Cave dwelling is a major feature of Shanxi folk houses, so there are many records in local chronicles, such as The Records of Ji Zhou compiled by Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty.
People wear soil as a kiln, which saves labor and can be used for a hundred years. Those who come into the room like a floor with twists and turns. Every time you pass a village, you can see it from a distance. The low wall is sparse, with several layers of high and low, and the joints are tight and vivid. If the slope is high and the road is steep and narrow, the old man drives the calf and the young woman draws water. Climbing up and down is quick and painless. The flat land is also a kiln, with many bricks, difficult to buy mountain wood, and the kiln is cool in summer and warm in winter.
Yongzheng years "Yueyang County Records" also recorded the cave folklore theory:
Digging a hole is convenient for writers, and children and grandchildren are longer. Where have you spent many years of your life? Only at the edge of the broken kiln cave, tigers and wolves are used to fighting, with more than 3 thousand mountains and seas.
On September 21st, 20th year of Jiaqing (1815123), a large number of houses collapsed. The main area of the earthquake is Pinglu County, where there are "more than 20,000 houses collapsed and more than 20,000 caves" (Chronology of Natural Disasters in Shanxi, Jason). From the proportion of cave collapse caused by earthquake, we can roughly see the proportion of cave in residential structure.
Before the Boxer Rebellion, a missionary in Shanxi described the caves he saw at that time as follows: "Many villages are made up of caves dug in a special loess layer, and the front of the caves are made of bricks or stones. The location of the caves is very good-on the edge of the sloping hillside-arranged in layers, and there is a narrow path in front of each layer of caves. These houses are warm in winter and cool in summer, but the biggest drawback is that they cannot be ventilated. " ((British) Shanxi Missionaries in the Period of Edwards Boxer Rebellion)
The Chronicle of Dingxiang, revised in the Republic of China, said: "The earth kiln near the mountain is also inhabited."
The above materials show the important position of cave dwellings in Shanxi since the Qing Dynasty. In fact, caves have survived to modern times and have its advantages. First of all, caves are built according to local conditions and local materials. It uses the loess layer of the loess plateau to save wood, develop underground space and occupy less flat land. Secondly, caves can make full use of natural conditions, because it has less contact with the atmosphere and slow conduction, so caves are warm in winter and cool in summer, which can reduce heating or cooling facilities. According to the measurement, the temperature in the cave is between 10-22 degrees Celsius and the relative humidity is between 30% and 75%, which is less disturbed by various radioactive substances and noises in the atmosphere. Therefore, in the case of underdeveloped productivity in modern China, it naturally became a major form of folk houses.
In modern times, the types and quality of caves in Shanxi have made great progress. In terms of variety, there are horizontal holes, that is, the soil slope is cut vertically next to the loess cliff, and then the hole is dug horizontally. These caves are dug along the mountain with good lighting, and sometimes they are dug into a row of porous caves according to the mountain situation, forming "high and low floors"; There is also the so-called "underground kiln", that is, a square pit is dug from the loess flat, then caves are drilled around the pit, and a slope "kiln road" is dug next to the pit as the entrance, which is the scene of "hiding underground", "smoke rising from the flat", "driving over the roof" and "coming down from the ground" as mentioned in ancient poems and ballads. There are also places where stones are produced in mountainous areas, where bluestone is taken to build bluestone kilns or brick kilns. Although it is not dug into a kiln, it is made of masonry, but it also belongs to a cave. In terms of cave quality, there has also been a significant improvement in recent times. The front of the cave is made of brick or stone, with doors and windows. Sometimes the interior is made of bricks and stones on the loess surface, then smeared with mud and even painted the walls. At the same time, the internal structure is also dug into multiple suites and floors.
The second feature of modern dwellings in Shanxi is brick quadrangles, which mostly exist in the small plain of Fenhe Basin. The terrain here is not convenient to dig caves, but loess and coal are raw materials for firing bricks and tiles, creating favorable conditions for their production. Of course, in these areas, the broad masses of people mainly use adobe to build walls and slag-topped bungalows, or use some bricks. However, since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Shanxi's commercial activities have been developed, especially since the middle of Qing Dynasty, the commercial development of banks has been very prosperous and accumulated considerable wealth. In Pingchuan, Shanxi Province, the construction of brick houses is very popular, generally quadrangles, three courtyards, but also into two or three courtyards, and even several courtyards are connected in series to form a complex. For example, Ding Cun in Xiangfen County and Qiaojiabao in Qixian County are among the buildings that are now used as folk museums. As described by the missionaries in the Qing Dynasty, "In the native areas, many villages are flat-topped, and well-built houses have tall towers, showing the style of out-of-town villages. Even in areas where such exquisite buildings cannot be built, most houses in Shanxi are solid brick walls and tile roofs "(ibid.). This kind of brick courtyard is not only suitable for natural conditions, but also the needs of small-scale peasant economy and commercial capital at that time, and it is also the product of several generations of big families and paternalism. Because at that time, the family was actually both a production unit and a consumption unit, and quadrangles, three-dimensional quadrangles and even more buildings were all living forms that adapted to this condition and requirement.
