The theory of "comely style" originated from Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long. This paper divides the word "style" into three different levels, namely, people's own style, poetic style and artistic style. The original meaning of the word "style" refers to a vigorous, distinctive, lofty and brilliant artistic style. Jian 'an literature, three Cao, seven sons of Jian 'an and Cai Yan in Wei and Jin Dynasties, occupies an important position in the history of literature with its vigorous and handsome style, generous and tragic style and bodybuilding style. However, although the literary achievements of the Cao Shi family are different, there are great similarities. Their poetic styles are all expressions of personal feelings, but their completely different life experiences have created their different emotional experiences, and their writing styles are also different.
Key words: "wind clears bones and strengthens bones"; The Art of Poetry; "Jian 'an Literature" Three Caos "
First, "clearing the wind and strengthening the bones"
(a) profile.
The word "style" was once seen in Liu Xie's "Style of Carving Dragons with Literary Mind" in Han Dynasty: "If you want to express your feelings freely, you must start from the wind. If you think about paving the way, you are not in front of the bone. " This led to the so-called literary meaning in later articles, and every word is in the bone. More deeply, the style of writing and the style of writing can be said to be mutual. Just being compared by others is the mapping of one's inner cultivation and inner quality. Huang Kan's Notes on Wen Xin Diao Long supports this view, but it is not solidified to simply classify the style as Wen Yi and Wenci. On the one hand, it is believed that the style of writing has a strong subjective initiative of personal feelings, on the other hand, it can see the diversity of the writing structure of words written by different writers. It is precisely because of the diversity of literary meanings that the word "personality style" is more intriguing.
(2) Personality is not only reflected in poetry, but also in knowing people and discussing the world.
The so-called "wind" Zhuang Ziyun said: "The husband is angry, so it is called the wind." This is the best explanation of the word "wind" in nature. From the wind of nature, people think about their bodies. In Shi Shuo Xin Yu Rong Zhi, there is a saying that Ji Kang is seven feet eight inches long and has a unique charm. This will change the thinking of "wind" from abstract to concrete, that is, an outside-in thinking. The so-called "bone" people have judged a person's wealth by the shape of bones since ancient times. It is said that Wang Youjun (Wang Xizhi) has an anti-bone on the back of his head, which shows that he will succeed in his career. The word "bone show" is inseparable from bones and often refers to the majestic and masculine beauty of people. Therefore, it is more appropriate to describe a person's style, which is distinctive and delicate.
(3) Style theory is also reflected in the artistic style of the article, which generally refers to the overall beauty of the article.
A good article is bound to be inseparable from the revelation of true feelings, and "style" also combines emotion and talent from the perspective of article creation. "Wen Xin Diao Long Feng Gu" said: "Love and Qi are one, words are one, civilization is healthy, and arrogance is good." Without the strength of character, it is endowed with no nonsense. Only by skillfully combining the style of the article with rich emotions and words can we create a masterpiece.
Second, the style and personality of Cao Shisan's father and son.
(1) An overview of Cao Cao's writing style.
