Collection, Poet's Hall" said: "Modern scholars ... are beneficial to poets. ..... Yi test a person, clothes don't change fresh. Fortunately, it hasn't been changed, and it's rare to look at it in the east of the city without looking at it. "From these records written by writers in the late Song or Song and Yuan Dynasties, we can see that: First, customers have formed a wider group; Secondly, the main means of paying homage to customers is poetry; Third, the main target of the visit is dignitaries and dignitaries; Fourth, the purpose of paying homage is to beg for money. All these constitute the basic characteristics of Jianghu hackers. In this regard, previous scholars think that it reflects the despicable character of these literati; Looking at it from another angle, it actually reflects the changes in China's cultural tradition from the development to the Song Dynasty, especially the Southern Song Dynasty.
Being an official and being secluded are two basic lifestyles of intellectuals in China feudal society. Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, these two ways have actually gone hand in hand, and there is no longer any contradiction. Wang Kangju's "A big faint tomb, a small faint one facing the city" ("Anti-recruiting hidden poems") has found the best support for those real or so-called literati who are invisible in the city and have a heart of mountains and forests, so that they can be openly employed without any psychological obstacles. However, in the Southern Song Dynasty, Jianghu tourists wandered around the gate of power, begged for private books, and begged for extra money. They were neither willing to take the imperial examination nor to stay in the mountains, thus becoming a group that was neither "big seclusion" nor "small seclusion", which made this tradition tilt. In particular, it is worth mentioning that many of them have been roaming the rivers and lakes all their lives, and pursuing material enjoyment is their main or even all life content. This situation reflects the influence of the increasingly developed commodity economy on scholars. If compared with many descriptions in this novel that reflect citizens' consciousness, which advocate getting rich and pursuing material enjoyment, it is really in harmony. Moreover, Jianghu hackers visit rivers and lakes with poems, and get the support of dignitaries by offering poems, which makes Confucius think that "you can prosper, you can watch, you can group and you can complain." The poem "Your father is the thing that matters, and your husband is the thing that matters far away" has become a concrete means of making a living, which is also a big change. It means that poetry has changed from being dependent on politics to being dependent on economy. Poetry has entered the market objectively, so it is possible for poets to exist independently as a profession. In this case, the spread of art can be achieved through the intermediary of the art market and controlled by the law of value of the art market to achieve certain economic benefits. Therefore, the commercialization of art may become the premise for artists to express their independent personality. It is in this sense that we believe that we should pay enough attention to the significance of this phenomenon, although we should also know the inadequacy of its commercialization and the corresponding disadvantages.
Although the emergence of Jianghu Poetry School has various literary inevitability, the role of Chen Qi, a bookseller, is obviously extremely important. As far as his publishing activities are concerned, he printed many collections of poets in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, which not only catered to the prevailing poetry style in the late Tang Dynasty at that time, but also played a role in fueling the situation to some extent. Of course, his contribution is mainly reflected in his contact with Jianghu poets through opening a book shop.
First of all, he publishes poems for poets in Jianghu at the same time, and often has the identity of choosing a family. Huang Wenlei's "Looking at the Clouds" said in the preface: "If you look at the clouds, you will find it, and the material will stop there. Since the "Zhaojun Qu", Mr. Gaijing has printed Zhengyun. " Xu Wei's "Four Drafts of Plum House" said in a postscript: "There are four or fifty poems in Jiachen and Spring, and you can record them for friends." Zhang Zhilong's preface to "Deleting the Remains in the Snow Forest" said: "I have been addicted to singing for forty years, and the number of people who have deleted or revised it is four. Mr. Bi Chengyunju is also a small editor, but he is only one-fourth of the ears. ..... Yu Sui and Mr. Yunju picked out several verses from the manuscript, which were called "Deletion". " Chen Qi chose the works of these three poets as a small collection, of course, with the purpose of making them easy to sell, but it is undeniable that there are artistic considerations. Chen Qi's aesthetic view, that is, his preference for late Tang poetry, will inevitably affect his choice of published books. Because it is common and rare for Chen Qi to publish poems for Jianghu poets, his influence is naturally reflected in it.