In modern dwellings in Shanxi, caves and brick houses have two other common features, namely, heatable adobe sleeping platform and heatable adobe sleeping platform. The heatable adobe sleeping platform is a place to rest and sleep, and also a heating device. In the history of Shanxi and northern China, wooden beds were generally not used, but kang made of bricks or adobe. It is against the wall on three sides, and the interior of the kang is made of bricks or adobe, with one end passing through the channel in the wall to the roof, which is the smoke outlet, and the stove fire with one end connected to the kang is the heat source. Daughter-in-law put firewood in the stove and cooked it in a large iron pot. The hot air passes through the passage to heat the whole kang. The family sat cross-legged on the kang and ate around the kang table. Mother-in-law sits on the kang and scoops vegetables to eat, or the whole family sits on the kang and gossips. When the guests come, let them take off their shoes and smoke and drink tea around the kang table. This is a picture of farmers' life in Shanxi in modern times and even in modern times. In some economically rich places, it is more convenient to keep warm by passing the fire path through the whole wall (the famous fire wall).
Another feature related to Kang is that on the wall opposite to the three walls of Kang, about one meter away from the surface of Kang, various patterns and images are painted with paint, which is the famous "Kang Wai" in history. The picture is called Kangwai Painting. This practical art reflects the spiritual life of modern farmers in content. There are historical stories and legends, such as "Liu Hai hits the golden toad" and "Liu Hai hits the golden toad", and there are also "more than one year's company", "icing on the cake" and "four happy gatherings", which include farmers' yearning for life and educational significance for family members at that time.
The characteristics of Shanxi folk houses in modern times are an integral part of the traditional culture of the motherland, which shows the wisdom of working people in the struggle against nature in social life in history, and is also full of rich life interest and local flavor. Respondent: shanexing | level | 2011-3-1013: 22.
Your topic is not difficult, but the specific style and so on are not clear about your requirements.
In fact, if you want to accurately locate your article and complete it according to your requirements, I suggest you find an article writing shop. There is a Taobao writer here. You can use Want Want plus "yintaoabc". This shop has been in business for a year, and I have always supported it. This will not only complete your task, but also give you regular composition and writing guidance, and you can also find them to customize your composition. By the way, they are having a discount now, because of the anniversary, hehe. Anyway, many comments are very good, you can go and have a look, and the answer will be very rewarding: Xiao Li is very real | Grade 8 | 2011-3-1kloc-0/4: 30.
7 Respondents: Happy Happy 18 | Level 1 | 201-3-10/8:19.
Characteristics of Modern Folk Houses in Shanxi Province
In the rich and colorful material life of mankind, life is an indispensable content. Everyone can't live without the problem of "housing" from the day he came to this world until his death. However, folk houses not only range from ancient caves to modern high-rise buildings, but also change with the development of productive forces. Even in the same era, every country, every nation and even every region has its own characteristics. The characteristics of folk houses are not only noticed by scholars who study culture, but also become a beautiful poetic landscape for people to recall their hometown, relatives and childhood.
Under certain productivity conditions, the characteristics of folk houses are greatly influenced by local natural conditions. The modern houses in Shanxi are like this. It has two characteristics, one is the loess cave, and the other is the brick quadrangle.
Cave dwelling is to dig a cave in the yellow land to live in. Needless to say, the loess layer is the natural condition for its production. Shanxi is located in the Loess Plateau, where the loess is hard, the excavated caves are not easy to collapse, and there is less wood, so caves have become an important form of people's life since ancient times. According to the report of archaeologists, the Neolithic earth cave sites were found in Dongguan Ancient City in Yuanqu County, Nanlijiao in Ruicheng County and Dongxiafeng in Xiaxian County, Shanxi Province. It already has various types of caves and cave groups, such as single room, double room, semi-crypt type, horizontal excavation and so on. Because of this natural condition and inconvenient transportation, cave dwelling has long been an important form of folk houses in Shanxi's vast mountainous areas. The story of eighteen years of cold kiln in Wang Baochuan, which is well known to the masses, is said to have happened in southern Shaanxi. The poem "Crossing the River Qu", which is anonymous in Ming Dynasty, depicts the cave style in the mountainous area of northwest Shanxi: "The mountain road is rugged, there are many gullies and streams, so people dare not speak, the jade hoof is high and low, the snow and yellow sand are up and down, the huts don't smell chickens and dogs barking, and people are still afraid to cross the road." There is no sound of chickens and dogs outside in the cave. This poem tells the truth.
