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Writers and politicians in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. The word blog post. Qingtian (now Zhejiang) people. /kloc-entered the county to study Chunqiu at the age of 0/4, and then studied Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty under Zheng Fuchu. In the second year of Yuan Dynasty (133 1), he was a scholar, and was awarded Cheng of Gaoan County, Jiangxi Province. Later, he served as deputy director of Confucianism in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. He was excluded because he reported dereliction of duty in imperial history and abandoned his official position to live in seclusion. In the eighth year of Zheng Zheng (1348), Fang Guozhen, Taizhou, rallied and became the governor of Marshal House in eastern Zhejiang. Because he opposed the policy of appealing to the government, he urged arrest and was fired because he disagreed with his boss. He indulged in the mountains and rivers of Shaoxing and amused himself with poetry. When Anshan Wu Chengqi started his army, he was appointed commander-in-chief. He once organized landlords to suppress local insurgents, and was later promoted to be a doctor in eastern Zhejiang. Soon, he had a conflict with the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty, gave up his official position, lived in seclusion in Qingtian Mountain, and wrote Yu Ion to show his ambition. In the 20th year of Yuan Dynasty (1360), Zhu Yuanzhang captured the east of Zhejiang. Liu Ji and Song Lian were summoned to Nanking by Zhu Yuanzhang, and Chen Shiwu advised Zhu Yuanzhang to leave Han Liner and start his own business. In the next seven or eight years, Zhu Yuanzhang relied heavily on him, participated in confidential work, helped Zhu Yuanzhang defeat Chen Youliang and Zhang Shicheng successively, and became one of the founding fathers of the Ming Dynasty. In the first year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1368), it was ordered to pay homage to Zhong Cheng. Hong Wu was awarded a bachelor's degree in Hong Wen Pavilion for three years, and he was appointed as Cheng Bo. In the fourth year of Hongwu, he was slandered by Hu because of his bad relationship with the left prime minister Hu, and Zhu Yuanzhang suspected that he was sent back to China. In the eighth year of Hongwu, he died of anger. Said he was poisoned by Hu.
Liu Ji's political thought is mainly Confucianism. It emphasizes that "the country is people-oriented, and food is the most important thing for the people", and that "consolidating the country is greater than protecting the people, and protecting the people is not preparing for disasters" (Chunqiu Mingjing). He regards recuperation and strengthening military equipment as the foundation of the country. After the founding of the Ming dynasty, he served as an adviser to the court and participated in many important decisions of the court. More importantly, together with Zhu Yuanzhang, he changed the method of imperial examination since the Tang and Song Dynasties, and adopted four books, namely Yi, Shu, Shi, Chunqiu and Li Ji. The composition of the proposition examiner must imitate the classics of the Song Dynasty and be written on behalf of the ancients, which is more of a parallelism style. This examination method was used until the late Qing Dynasty. It has played a great role in consolidating the feudal system and imprisoning ideology and culture.
In the early Ming literary world, Liu Ji occupied an important position. He has a systematic literary thought. First of all, starting from the Confucian thought of "poetry teaching", it emphasizes the educational function of the works, and holds that "the style of study should abstain from evil, which is beneficial to the education of the world" (according to Preface to Metaphysics Poetry). This kind of enlightenment can not only persuade the custom to move down, but also persuade the custom to move up. Taking Sima Qian, Ban Gu, Chen Ziang, Li Bai, Du Fu, Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan as examples, he denounced the style of writing since the Yuan Dynasty, advocated "learning from the past" and urged to restore the literary tradition of Han and Tang Dynasties. At that time, the writer Song Lian, who was as famous as Liu Ji, also advocated retro. Their theories and writings played an important role in changing the style of writing from sparse to simple in the early Ming Dynasty.
Poetry is Liu Ji's most outstanding literary creation. In poetry, Yuefu and classical poetry are better. In his poetry creation, he carried out his own literary thoughts and created a considerable number of satirical poems. These poems describe the social unrest in the late Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty, and reflect the sufferings of the people to some extent. He exposed the serious exploitation suffered by farmers under the king's tax of land rent: "Farmers are struggling to look forward to autumn, soaking in the rain and combing the wind, and they are exhausted." "Wang has a lot of outstanding private debts, and this situation has been repeated for several generations." (Noda oriole) "You can't see the old mulberry under the wall, and fifty clothes and silks are not frozen." Nowadays, the roadside is full of mulberry beds, and the hut cries at night in the biting cold. In some of his poems, he also described the tragic situation of farmers being displaced by years of war: "civilians fled into the valley, woven tents and built houses without rings." "When I went back to my hometown, I saw hazelnuts everywhere and wild birds vying for food, and I was furious; Thieves, officials and the army plundered and went to live in a place where they could not be accommodated. " (Rain and Snow Song) He criticized the disaster brought to the people by the rampage of officials: "The greed of officials and the hatred of trees are fatal." ("Ten Stories about Time" Part VII) "I heard that Taihang East, floods and droughts recommend abuse. Hunger and mobs are interdependent. " To help officials, all you have to do is cut them. He even satirized the supreme ruler of the imperial court for indulging in debauchery and "calling a painter to Huzhou" ("Feeling") in that era of war-torn and "red blood in Jianghuai". At the same time, he expressed sympathy for the weak in a series of poems, such as The Orphan's Walk, The Sick Woman's Walk and Tian Jia. He expressed his wishes to the people in his poems such as A Summer Night in Taizhou and Sixty-four Rhymes of Zhou Zongdao. These poems have social significance. Of course, in Liu Ji's poems, there are more feelings about the vicissitudes of the world, sighs about the lack of talent, and general lyrical chapters; There are also some works praising the holy king and the immortals in the world. Compared with poetry, his words are mostly vague and gloomy, and there are few excellent works.
