The Book of Songs is the first collection of poems in the history of China literature. It consists of 305 poems, each of which has a preface to introduce its content and significance. The first book Guanju has a general preface besides a small preface, which is the first poetic monograph in ancient China.
Zheng Xuan, a Confucian scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty, wrote "Notes" for Mao Zhuan, while Confucius wrote "Justice in Shi Mao" in the Tang Dynasty.
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This version of The Book of Songs was handed down from Mao's poems. As the first collection of poems in the history of China literature, The Book of Songs consists of 305 poems, which were edited by Confucius and taught by his disciples, and became popular all over the world. Undeniably, The Book of Songs has a great influence on the ideology and culture of the Chinese nation, and Mao Heng and Achyranthes bidentata have played a vital role in its spread to this day.
According to the Records of Hanshu, The Book of Songs by Zheng Xuan in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Notes on Mao Poems by Confucius in the Tang Dynasty and Justice in the Five Classics, by the early Warring States Period, Yuan Gu of Qi, Shen Pei of Lu, Han Ying of Yan, Mao Heng of Hejian, etc. had all studied and lectured. "Mao Heng wrote the justice of Mao's poems in his home, and the river was dedicated to the king." Mao Heng taught Shi Mao Zhengyi to Scapharca subcrenata (according to the research of relevant scholars today, Mao Heng and Scapharca subcrenata are uncles and nephews).
During the Three Kingdoms period, Wu Ren Lu Ji wrote Mao Shi, Plants, Birds, Animals, Insects and Fish: "Confucius deleted the book and awarded it to Zhao, followed by Lu Zengshen, Li Ke, Zhong Zi, Meng Zhongzi, Gen Mouzi, Qing, Qing Maoheng and Heng Wei's Biography. However, there are different records in Lu Deming's Preface to Classic Interpretation in the Tang Dynasty: "Xia awarded Gao Hangzi, Xue Cangzi awarded Gao Hangzi, Xue Cangzi awarded him, and Hejian Damao Gong, and he wrote Teacher Training Biography as a gift to Zhao Xiaomao Gong. "
Through textual research on historical books, local chronicles, cultural relics, ancient books and legends, it can be affirmed that among Hejian Confucian scholars, the most famous one is Scapharca subcrenata, who was awarded a doctorate in Confucian classics by Liu De. The Book of Songs told by Li Mao is called "Shi Mao" in the world. Since Zheng Xuan annotated Mao's poems in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the number of Mao's poems has gradually increased, and the other three have been lost. The Book of Songs read today was handed down from generation to generation by Mao Heng and Scapharca subcrenata. Epitaph of Zhen Yun, Shangshu Festival, Ministry of Military Affairs of the Ming Dynasty: "Gong () received Mao poems at the age of seven, changed to Shangshu at the age of eleven, supplemented his doctoral brother at the age of nineteen, and rewarded Du Jian."
The founder of folding and editing this Mao poem
Shi Mao was founded by Mao Heng of Lu and Fang Zhouzi of Zhao. Among them, three writers, Lu, Qi and Han, are today's writers, and they were established as official schools in the Han Dynasty. Mao's poems came out late, which belong to the study of ancient classics in China. The annotations of Mao's poems are concise, and there are few theological superstitions. It has not been established as an official school, and it can only be taught among the people in China. It was valued in the Eastern Han Dynasty and allowed to be taught openly in the imperial court. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zheng Xuan, a master of Confucian classics, collected an ancient classic of Confucian classics, Biography of Shi Mao, which was mainly annotated by Shi Mao. Since then, the three poems have gradually declined. "Records of Gyeonggi" said: "Qi poetry died in Wei, Lu poetry died in Western Jin and Han poetry died in Song".
Fold and edit this passage from generation to generation
As the first collection of poems (or music songs) in China, The Book of Songs has always had a lofty position and far-reaching influence since it was compiled in the 6th century BC. It is the glorious starting point of China's poetry, which has been imprisoned for thousands of years. Compared with Lu, Han and Qi, Mao's poems came from behind and flourished in the world, but the three have died out one after another. This edition of the Book of Songs is Mao Shi.