Cave dwelling is a major feature of Shanxi folk houses, so there are many records in local chronicles, such as The Records of Ji Zhou compiled by Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty.
People wear soil as a kiln, which saves labor and can be used for a hundred years. Those who come into the room like a floor with twists and turns. Every time you pass a village, you can see it from a distance. The low wall is sparse, with several layers of high and low, and the joints are tight and vivid. If the slope is high and the road is steep and narrow, the old man drives the calf and the young woman draws water. Climbing up and down is quick and painless. The flat land is also a kiln, with many bricks, difficult to buy mountain wood, and the kiln is cool in summer and warm in winter.
Yongzheng years "Yueyang County Records" also recorded the cave folklore theory:
Digging a hole is convenient for writers, and children and grandchildren are longer. Where have you spent many years of your life? Only at the edge of the broken kiln cave, tigers and wolves are used to fighting, with more than 3 thousand mountains and seas.
On September 21st, 20th year of Jiaqing (1815123), a large number of houses collapsed. The main area of the earthquake is Pinglu County, where there are "more than 20,000 houses collapsed and more than 20,000 caves" (Chronology of Natural Disasters in Shanxi, Jason). From the proportion of cave collapse caused by earthquake, we can roughly see the proportion of cave in residential structure.
Before the Boxer Rebellion, a missionary in Shanxi described the caves he saw at that time as follows: "Many villages are made up of caves dug in a special loess layer, and the front of the caves are made of bricks or stones. The location of the caves is very good-on the edge of the sloping hillside-arranged in layers, and there is a narrow path in front of each layer of caves. These houses are warm in winter and cool in summer, but the biggest drawback is that they cannot be ventilated. " ((British) Shanxi Missionaries in the Period of Edwards Boxer Rebellion)
The Chronicle of Dingxiang, revised in the Republic of China, said: "The earth kiln near the mountain is also inhabited."
The above materials show the important position of cave dwellings in Shanxi since the Qing Dynasty. In fact, caves have survived to modern times and have its advantages. First of all, caves are built according to local conditions and local materials. It uses the loess layer of the loess plateau to save wood, develop underground space and occupy less flat land. Secondly, caves can make full use of natural conditions, because it has less contact with the atmosphere and slow conduction, so caves are warm in winter and cool in summer, which can reduce heating or cooling facilities. According to the measurement, the temperature in the cave is between 10-22 degrees Celsius and the relative humidity is between 30% and 75%, which is less disturbed by various radioactive substances and noises in the atmosphere. Therefore, in the case of underdeveloped productivity in modern China, it naturally became a major form of folk houses.
In modern times, the types and quality of caves in Shanxi have made great progress. In terms of variety, there are horizontal holes, that is, the soil slope is cut vertically next to the loess cliff, and then the hole is dug horizontally. These caves are dug along the mountain with good lighting, and sometimes they are dug into a row of porous caves according to the mountain situation, forming "high and low floors"; There is also the so-called "underground kiln", that is, a square pit is dug from the loess flat, then caves are drilled around the pit, and a slope "kiln road" is dug next to the pit as the entrance, which is the scene of "hiding underground", "smoke rising from the flat", "driving over the roof" and "coming down from the ground" as mentioned in ancient poems and ballads. There are also places where stones are produced in mountainous areas, where bluestone is taken to build bluestone kilns or brick kilns. Although it is not dug into a kiln, it is made of masonry, but it also belongs to a cave. In terms of cave quality, there has also been a significant improvement in recent times. The front of the cave is made of brick or stone, with doors and windows. Sometimes the interior is made of bricks and stones on the loess surface, then smeared with mud and even painted the walls. At the same time, the internal structure is also dug into multiple suites and floors.
The second feature of modern dwellings in Shanxi is brick quadrangles, which mostly exist in the small plain of Fenhe Basin. The terrain here is not convenient to dig caves, but loess and coal are raw materials for firing bricks and tiles, creating favorable conditions for their production. Of course, in these areas, the broad masses of people mainly use adobe to build walls and slag-topped bungalows, or use some bricks. However, since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Shanxi's commercial activities have been developed, especially since the middle of Qing Dynasty, the commercial development of banks has been very prosperous and accumulated considerable wealth. In Pingchuan, Shanxi Province, the construction of brick houses is very popular, generally quadrangles, three courtyards, but also into two or three courtyards, and even several courtyards are connected in series to form a complex. For example, Ding Cun in Xiangfen County and Qiaojiabao in Qixian County are among the buildings that are now used as folk museums. As described by the missionaries in the Qing Dynasty, "In the native areas, many villages are flat-topped, and well-built houses have tall towers, showing the style of out-of-town villages. Even in areas where such exquisite buildings cannot be built, most houses in Shanxi are solid brick walls and tile roofs "(ibid.). This kind of brick courtyard is not only suitable for natural conditions, but also the needs of small-scale peasant economy and commercial capital at that time, and it is also the product of several generations of big families and paternalism. Because at that time, the family was actually both a production unit and a consumption unit, and quadrangles, three-dimensional quadrangles and even more buildings were all living forms that adapted to this condition and requirement.