Cao Shi's achievements in Jian 'an literature can be seen. As the pioneer and promoter of Jian 'an literature, Cao Cao, together with his two sons, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi, and seven sons, including Jian 'an and Cai Yan, formed a group of people under Yecheng. Cao Cao is famous for his sincere and strong feelings, generous and tragic style and strong writing style, which is called "Jian 'an Style" in history. Cao Shi and his son's articles have their own styles. Cao Cao made his fortune in the style of direct mourning, among which poems about immortals and political poems are the most representative. The writing style of Cao Cao's poems about immortals is closely related to his personal life experience. "Scared" means that "the pottery made by birth will have an end", comparing itself with the living things, and lamenting that everything in the world has a way to survive. This article was written on his way to Zhang Lu on the Western Expedition. At this time, Cao Cao was sixty-one years old. His sixty-one years old happened to be the time when a cow fell from a car and sat alone on a rock playing banjo. I feel that my ambition to dominate the world is hard to pay, and I fantasize about three immortals sleeping in the mountains and drinking mountain springs in the morning. The Three Immortals invited Cao Xi to become an immortal, but they gave up their great achievements. On the one hand, the writing style of immortals' poems comes from the author's own fantasy, on the other hand, it also verifies his thinking in The Theory of Human Nature. Cao Cao's immortals' poems are a true portrayal of what he saw and heard from foreign knowledge, which is closely related to his military and political life, and on the other hand, to his own "backbone". The so-called wind bone, the wind can be outside, and the bone is inside. Cao Cao was born in an official family and was influenced by the official environment since childhood, but Cao Cao was different from these Han Dynasty officials. He didn't like documents since he was a child, and he liked traveling. At that time, people thought that this man had no ambition, so he did not form an alliance with hope. However, it is this "backbone" that made Cao Cao interested in the art of war, thus creating Cao Cao's achievements in the art of war and laying the foundation for his later political career. As the biggest bully in the north, Cao Cao was defeated by Yuan Shaojun in the battle of Guandu. Battle of Red Cliffs, with an army of 800,000, stands proudly above Zhu Jiang and is on a roll. For Sun and Liu, this is bound to unify the whole country. It is this magnificent personal talent and boldness of vision that has made this hero of the Three Kingdoms a magnificent legend in his life. It can be seen that the influence on a person's development must be formed by the internal bone and the external wind, both of which are indispensable. If there is no unrestrained backbone, there must be no great ambition of "drinking wine and singing, life geometry" in "Short Songs". If it weren't for his rich style, how could there be a trip to the sun and the moon in his "Looking at the Sea"? Xinghan is brilliant, if you take it by surprise. "So open-minded and broad-minded. The style of Cao Cao's poems is not only reflected in the poems about immortals, but also in the military poems. Cao Cao fought all his life, and experienced too many battles, from the defeat of Guandu Yuan Shao to the defeat of Battle of Red Cliffs Allied Forces. The ups and downs of life have given Cao Cao too many feelings, nurtured a lot of inspiration, and made his unique political lyric poems in this period exquisite but grand and quite unique. Bones are nothing more than the so-called strength of character. The so-called "heroes in troubled times" provided Cao Cao with too many literary materials, and his political poems are the embodiment of this. In Hao's Kanto, there are just men, fighting for the heroes. "It describes the heroic feelings of the United forces gathering together to fight for the world, and the atmosphere of just conquest has become a common practice. But at this time, Cao Cao also saw the gap between Qi Li and this bustling scene. There is no doubt that the assembled rabble can't become the prospect of great events, which makes him yearn for thinking about his future and the world in the Central Plains. It is in this context that Cao Cao stepped into the stage of war and reached the climax of his political career. If we say, "I would rather lose the world than the world lose me." "It is the beginning of Cao Cao's legendary life, and it is also the" Duke of Zhou vomited, and the world returned to the heart ". "It is the embodiment of Cao Cao's legendary temperament that shows his attention to the literati at that time and his important consciousness of educating the whole people in culture. Compared with the overall development of Jian 'an literature, Cao Cao, as the pioneer of Jian 'an literature, is particularly prominent because of his sense of hardship throughout the poetry art, leaving a rich cultural and artistic heritage for future generations. This sense of responsibility, mission and hardship, especially