The artistic styles of Liu Ji's poems are diverse, either seeking bold and graceful, or seeking strangeness, or seeking nature, tolerance and Excellence. The famous mythical poem "Two Ghosts" is 1200 words long. It describes two ghosts, Yu Yi, who is in charge of the sun and the moon. They were temporarily released to the world by the Emperor of Heaven and were not allowed to meet for 50 years. Later, the universe changed. After they met, they met to get rid of ghosts and rebuild Gankun. The Emperor of Heaven was furious and put the two ghosts in prison again, "locked in a silver iron fence and eating elk with clothes and gifts". The two ghosts have no choice but to wait for the emperor to calm down and travel together. In the poem, the two ghosts metaphorically describe themselves and Song Lian, showing Zhu Yuanzhang's anguish under suspicion and depression, and his ambition to rectify the dynasty. Poetry has fantastic imagination, magnificent language, rich style and great momentum. Some of his poems, such as "Elegy", say: "Raising children to guard against old age, no children have troubles. It is better not to have children when you are old. " "Joining the Army in the Fifth Watch": "At the beginning of the watch, the drums sounded and the city was silent." The wind blows the geese, thinking of my brother, thinking of my brother. "It's all folk songs.
Liu Jimoyan
Liu Ji's prose is diverse in genre and rich in content, but allegorical prose is the most important. Yu Ion was written by him when he lived in seclusion at the end of Yuan Dynasty, with a total of 18 chapters and 195 sections. Too many words, too few words, and fables are often mixed in the discussion. The word Li Yu means civilization. In this book, Liu Ji gave full play to his philosophy, politics and ethics. Its purpose is to satirize the ruling clique in order to realize the long-term stability of the feudal system. But in the irony, it also contains some revelations about the fatuity, corruption, greed and selfishness of the ruling group. For example, It's a good bird, Duke Ling of Jin is a good dog, the husband of Lingqiu is good at beekeeping, Jia people help Yin cross the river, Qu Zi is called King Xiang of Chu, and so on, all of which are beautifully written. In particular, in the section "Chu raised a spy as a living person", it is written that "spy Gong" forced all monkeys to collect plants and fruits in the mountains to worship themselves. Later, the monkeys all figured it out. Finally, one day, they "waited on the bed of the spy palace, smashed the grate and destroyed it, took its products and carried them into the forest without looking back. He died of hunger. " This fable reveals the truth that rulers will be resisted when exploiting people. It is vivid and profound. Besides Li Yu, Liu Ji also wrote many essays with strong thoughts. The famous "The Orangeman's Words" describes that there is a small shop selling oranges in Hangzhou, "except for the golden jade, there is only one among them". When the author was heckled after buying it, the stall owner replied: "There are many people who bully the weak and fear the hard, and I am alone. My son hasn't thought about it yet. " Nowadays, the man who wears a tiger symbol and sits in a high position is almost as good as Gancheng. If Sun Wu can be given a small title, if it can drag down the gentry, it will be like the pride of the temple. If it can be built, .....................................................................................................'s satirical edge is actually aimed at the whole ruling class, which is a rare fable and prose masterpiece in the Ming Dynasty.
Because Liu Ji's aim is to learn from each other's strengths, his prose style is simple and vigorous. Imitation of Qin and Shu is meaningful and profound in language. He is good at galloping imagination, boldly transforming ancient historical facts and legends, and bringing forth the new. The general reasoning prose has clear arguments and sharp writing style, and often focuses on narration and discussion, paying attention to the image of words. His landscape prose is not much, among which "Wandering Cloud Gate", "Crossing the City", "Running Water" and "Baiyun Mountain House" written in seclusion are the most important. When writing scenery, pay attention to artistic conception and delicate techniques. For example, "Song Feng Geji" describes the pine in the wind: "Sound is like blowing, sound is like rain, sound is like water rushing to a cliff, or sound is like an iron horse rushing, and the sword and shadow grind to an abrupt end; Suddenly, the grass is singing seriously. At first, it is big and small, and it is hard to describe. " People who listen have keen ears. "There is quite a style of famous prose writers in Tang and Song Dynasties.
Liu Ji's excellent poems were mostly written at the end of Yuan Dynasty when he abandoned his official position several times in his first half of life. After becoming an official in the early Ming Dynasty, there were many entertaining works in poetry and prose, with complicated contents and vague concepts. A few years before his death, he lived in a house, and most of his works were disease-free and of little value.
Liu Ji has many works. First, his sons Liu Zhongjing and Sun Liugeng compiled Jade Ion (5 volumes), Fu Bu Ji (20 volumes), Love Story (4 volumes), Li Meigong Ji (5 volumes) and Spring and Autumn Ming Jing (4 volumes) respectively, which were published in the early Ming Dynasty. In the sixth year of Chenghua, Dai Ji and others collected twenty volumes of Sincerity Collection. In the thirty-fifth year of Jiajing, Fan Xianke revised it into volume 18 according to the genre of the article. This edition is a series of four volumes of Cheng Wencheng's Collection of Official Documents, which was photocopied according to the collection and Ming edition of the Xu family in Wucheng. It contains 18 chapters, 220 articles, 1 184 poems, 233 words and 42 spring and autumn poems. 9 1 1cha.com