First, grasp the vision of poetry and grasp poetry as a whole.
Poetry is good at concise language, paying attention to vivid words and expressing as much content as possible in a very short space. Achieve the realm of "simplicity". Conciseness is not simple, simplicity is everything in a glance. Conciseness has meaning beyond literal meaning, and words are endless, which means that there is an end to speech understanding, but the understanding of expressing meaning can vary from person to person. So there is a "poetic eye". The so-called eye of poetry is the key word that can best reflect the theme, development significance and the strongest expressive force in poetry, and it is also the window for readers to spy on the content of poetry. Grasping the vision of poetry can basically grasp poetry as a whole, and then we can know the emotional context of poetry. Analyzing the eyes of poetry can help us enter the artistic conception, feel the interest, understand the will and explore artistic techniques. Therefore, when reading poetry, we should grasp the vision of poetry as much as possible in order to grasp poetry correctly. This point was not paid enough attention in the past, but it is necessary to emphasize it now, although it is suspected that it is wise after the event. Generally speaking, five-character poems are mostly in the third word, and seven-character poems are mostly in the fifth word. Of course, not all poems have poetic eyes. The eyes of some poems are not in the poems, but in the titles. Some poetic eyes in poetry are set off by other words, which affects our sight. But in any case, we must grasp the key words of poetry.
The ancients refined words and poetic eyes in form, but we should grasp poetic eyes in combination with our understanding of content. Poetic eyes are generally not on nouns. If they are on nouns, they must be used flexibly. In most cases, poetic eyes and keywords are often in verbs, adjectives and flexible numerals. If we simply look at the third and fifth words, sometimes mistakes will inevitably occur. If we combine verbs, adjectives and numerals, we will be more sure to grasp the meaning of the poem from the perspective of the whole poem.
Verbs: When appreciating poetry, we should pay attention to verbs, especially those with "multiple meanings".
Modifiers: mostly adjectives, but also the focus of poetry appreciation.
③ Special words: In poetry, some words are unique in themselves, and readers can find them quickly:
A. Reduplicated words: Reduplicated words have two functions: enhancing the sense of rhythm of language or playing an emphasis role.
B Onomatopoeic words: Some onomatopoeic words are overlapping words, so they are listed separately because of their high frequency. Function: make poetry more vivid and make people feel immersive.
C. Words expressing colors: These words are sometimes used as predicates, sometimes as attributes, and sometimes as subjects or objects. But there is only one function. Color generally expresses mood, enhances the color sense and picture sense of description, and renders the atmosphere.
Second, experience the artistic conception and understand poetry from a micro perspective.
The word "elephant" has a long history in China, and it has developed and changed in many dynasties, with different meanings. However, there are also expressions that tend to be consistent: image is the fusion of meaning and image, the unity of mind and things, and the fusion of emotion and scenery. "Image is a concrete feeling" (Ai Qingyu). Successful poetry often begins with capturing and refining images.
Image appreciation is also one of the important contents of college entrance examination for students' ability to appreciate ancient poems. For example, in 2002, the national unified examination questions put forward the problems related to images in Li Bai's poem "Smelling the flute in Los Angeles on a Spring Night". The problem of "folding willow" originally refers to "folding willow branches", which is a traditional image with rich meanings.
Both "image" and "artistic conception" are composed of emotion and scenery, but "artistic conception" often refers to the whole poem, and "image" refers to a smaller part that constitutes the artistic conception of the whole poem.
The so-called artistic conception, the traditional understanding refers to the artistic realm formed by the combination of the subjective feelings of the author (sometimes including the reader) and the objective physical environment reflected by the work. Emotion and scenery are the two most basic factors that constitute artistic conception. "Scenery is the medium of poetry, and emotion is the embryo of poetry" (Volume III of Four Poems by Xie Zhen) and "Scenery is called two, but it can't be separated from reality" (the inner page of Preface to Evening Hall by Wang Fuzhi), which interact with each other, penetrate each other and touch the scene. Wang Changling believes that poetry has three realms: the realm of objects, the realm of scenes and the realm of artistic conception. Wang Guowei believes that the artistic conception formed by the fusion of true scenery and true feelings is the enduring artistic charm of China's classical poems. "Ci takes the realm as the top", "self-contained in the realm" and "writing feelings is refreshing, but writing scenery is refreshing".
Artistic conception is not only the environment, but also related to the poet's thoughts and feelings, which can be fully expressed. Only talk about the situation, not the artistic conception, students are easy to fall into a wrong path and are not allowed to answer questions.
Therefore, in poetry reading, it is difficult to understand the connotation and appreciate the artistic charm of poetry without deeply understanding the artistic conception.
It is necessary to guide students to make full use of various favorable factors, grasp the characteristics of poetic language, remove obstacles of emotion, time and space, and logic, strive to expand the condensed meaning of poetry, supplement the reduced components, weld the process of ellipsis, connect the jumping emotions, make up the inner feelings between lines and stanzas in poetry, reproduce the images and pictures of poetry, naturally enter the deep artistic conception of poetry, and appreciate the unique art of poetry.
Third, inspect the environment and appreciate poetry in all directions.
Environmental description includes natural environment description and social environment description. Ancient poetry mainly describes the natural environment (scenery), which is the main content of ancient poetry.