In modern dwellings in Shanxi, caves and brick houses have two other common features, namely, heatable adobe sleeping platform and heatable adobe sleeping platform. The heatable adobe sleeping platform is a place to rest and sleep, and also a heating device. In the history of Shanxi and northern China, wooden beds were generally not used, but kang made of bricks or adobe. It is against the wall on three sides, and the interior of the kang is made of bricks or adobe, with one end passing through the channel in the wall to the roof, which is the smoke outlet, and the stove fire with one end connected to the kang is the heat source. Daughter-in-law put firewood in the stove and cooked it in a large iron pot. The hot air passes through the passage to heat the whole kang. The family sat cross-legged on the kang and ate around the kang table. Mother-in-law sits on the kang and scoops vegetables to eat, or the whole family sits on the kang and gossips. When the guests come, let them take off their shoes and smoke and drink tea around the kang table. This is a picture of farmers' life in Shanxi in modern times and even in modern times. In some economically rich places, it is more convenient to keep warm by passing the fire path through the whole wall (the famous fire wall).
Another feature related to Kang is that on the wall opposite to the three walls of Kang, about one meter away from the surface of Kang, various patterns and images are painted with paint, which is the famous "Kang Wai" in history. The picture is called Kangwai Painting. This practical art reflects the spiritual life of modern farmers in content. There are historical stories and legends, such as "Liu Hai hits the golden toad" and "Liu Hai hits the golden toad", and there are also "more than one year's company", "icing on the cake" and "four happy gatherings", which include farmers' yearning for life and educational significance for family members at that time.
The characteristics of Shanxi folk houses in modern times are an integral part of the traditional culture of the motherland, which shows the wisdom of working people in fighting nature in social life in history, and is also full of rich life interest and local flavor. Respondents: 1297 102360 | Level 1 | 201-3-1914: 29.
Cave dwelling is a product of the Loess Plateau and a symbol of farmers in northern Shaanxi. The ancient yellow soil and profound culture have been deposited here, and the people have created cave art (folk art) in northern Shaanxi. In the past, a farmer worked hard all his life, and his basic wish was to build several caves. Marrying a wife in a kiln is a family business. Men dig in the yellow soil, and women do housework and have children in caves. Small caves condense the unique customs of the yellow land. Cave dwellings are generally built on a hillside facing south, facing the sun, facing the mountains and facing the open area, with few trees sheltering them, which is very suitable for living and living. Generally, the caves in the First Hospital are built with 3 holes or 5 holes, with the middle kiln as the main kiln, some divided into front and rear kilns, and some with 1 and 3 openings. From the outside, the four holes need to be opened separately. If you go inside, you can find that they have tunnel-type small doors with semicircular tops, so the space of the caves will increase. The cave walls are generally painted with lime, which looks dazzling, dry and bright. There is a pot and a stove on one side of the cave, and the stove is connected to one end of the kang. Because the flue of the stove fire passes through the bottom of the kang, it is very warm on the kang in winter. On the three walls around the kang, there are usually some patterned papers or collages, which are called Kangwei by people in northern Shaanxi. Kang wai is a practical decoration, which can avoid the direct contact and friction between the bedding on the kang and the rough wall and keep it clean. In order to beautify the living room, many people draw circles on the kang. This is the folk art with a long history in northern Shaanxi-painting outside the kang. The cave windows in northern Shaanxi are exquisite, which are divided into four parts: skylight, inclined window, kang window and doors and windows, all of which are decorated with paper cutting. According to the pattern of the window, they decorated the window grilles beautifully and appropriately. The window grilles are pasted outside the window, and the colors are bright from the outside, but the interior is bright and comfortable, thus producing a unique formal beauty of light, color and tone. The panes are sparse and sunlight can penetrate freely. The loess, which is as deep as 100 meters, is extremely difficult to penetrate water and has a strong verticality, which provides a good premise for the development of caves. At the same time, natural conditions such as dry climate, cold winter and less wood also create opportunities for the development and continuation of caves that are warm in winter and cool in summer, very economical and do not need wood. Due to the influence of natural environment, landform and local customs, caves have formed various forms. But judging from the layout and structural form of the building, it can be divided into three forms: leaning on the cliff, sinking and independent. Cave dwellings in Yan 'an, northern Shaanxi are mixed with cave-style flat-roofed houses. Cave dwelling is an organic combination of natural landscape and life landscape, which permeates people's love and attachment to the yellow land. Respondents: enthusiastic users | 2011-3-2119:17.
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