Ideological proposition:
Li Zhi claimed to be a "heresy" of Confucius and Mencius' traditional Confucianism, denounced and criticized feudal patriarchy, hypocrisy, social corruption and corrupt officials, advocated "getting rid of the old and innovating" and opposed ideological imprisonment.
Advocate individual liberation and freedom of thought, advocate human equality, oppose feudal ethics, oppose empty talk of Neo-Confucianism, and advocate utilitarianism and the political ideal of "doing nothing".
Two: Huang Zongxi: Huang Zongxi (1665438+September 24th, 00-65438+August12,0695), scholar, historian, thinker, geographer, astronomer, educator, Huang Zunsu's eldest son, seven gentlemen. Han nationality, from Yuyao County, Shaoxing area, Zhejiang Province. The word "Taichong" means "De Bing" and "Nanlei", and it is also called "Lizhou Old Man", "Lizhou Mountain Man", "Clear Water Fisherman", "Yucheng Cave Master", "Dean of Double Waterfalls" and "Mitchell" in ancient libraries. Scholars call him "Mr. Lizhou". Huang Zongxi is extremely knowledgeable, profound in thought and rich in works. He, Gu and Wang Fuzhi are called the three great thinkers in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties (or the three great Confucians in the early Qing Dynasty). Together with his brothers Huang Zongyan and Huang Zonghui, they are called the three Yellow Rivers in eastern Zhejiang; Together with Gu, Fang Yizhi and Wang Fuzhi, he is also known as "the five masters in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties" and is known as "the father of China's enlightenment".
Ideological proposition:
Philosophically, it opposes the theory that "reason comes first in Qi" in Song Dynasty, and holds that "reason" is not an objective material entity, but the law of Qi's movement, and that "temperament and people's heart are completely popular and also popular things". Characterized by materialism. The view that "the world is full of hearts" tends to idealism. This is related to Huang Zongxi's profound influence in Yangming studies. Huang believes that "conscience" is the "dedication" of "behavior", and they are the same. Opposing the increasingly heavy tax collection, the proposition that "industry and commerce are the foundation" is a bold denial of the traditional "emphasizing the foundation and restraining the end", and it is realistic to advocate that literature should reflect the real society and express the author's true feelings. Huang Zongxi believes that to limit the power of the monarch, we must first clearly distinguish the relationship between the monarch and the ministers. Another suggestion put forward by Huang Zongxi to limit the monarchy is to set up a prime minister to make the school a place for public opinion and discussion, which is another measure of Huang Zongxi to limit the monarchy. Huang Zongxi opposed the single imperial examination and advocated recruiting talents and talents through multiple channels to prevent the children of senior officials from gaining unfair advantages over civilians by virtue of the power of their elders.
3. Gu: (16 15 July 2003-1682 February15) A native of Kunshan, Suzhou, Nanzhili, a famous thinker, historian and linguist, was also called the three great Confucians in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties with Huang Zongxi and Wang Fuzhi. The real name is crimson, and the word is loyal and clear; After the defeat, because he admired Wen Tianxiang's student Wang, he changed his name to Ning Ren and worked as a servant. Scholars respectfully address him as Mr. Lin Ting. In the Ming Dynasty, all the students were eager to learn the practical experience of their youth and joined the anti-Qing army in Kunshan. After the defeat, he traveled north and south, visited the Ming Tombs ten times, and died in Quwo at the age of five. He is knowledgeable and has studied the national code system, county and city anecdotes, astronomical phenomena, canals, military farmers, centuries-old history and phonological exegesis. In his later years, he emphasized textual research, which opened the atmosphere of park learning in Qing Dynasty.