The main function of scenery description is to explain the background, contrast the artistic conception, express feelings, use scenery description to contrast feelings, or as a symbol of feelings, to achieve the height of scene blending, so that poetry is profound, subtle, refined, meaningful and endless.
Grasp the description of the scenery in the poem, determine the tone of the artistic conception, and understand and feel what "this person" and "this situation" are; Feel the thoughts and feelings expressed in poetry. Feeling emotion is the psychological reaction activity of readers after entering the artistic conception of poetry, and it is an important link in appreciating reading. Appreciating poetry must really enter the life scene described in the work, and feel the beauty of artistic conception, the richness of emotion, the philosophy of life or the enlightenment of life with the characters or authors in the work. This is the so-called "Empathy Theory".
Fourthly, analyze the skills and examine the poem from the form.
The expressive skills, that is, expressive means and artistic skills, include borrowing scenery to express feelings, blending scenes, borrowing things to express feelings, borrowing ancient times to satirize the present, using allusions, paving the way, symbolizing, contrasting, setting off, trying to excel, gaining the first voice, seeing the big from the small, combining dynamic and static, and combining reality with reality (when shaping characters, it is called the combination of positive description and side description).
There are many ways to describe the scenery. In short, we should pay attention to the angle of observing and describing the scenery, such as height, height, inclination and leaning. To master the methods of description, such as drawing shapes, sounds and colors; Understand the techniques of describing scenery, such as dynamic and static combination, contrast between light and shade, etc.
There are many ways to portray characters in poetry, which can be described from the front or from the side. It can be outlined in thick lines or carved in thick colors; Can pave the way, can compare, can set off, can also rely on imagination, rely on association.
When portraying characters, the expression technique used is profile description or imaginary writing.
Setting off is a common rhetorical method, and it is also a common means of expression in Chinese classical poetry. We often say that in classical poetry, Syaraku's movement, reality, joy and sadness can all be set off.
Symbolism is to use one thing to represent another. In literary works, symbolism is usually a way to imply the author's thoughts, attitudes and feelings with concrete things. It is like a metaphor or simile that omits the first part and leaves only the second part. It has its own entity, but it represents another thing.
Rhetorical methods: There are many rhetorical methods used in classical poetry, mainly involving metaphor, metonymy, personification, duality, exaggeration and repetition. In addition, we should also pay attention to Fu Bi, symbol of harmony and other techniques commonly used in classical poetry.
Expression: narration, description, discussion,
There are four ways to express emotion, among which description and lyric are the key points. There are different description methods, such as dynamic and static combination, virtual and real combination and so on. There are three ways of lyricism: direct lyricism, lyricism through scenery and scene blending.
Structural skills: the structural form of poetry, common coordination between the beginning and the end, in-depth layers, first generalization and then division, first scene and then emotion, transition, bedding, foreshadowing and so on.
Fifth, taste the language and scrutinize poetry from a deeper level.
Literature is the art of language, and poetry is the most essential language art in literature. To express rich content in a short space, the language of poetry must be concise and vivid; In order to create an artistic realm that conveys meaning and meaning, the language of poetry must be vivid and vivid. Therefore, poetry appreciation should start with language. Not only should we read the whole article, but we should also ponder and analyze it chapter by chapter, and dig out and understand the author's intention of choosing words, making sentences and choosing sounds.
When the ancients wrote poems, they really paid great attention to the tempering of language and the refinement of words and sentences, which often had many subtleties. When appreciating and evaluating, we should pay attention to the imagination of poetry content and understand these nuances. Sometimes, "I can stand the cold in the middle of the night for the sake of text stability." This is not an exaggeration. Du Fu has a famous saying that "words are not surprising and die endlessly". Ancient poetry requires conciseness and vividness, and there are many rules and regulations. More importantly, every word needs to contain rich content. The most familiar story is Wang Anshi's story of refining characters. There is also the well-known source of the allusion "censorship". Since the ancients paid so much attention to refining words, we should of course pay attention to the expressive force of words when reading poems.
"The breeze swallows are inclined", a word "inclined", turns motion into stillness and depicts a leisurely modality.
"Cicada is quiet in the forest, and the sound palace mountain is quieter", and the characteristics of "quietness" are more prominent and distinct with noise and sound. "The branches of red apricots are noisy in spring", and the word "noisy" is written dynamically, which shows the vitality of spring and gives people a good enjoyment. Wang Guowei said in Legend on Earth: "The branches of red apricots are noisy in spring", with the word "noisy", the realm is exhausted, and the word "Nong" is used for "clouds break the moon". A word "Noisy" describes the poet's vigorous Chun Qing, and a word "Lane" describes the poet's appreciation of the beauty of flowers dancing in the breeze under the moon. This reflects the concise beauty of poetic language.
The language of ancient poetry is diverse, implicit and clear, simple and magnificent coexist; Exquisite and rich, solemn and humorous. Almost every poem has some words worthy of scrutiny, but we must carefully taste the expressive force of the poet's words when we scrutinize them. Preparing for China's college entrance examination is undoubtedly one of the most difficult tasks. It requires us to guide students in the right way, and more importantly, we need to guide students to give full play to their initiative in learning, improve their literary accomplishment in accumulation and improve their appreciation of poetry in reading practice.