Shi Mao's preface refers to Shi Mao's preface. The predecessors called the preface of the book a "big preface", and called every essay with similar problem-solving nature a "small preface". Each of Mao's poems in The Book of Songs has a small preface, which briefly describes the theme, author and writing background of the poem. It seems to be the special task of the preface to prove poetry with history. By the end of the Han Dynasty, when Zheng Xuan, a great scholar, proved poetry with history, poetry got more detailed development. According to the country and era of the Book of Songs, he systematically sorted out historical materials, compiled a collection of poems, set the time for almost every poem, and also made Mao Shizhen, which gave more play to the background and history of each poem. Under the preface to Guan Ju, there is a long article that comprehensively discusses the nature, characteristics, production, social function, content characteristics, genre and expression of poetry, which is called the preface to poetry. The preface mainly explains the enlightenment function of poetry, "words are beyond poetry" and emphasizes "beauty". Under the guidance of this function, poetry is required to be gentle, gentle, implicit and euphemistic, and "lyricism ends with propriety".
Who is the author of Preface to Mao Poetry? In the past, most people thought that Preface was the name of Xia Zi, but maybe who wrote it; The preface is thought to be written by both big and small hairs. Lu Ji's Poems on Plants, Birds, Animals, Insects and Fish: "Confucius deleted the poems and gave them as a preface to give them to Lu Zengshen, Li Ke, Zhong Zi, Meng Zhongzi, Gen, Qing, Lu Maoheng and Heng as exegesis." At that time, people called Heng a big hairy man and Zhong a little hairy man. "It is impossible to judge whether Confucius deleted poems, and the author of the preface is probably not without a hand.
After discussion, many scholars pointed out that the Preface to Mao's Poems retained the old theory of pre-Qin, and the possible authors may include Confucius, Xunzi, Mencius and even the poet himself. It may also include the writings of post-Han Confucianism (such as Mao Heng, Ma Rong, Jia Kui and Wei Hong). According to Ye Fan's "The Scholars in the Later Han Dynasty", "Wei Hong Prefaces Mao's Poems", and the revised "Sui Shu Classics", Wei Hong and other Han Confucianism have supplemented and benefited the works of Shang Bo and Mao Heng. Although there is controversy about whether Wei Hong's Preface is Shi Mao's Preface, it is undeniable that Shi Mao's Preface supplements and develops the old theory in pre-Qin period in some aspects, which constitutes a relatively complete theory. Therefore, it is not unreasonable to regard Preface to Shi Mao as a summary of Confucian poetic theory from pre-Qin to Han Dynasty.
For more than two thousand years, people have different attitudes towards Preface to Mao Shi. There is a long-standing dispute between respecting the order and abolishing it, and there are also different lawsuits about its author and overall evaluation. The dispute of abolishing respect in ancient times was nothing more than using one feudal Confucian school to oppose another and replacing another with one feudal Confucian school.
Modern people's praise and criticism of Preface to Mao Poetry can be divided into several stages. First of all, after the May 4th Movement, the ideological trend against criticizing Mao's Preface advocated to explore the original meaning of the Book of Songs with democratic and scientific ideas, based on the text and background of the times. Because Mao's Preface is the center of the feudal meaning of Chinese studies, it was attacked on a large scale, and it was listed as Mao's Preface with a book history, a side meeting, a beautiful thorn, a literary meaning and a feudal propaganda. Secondly, after 1950s, people thought that there was no question of which school to interpret poetry, such as Sinology, Song Studies, Neo-Sinology and even the "independent thinking" school, etc., all misinterpreted the meaning of poetry to varying degrees to promote feudal enlightenment.
Since the new period, people have basically affirmed that the Preface to Shi Mao is a systematic and complete preface in the ancient interpretation of The Book of Songs, which retains more ancient theories in the pre-Qin period and is superior to various interpretations circulated in the Han Dynasty. Moreover, its ancient sequence is the closest to the era of the Book of Songs, and many of them are about the purpose, creative background and origin of poetry. So now most people think that we should respect and abandon nothing, examine and analyze them one by one, and discover the original meaning of The Book of Songs with a scientific attitude.