Secondly, he often asks for poems directly from poets, which is similar to soliciting contributions from current publishing houses. Huang Wenlei's example has been seen above. Another example is one of the two songs in Wei Zhen's "Xun Zhai Xiao Ji, Giving Books to Chen Jieyuan": "Fortunately, Xun Zhai is known by few people, and it is appropriate to sleep after a full meal. Just being gabbed by others, Erythrina took a guest to beg for poetry. " Zhao Shixiu's "Poems of Qingyuanzhai to Chen Zongzhi" said: "Every time you leave a celebrity to drink, you will repeatedly ask the old lady to sing." This shows that Chen Qi always pays attention to the creation of Jianghu poets at the same time and keeps the closest contact with them. As the basic authors of Chen Zhai's book shop, Jianghu poets naturally get Chen Qi's encouragement and support for their creation.
Thirdly, Chen Qi's bookstore was an activity center of Jianghu poets at that time. You can borrow books from him, such as Zhang Yi's Qiu Jiang Tobacco Borrowing Books from Chen Zongzhi in Summer: "There are so many books on the case that you should borrow them." Zhao Shixiu's "Poems of Qing Yuan Zhai to Chen Zongzhi": "I feel that the book is burnt out, so I can borrow it when I can find it." In this way, his bookstore has the nature of a library. In addition, he also gave books to some poor people who could not afford to buy books, allowing them to buy books on credit. For example, "Four Manuscripts of Meiwu Chen Zongzhi Stacked Books and Poems to Thank You": "If you have a new issue, you must send it to me, and I will miss you whenever I am in a good place." Huang Jian's Qiu Huai sends Chen Zongzhi: "I am ashamed of Chen Zhengshi, but I don't ask for money on credit." In this way, his bookstore is not entirely commercial; And a large group of Jianghu poets gathered around him, which was not entirely utilitarian. Entitled "Sixty Small Collections of Southern Song Dynasty" compiled by Chen Qi, 18 of the 6 poets were paid to sing with him, which shows his appeal and attraction at that time.
Of course, what best reflects Chen Qi's influence is his Jianghu Collection published in the first year of Baoqing (1225). This collection, which mainly included the works of Jianghu poets at that time, marked the beginning of Jianghu Poets' influence on the poetic world and dominated the generation of coquettish poets. As soon as the book was published, it caused great repercussions. At that time, the famous Han Lian wrote a poem praising the cloud: "Carving Shen Xie Tao ranks first, and peeling Wei Chen Du is not humble. Who cleaned up after ZTE? Self-adaptation has been uneven for a long time. " It should be said that Chen Qi played a very important role in the appearance of Jianghu poets as a group in the poetry circle. In the ancient literature of China, there are various reasons for the emergence of schools, but it is still rare that a bookseller can promote the formation of a school. Although later booksellers did not have such a close relationship with a literary school as Chen Qi did, their functions became more and more extensive and obvious. Especially in the Ming and Qing dynasties, various thoughts came one after another, during which the activities of booksellers often played a role in catering or promoting. For example, during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, there was a strong trend of engraving old books, which was obviously related to the retro movement; The book engraving industry at the time of Ganjia in Qing Dynasty seems to cooperate with the emergence of Ganjia School. Up to modern times, Mao Dun, Ye Shengtao and other organizations organized literary research societies, edited novels monthly and other publications, and Guo Moruo, Yu Dafu and other organizations organized creative societies, edited various publications of Creation, which had a great influence at that time. These two organizations later formed two schools, which had something to do with their publishing activities. Standing at the height of the whole academic and cultural history, we can see its unique significance by looking back at Chen Qi's activities.