for China literati, continues to develop national consciousness and cultural consciousness. Cao Cao's sense of hardship has almost become an unconscious behavior of responsible literati in China. From the Book of Changes to the Book of Songs, the sense of hardship from ancient times to the present, from social politics, personal life to the inner feelings of self, has always been an important part of literature, and Cao Cao's Jian 'an style poems reflect a strong sense of hardship. It is an inevitable trend for the literati represented by Cao Cao to transform the social reality of this period into a literary style and ancient prose consciousness. This is a sense of hardship, an important embodiment of the article, and has certain characteristics of the times. Cao Cao is mainly a politician. As a lean man in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the sense of hardship in his poems is first reflected in Cao Cao's consciousness of unifying the world, and Cao Cao always takes relying on the world as his responsibility. He witnessed the decay of the Eastern Han regime and realized the sufferings of the people in the declining dynasty, so he used his strong political and military strength to lead the people in troubled times to the road of pacifying the world. As far as artistic style is concerned, Cao Cao's poems are unpretentious, showing deep feelings and rich charm; As far as poetic sentiment is concerned, it is characterized by generosity and sadness. This was originally the keynote of Jian 'an literature, but in Cao Cao's poems, he is the most typical and prominent. As far as poetry genre is concerned, Cao Cao's Yuefu poems did not copy the routine of Han Yuefu, but developed. Cao Cao likes to write new content with old problems. Short songs and Hao are the concrete manifestations of this feature. Cao Cao initiated a generation of Jian 'an style, which is also reflected in the time series of Wen Xin Diao Long. "When you look at the time, it is elegant, good things are scattered in the world, the wind is declining and vulgar, and the ambition is deep and the pen is long, so the outline is full of enthusiasm." It is said that Cao Cao's articles are generous, expressing the image of troubled times at that time, showing the atmosphere of the country, showing Cao Cao's own views, mostly the intentions expressed by Cao Cao.
(2) An overview of Cao Pi's writing style.
As an important promoter and founder of Jian 'an literature, Cao Pi has formed his own unique poetic style, which is mainly manifested in his love poems for men and women and wandering poems. Influenced by his life experience, his poetic style can be divided into two periods. In the early stage, he had romantic feelings and created a number of Yuefu poems, as well as political poems expressing his inner desire to make contributions. It also includes the poems that I added to the literati's reward when I was guarding the city and gathered with many literati in the city to have fun. The later period has a distinct realistic color, and most lyric poems are delicate, clear and sentimental. Modern people's evaluation of Cao Pi's poems is subjectively intended to start from the social content. At the same time, I also want to clarify a special aspect of his artistic achievements. The content reflected in his literary creation is far less than that of Cao Cao, because his works are far less than the social reality such as politics and turmoil involved by Cao Cao. Being in a high position, I can't see the disadvantages of society and the sufferings of the people, and my life is relatively narrow, so I am good at describing the love between men and women and the sadness of parting. Among them, the thinking content about love between men and women in Xing and Miscellaneous Poems is extremely prominent and representative. Ge Yanxing is one of the most representative works of Cao Pi's poetic style, which is about a woman who misses her distant husband on an autumn night. Cao Pi wrote the tossing and turning of young women's thoughts about their husbands and their unbearable loneliness in a gentle and delicate way, which showed the painful emotions and lonely feelings incisively and vividly, and also showed sympathy for these dissatisfied women in the boudoir.
Cao Pi's poetic language is beautiful and skillful, lyrical and subtle, and his style is graceful and graceful. "Wen Xin Diao Long" simply said: "Wei Wen is talented." This feature is reflected in his poems, just as the description of the thinking woman in Yan Ge Xing said, "I am alone in my room, afraid of forgetting my husband and not feeling tears." Through the description of the psychological and emotional performance of the thinking woman, it skillfully shows the infinite affection of a thinking woman who misses her husband in the long night, and her feelings are euphemistic and touching. Cao Pi's gentle and delicate writing is mostly related to his political life and personal experience. As one of the princes of Wei, he indulged in pleasure, debauchery and excessive extravagance, which made him weak at heart although he was strong in appearance, and his strong personality made his style tend to be beautiful and light.
