Second, the time when the poems in The Book of Songs came into being and the regions involved.
It is difficult to determine when the poems in The Book of Songs came into being, but it is generally believed that the whole of Ode to Zhou, most of its elegance and the national styles of Qi Feng and Zhu Feng are mostly works in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Xiaoya is mostly written in the late Western Zhou Dynasty and the early period of eastward movement. All truffles and most of Guo Feng are works in the Spring and Autumn Period. As for Ode to Shang Dynasty, it is controversial. Some people think it is a work in the Spring and Autumn Period, while others think it is a poem of Shang Dynasty.
Poetry in The Book of Songs covers a wide range. As far as the style of fifteen countries is concerned, it has covered some or all of Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong, Hebei, Henan and Hubei.
Three. Compilation of The Book of Songs
The poems included in The Book of Songs have a long history (more than 500 years) and a vast space (all over the Yellow River and Jianghan Valley). How did they weave together?
It is generally believed that the source channel should be collected first. Ban Gu's Record of Hanshu Foodstuffs said: "Meng Chunyue is more famous than his temperament, because people who live in groups are scattered, and pedestrians shake Mu Duo to collect poems on the road and offer him as a teacher. Therefore, you know the world without watching the door. " "Book of Rites": "The son of heaven walked for five years, performed the ceremony of founding the country, ... observed the ministers, and ordered Taishi Chen Shi to observe the folk customs"; Han Shu's literary and artistic annals: "In ancient times, officials collected poems, so you observed the customs, knew the gains and losses, and made introspection and corrections"; "Biography of Ram" He Xiu's note: "The grain is abundant, and the people live in houses. Men and women are in the same lane, from the night show, from October to the first month. Men and women hate each other, so they sing, hungry people sing about their food, and laborers sing about their affairs. Male 60 years old, female 50 years old, childless, given food and clothing by the government, made him seek poetry among the people, moved his hometown to the city, moved the city to the country, and the country was known to the son of heaven. Therefore, the king does not leave home and knows the world. " Wait a minute. Although these statements are made by the Han people, they can't be groundless and out of thin air. In short, some folk poems at that time reached the imperial court and entered later poetry collections, which must have been collected by the rulers intentionally, otherwise they could not be explained. That is, it mainly collects folk songs in the Book of Songs.
Put forward another source of poetry in The Book of Songs. "On Guoyu Zhou Yu" said that ... so the emperor listened to the government and ordered his ministers and officials to offer poems, songs, history books, teachers' words, poems, recitations, admonitions, Shu Ren's words, official rules and relatives' check-up. You and history taught you, you taught me, and Ai Xiuzhi. Then the king thought about it and did what he had to do. "Guoyu Yujin" also said: "The king of ancient times ordered workers to recite admonitions to the DPRK, while those who listed them presented poems." That is to say, in the Zhou Dynasty, in addition to collecting poems, there was also a system of offering poems, and courtiers used poems to express their views on current politics as a reference for the monarch's administration. That is, the "elegant" poems in the Book of Songs, especially the elegant poems, are mainly presented by officials and officials in the DPRK.
Some "ode" poems in The Book of Songs may come from the processing and transformation of ancient sacrificial songs by witch history, besides collecting poems and offering poems. On the compilation of The Book of Songs, Confucius said that poems should be deleted. "Historical Records Confucius Family" said: "As for Confucius, there are more than 3,000 poems written by the ancients, which can be used for courtesy and righteousness, and are collected from Houji. In the middle, the prosperity of Yin and Zhou Dynasties began with the lack of elegance, and ... Confucius' 350 poems were all string songs, in order to combine Shao, Wu and Ya. ..... "People generally don't believe Confucius' theory of deleting poems. The commonly used evidence is that when Wu Gongzi went to Lu to watch music, the order of music played by Lu musicians (the first national style, the second lesser, the second elegant, ode, and the name and arrangement order of the fifteen national styles) was roughly the same as today's Book of Songs, indicating that the Book of Songs had been finalized at that time. In addition, according to the records in Zuo Zhuan and Guoyu, before Confucius, people in the Spring and Autumn Period had already given poems to express their aspirations and quoted poems in political life, and most of the poems used in giving poems and quoting poems were poems from The Book of Songs, indicating that Confucius had a popular version of The Book of Songs before.
Fourthly, the spread of The Book of Songs.
As mentioned earlier, The Book of Songs was widely used in political life at the same time. The Book of Songs became a tool for arousing, observing, gathering and complaining, which once made the ancient aristocratic culture in China develop into a very beautiful and elegant era.
During the Warring States period, The Book of Songs was also regarded as the theoretical basis of argumentation in Confucian classics such as Mencius and Xunzi, and it had a lofty position. All the books of the Qin dynasty were burned, but they were preserved because of the irony of the literati.
There are four schools of "poetry" in the Han Dynasty: A. Lu, whose disseminator was Shen Pei, a native of Lu in the early Han Dynasty, and Wendi was a doctor at that time. B, Qi poetry, the communicator is Qi people in the early Han Dynasty, and Jingdi became a doctor. C, Chinese poetry, the disseminator is Han Ying, a Yan in the early Han Dynasty, and Wendi is a doctor. Mao's poems were written by Mao Heng, a native of Lu in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and Si Tuleideng, a native of Zhao in the early Han Dynasty. When Emperor Ping was in power, he was appointed as a scholar. Among them, Lu, Qi and Han are collectively called "three poems", which belong to the category of Confucian classics. Mao's poems belong to the study of China's ancient classics. The Han Dynasty did not attach importance to the study of ancient Chinese classics, and Mao's poems flourished only when Zheng Xuan wrote Notes on Mao's Poems at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Since then, the three poems have gradually declined and even been lost. According to the Records of Gyeonggi, Qi's poems died in Wei, Lu's poems in Western Jin and Han's poems in Song. Mao's poems are unique.