On the theme of poetry, Jianghu Poetry School also has its own characteristics. Here are two points that deserve special mention. First, we should fully affirm the political reality of Jianghu poems, instead of saying that this genre is "trivial and trivial in content, afraid to touch the main problems of society at that time" without analysis, as some scholars did in the past. There are more than 18 poems with political connotations in Sixty Small Collections of Southern Song Dynasty, which contains 534 poems. Through specific investigation, we found that all the major current events related to national security at that time were almost reflected in the works of Jianghu poets. For example, Gu Jian Song (Volume II) of Wild Valley Poems by Zhao Ruzhen, Old Man's Travel by Lu Xiang, and Mao Xie's Travel by Jiawu River, etc., or by writing "Celebrating the Northern Expedition", they expressed their expectation for the restoration of the great cause; Or write about the harm that Wu Xi, the deputy envoy of Sichuan Xuanfu, caused to the Southern Song regime; Or express their own views on the joint destruction of gold by Song and Meng, all of which are saturated with a profound sense of reality. Jianghu poets have also written excellent works to expose the importance of renting and paying taxes in the Southern Song Dynasty and sympathize with the sufferings of people's livelihood. For example, Zhao Ruzhen's "Two Poems on Farming and Weaving" contrasts the misery of farmers' lives with the exploitation of the ruling class, revealing the darkness of society incisively and vividly, and was rated by Mr. Qian Zhongshu as "the most fluent Song Dynasty poem to write this unreasonable phenomenon (that is, those who work don't get it, those who get it don't work)" (Notes on Selected Poems of Song Dynasty). In fact, this conclusion can also be drawn from the whole ancient poetry. It can be said that this kind of works is a reflection of the political and social image of the Southern Song Dynasty. Second, we should see that Jianghu poets have unique experiences in their life of detention. As we all know, the ancients had a strong local concept. They yearned for peace and nostalgia for their homeland, and they instinctively rejected service. However, the social environment and personal life are not free to choose, and people have to leave their homes and travel hard because of various needs. Therefore, homesickness and hatred have become the eternal theme in China's ancient literature. But the same theme, in different people, the level of feeling and the way of expression are different. Comparing Jianghu poets with Nandu poets, although the latter also writes about homesickness and hatred, it always contains the connotation of national disaster at the same time. It is difficult for us to find a careful description of our personal life in their poems on the journey. Deep feelings of regret dilute their introspection on their way of life, which leads to their rough outline of homesickness and hatred. Jianghu poets, on the other hand, are not. Although the life style of service is their choice to improve their situation, this road often leads to the unknown future. Therefore, the changes in nature and the warmth and coldness of human feelings make them doubly sensitive; And the hardships of the guest road and the bitterness of the journey make them feel more nuanced. In this way, in their works, the wandering life is often more documentary, more close and more delicate. For example, in their works, they always love to write about early morning and late night, because these two periods are particularly stimulating to their hearts. For another example, there are a lot of friendship themes in their works, which are also related to their wandering feelings. All these reflect the uniqueness of this group.
On the whole, the artistic level of Jianghu poems is not high. However, as the product of that particular era and the spiritual activity of that particular group, it has its special cognitive value. As for Jianghu poems, the predecessors often sneered at them: first, they were "small", second, they were "coarse" and third, they were "vulgar". If you don't wear colored eyes, can this be understood as an aesthetic taste different from that of your predecessors? This involves the aesthetic taste of Jianghu poets. First of all, there is a delicate beauty in Jianghu poems, which includes four aspects: smallness, cleverness, delicacy and delicacy. It is true that Jianghu poems are small in weather and system, but this is not necessarily their failure. Life is multifaceted, and literature, as a means of expressing life, should also be colorful. Although the mountains and peaks are spectacular, the small bridges and flowing water can also give people beautiful enjoyment. However, Jianghu poets are not good at long stories, which only shows that their talents are small and their hobbies are partial, so they can't fully master various genres. Besides, I'm afraid it has something to do with why they have been coquettish for decades. On the contrary, if they obliterate this characteristic of themselves and are too strong to think that they can, what awaits them is only failure. Secondly, there is a beauty of truthfulness in Jianghu poems, which is embodied in the laissez-faire and unrestrained truthfulness, especially in the confession of personal desires. Such as Wei Chan's Poems "Prospering Zhao Shuai in the Upper Dragon" and Liu Guo's Poems "Knowing Pingjiang in the Upper Yuan Wenchang". This emotional form has a certain influence on the poetic style. Jianghu poems are often accomplished in one go,