The most prominent feature of Cao Pi's poems is the rich "scholar-bureaucrat temperament", and his poems are similar to Yuefu poems, with elegant, elegant and fluent charm. Poetry is often the true representation of emotion, with delicate and gentle language, but implicit, tactful and frank. The application of this literary and artistic expression and the formation of artistic style are mainly manifested in the beauty of language and the creation of artistic forms. There are many innovations in Cao Pi's poems. Although there are only more than 40 poems left, they all have three words, four words, five words, six words, seven words and miscellaneous words. He is good at expressing his delicate feelings with clear words, beautiful sentences and harmonious rhymes. Cao Cao is a hero in troubled times. Most of his works are related to the sense of historical mission and the obligation to pacify the world, but Cao Pi tries harder to express his personal feelings. He is sensitive and affectionate. At the banquet where all the guests were sitting, he suddenly realized that "happiness is extremely sad, and Ming is urging the liver." His sensitivity and affection transcended this era, and he was incompatible with people whose main life was war at that time, and had a unique sad emotional experience. It can be seen that Cao Pi's poetic style is mostly related to his own style orientation, personal life experience, inner thoughts and feelings, and has a strong independent color, which mainly shows Cao Pi's personal feelings.
(3) An overview of Cao Zhi's writing style.
Cao Zhi's literary level is widely praised, calling it "lofty character, adopting Chinese words, feeling elegant and resentful, and having literary talent." His writing style is different from Cao Cao's simplicity and sadness, and from Cao Pi's elegance and gracefulness, but he can combine their strengths to achieve the perfect combination of literary talent and character. Xie Lingyun commented on Cao Zhi: "There is only one stone in the world, and Cao Zijian has eight fights alone. I have to fight, and the world is divided into one battle. " This is undoubtedly the highest praise for Cao Zhi's poems, which shows the high praise for Cao Zhi's literary works in later generations. The main reason why Cao Zhi's poems are highly praised by later generations is that his literary talent is rich and colorful, and his bumpy life experience attracts attention. At the same time, Cao Zhi's poems are closely related to his bumpy life experience. Cao Zhi's early poems mainly praised ideals and ambitions, filled with optimism and romance, and full of confidence in the future. Most of them are based on the poet's desire and vision to make contributions and the poems given to friends. Cao Zhi's later poems mainly show the grief and indignation caused by the contradiction between ideal and reality. Its contents are mainly divided into four categories. The first category is the grief and indignation that oneself and friends are hurt, the second category is to express the bitterness of their life experiences with words that miss their wives and abandon their wives, the third category is to express their ideals and ambitions, and the fourth category is poems about immortals. When I hit a wall everywhere in the real world, I feel that time is gone forever and I have accomplished nothing. I want to pin my hopes on the helplessness of the ideal world. The typical representative of Cao Zhi's early poems is his White Horse. Through his appreciation of the knight errant's superb martial arts and patriotism in his poems, he expressed the poet's desire to make contributions to the world, his smug excitement in his early years, and Cao Zhi's desire to succeed through politics and literature. Cao Zhi's later poems mainly focus on expressing feelings. On the one hand, he insinuated the unhappiness of political frustration by abandoning and missing his wife. On the other hand, he expressed his last spiritual sustenance with poems about immortals. Cao Zhi ran into a wall everywhere in the real world, disheartened, sighing that time flies but his career is difficult, and he wanted to rely on the celestial world to pursue liberation. The ideal realm in Cao Zhi's poems about immortals is the representative of purity, purity and height, which symbolizes Cao Zhi's beautiful and great pursuit of the other side of life. Cao Zhi called the immortal theory "illusory" in On Taoism, and their father and son "thought it was a joke, but they didn't believe it." "Give a White Horse to Wang Biao" also said, "Nothing seeks longevity, and pine nuts have been bullied for a long time." It can be seen that Cao Zhi's poems about immortals do not really believe in immortals, but actually fully reflect his concern about the surrounding changes and his own situation. It can be said that the writing style of Cao Zhi's poems is also inseparable from the true embodiment of his own personality and emotional experience.
Luo Can
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