Ideological proposition: Gu is called "the founding Confucian scholar" and "Gu&; The ancestor of "the first mountain of Qing studies" is a famous scholar of Confucian classics, history, geography and phonology. He is knowledgeable and has profound attainments in Confucian classics, history, phonology, primary school, epigraphy and archaeology, local chronicles and geography, poetry, etc., and has made achievements in connecting the past with the future. He inherited the anti-Neo-Confucianism thoughts of Ming scholars, not only cleaned up Neo-Confucianism, but also showed different learning purposes from Neo-Confucianism in many aspects, such as heaven and man, qi, Tao, knowing and doing, heaven and human desire. The distinctive purport of applying what one has learned, simple inductive textual research methods, pioneering spirit and achievements in many academic fields have declared the end of the late Ming Dynasty and started a generation of simple learning style, which has had a very beneficial impact on scholars in the Qing Dynasty. Gu also advocated "benefiting the country and enriching the people" and believed that "those who benefit the country are hidden in the people". He boldly doubted the monarchy and put forward the idea of "pluralistic governance" with the color of early democratic enlightenment. His slogan "Every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world" has far-reaching significance and influence, and has become a spiritual force that inspires the Chinese nation to forge ahead. He advocated practical application, opposed empty talk, paid attention to extensive evidence, and put forward that "a gentleman should learn from Ming Dow and save the world". It's just poetry. What are the benefits of carving insects? " Qian Mu called it reality rather than empty talk. "Being able to give full play to its advantages and disadvantages in all aspects of political affairs can be described as both internal saints and external kings." Gu stressed that learning should first establish personality: "propriety, righteousness, honesty and shame are four dimensions", and advocated that "every man has a responsibility for the rise and fall of the world". The beginning of Japanese History, Volume XIII: "He who protects the world is cheap to his husband and has no responsibility." His other works include Records of the Day, Zhao Yuzhi, Five Books of Phonology and Lin Ting's Selected Poems.
Fourth, Wang Fuzhi:
Wang Fuzhi (161910/October 7th-1692 February 18) was born in Hengyang County (now Hengyang, Hunan Province). He, Gu, and Huang Zongxi are called the three great thinkers in Ming and Qing Dynasties. His works include Zhouyi Zhuan, Huangshu, Shangshu Yi Yin, Records of Li Yong, Chunqiu, Nightmare, Zi Zhi Tong Jian, On Song Dynasty and so on.
Wang Fuzhi studied with his father and brother since childhood. Wang Fuzhi took an active part in the anti-Qing uprising when he was young. In his later years, Wang Fuzhi lived in seclusion in Ishikawa Mountain and wrote books and biographies. Since then, scholars have called him Mr. Chuanshan.
Ideas: 1. Anti-asceticism advocates that there is no justice without human desire, and justice lies in human desire. 2. Unify the ideal of the world, oppose autocracy and be patriotic. On the monism of Qi, Wang Fuzhi thinks that Qi is the only entity, not "nothing outside the heart". Wang Fuzhi also pointed out that everything that exists between heaven and earth is a concrete object, and the universal principle exists in concrete things. Never say that specific things depend on the truth. 4. Debate between mind and matter (knowing and doing)-Oppose the transcendentalism of "being born with knowledge". 5. Reveal the dialectical essence of "name", "ci" and "push". 6. The historical view of unity of rationality and potential. 7. Sex is a daily theory of human nature.
For writing poetry, I think it should be emotional, and I can't moan without illness. Inherited and developed the fine tradition of expressing ambition and expressing emotion in classical poetic theory, and put forward the "original voice of the heart" to speak and use poetry. In the process of writing, the emotion that makes poetry play the role of "appreciating scenery" needs to deal with two relationships: one is emotion and scenery, and the other is emotion and sound.
Wang Fuzhi's view of history
First, induction. Wang Fuzhi is good at analyzing many historical facts and summarizing them, thus drawing enlightening conclusions.
Secondly, comparative method. Wang Fuzhi used this method to explore the historical changes of ancient and modern times, and the characters were ups and downs, from the outside to the inside, eliminating the false and retaining the true, and reached many innovative conclusions.
Third, the method of historicism. Wang Fuzhi's historical theory is magnificent. Although he has been in and out freely for more than 1000 years, he has never commented arbitrarily. Wang Fuzhi's historical theory fully considers the historical background and does not hold a general view.