Synthesis theory is a film theory relative to ontology, which was first put forward by Italian avant-garde artist Canu in 19 1 1. "Film is a synthesis of three time arts and three space arts, which are: poetry, music and dance; The three major space arts are architecture, painting and sculpture. Therefore, film is the seventh art. "
As pointed out in the preface of the book Realism and Film edited by C William: "(Some people think) the material of film is close to the art of modeling and space, that is, close to painting; Its way of development is close to the "time" art of literature and music. ..... L. Delluc thinks that' the movie is a moving picture'; ...... A. Ganges thinks that' film is the music of light' ",and the film art synthesizer thinks that film cannot exist as an independent art, but is a synthesis of various arts.
Film and television art is a synthesis of time art and space art, which not only shows the surface of the picture in the length of time like time art, but also develops the image in the picture space like space art, so that the works can obtain multi-means and multi-ways expressive force. However, in the past film and television creation, the view that film and television art is regarded as time art directly affected our creative methods. French film theorist Marcel? Marda once said: "In the space-time complex (or space-time continuum) as the scaffold of the movie world, only time is the fundamental and decisive component of the movie story, and space is always the secondary and subsidiary reference range." Under the guidance of this view, for a long time, most feature films in China are structured by narrating the development of stories. It is a linear way of thinking, considering the space according to the environmental background of the story, but the film and television story is different from the general story. It must be presented in the form of modeling-space, and the story can be told through modeling performance-composition, tone and tone composed of light, shadow, color and lines to express feelings and tone. Therefore, to be more accurate, film and television art should be a comprehensive art of time and space.
Engels wrote in Anti-Turin: "The basic form of any existence is space and time, and the existence outside time is as absurd as the existence outside space." Therefore, the coexistence of film and television time and space is like a weight in Libra, so we should make the two equal. Only in this way can we play a powerful role in future artistic creation.
Due to the diversity of film styles and films, there are feature films that focus on complete stories and depict characters, documentaries that report political, economic, cultural, educational, military or historical events, art films made with various artistic means and materials, and opera films that record stage artistic performances. Several of these species. For example, there are comedies, westerns, romance films, science fiction films and so on. There are cartoons, puppet film and newspaper clippings in art films; Documentaries include biographical documentaries, documentary documentaries and news documentaries. It includes literature, drama, painting, architecture, music, dance and other artistic elements, so it is called comprehensive art.
The so-called comprehensive art refers to an artistic style composed of several artistic elements. Characterized in that:
Collective creation. Including screenwriter, director, actor, art, photography and recording arts's creation;
Make use of all existing artistic expressions. Movies have descriptions and structures with literary elements, dialogues with dramatic elements, inner monologues, body movements and facial expressions, songs with musical elements, and visual images integrated with pictures;
Extensive popular culture. The composition of the film is to express and show the relationship between people and the environment around the world, as well as the customs, lifestyles and cultural levels formed from it, which is easy to understand.
But the comprehensiveness of the film does not mean the simple addition of various artistic elements, but refers to the integration of artistic elements contained in various artistic forms into new things to express. It has not only the characteristics of general literature and art, but also its own personality characteristics. This is because the expressive tools of film art are different from other artistic expressive tools. Movies are reflected by cameras. The camera has the characteristics of truly recording the time-space transformation and movement of objects, thus forming a special film expression technique and film narrative language, and organically combining various artistic elements into a new artistic expression image.
Because of this, as an art film, although it is the latest and youngest art after many ancient traditional arts such as literature, drama, music, dance, painting, sculpture and photography, it is also the only art that can let us know its birth date so far. It is only a hundred years since Lumiere officially released the world's earliest self-made film on February 28th, 895. Some ancient and traditional arts have experienced thousands of years or thousands of years of vicissitudes, and even experts and scholars who specialize in art history have no way to test their appearance. Compared with the ancient and traditional art, movies can only be regarded as little brothers. But later, the youngest art-film, with its unparalleled artistic power, broke into the world art forest and became the most popular and influential art giant of the same age as the century. I can do this because I am young and have my own advantages. Because the film is not only born after the ancient traditional art, but also a new and unique art form formed by absorbing and digesting the advantages of these arts and discarding their shortcomings and organically integrating various artistic factors. Therefore, the organic synthesis of various art categories is the most prominent aesthetic feature of film art, and comprehensiveness is the essence of film beauty.
Early film researchers discussed the basic persistence of film art and the mystery of film beauty from the proposition of who the film looks like. Their views and conclusions are quite different. Some people think that movies are like literature, some people think that movies are like drama, some people think that movies are like painting, some people say that movies are like music and so on. Just a few examples. Therefore, there are such terms as "visual literature", "movie poetry", "visual symphony" and "silent melody", trying to define the essence of film beauty from the perspective of film aesthetics. Although these views are famous for their relative rationality, they are obviously one-sided today. Film is unique, and film is film, because film is a comprehensive art that absorbs and contains many artistic factors such as literature, drama, music, dance, painting, sculpture, photography and so on.
Film contains literary factors, because it absorbs a set of methods to reflect the relationship between the objective world and reality from literature and nutrients from various literary genres, such as lyric from poetry, documentary from prose and narrative from novels. In terms of narrative techniques, it also draws lessons from subjective narrative and objective narrative, external description and internal analysis, and various forms of structural principles in literature. In a word, the film draws lessons from literary experience and has literary factors in terms of characterization, plot structure arrangement, detail description and narrative mode. There are dramatic factors in the film, which are manifested in the use of a series of artistic methods and means such as actor performance, scene scheduling, conflict and suspense. The musical factors in the film are the combination of melody and picture, creating environmental atmosphere, rendering emotions and rhythm changes. As for the painting, sculpture, photography and other factors in the film, not only in modeling and visual reproducibility, but also in composition, color, light and shadow processing, we all draw lessons from the experience of these arts, and many special terms in the film, such as picture, tone, tone, lens and focal length, also draw lessons from these arts.
The film absorbs a set of methods to reflect the relationship between the objective world and reality from literature, and draws lessons from literary experience, methods and skills from characterization, plot structure arrangement, detail description and narrative form, so it has literary factors. However, literature has entered the film, which has undergone a qualitative change because of the restriction, digestion and integration of the film, rather than the film plus literature. Literary factors in movies are qualitatively different from literature as a language art. Because although movies widely draw lessons from the experience, methods and skills of literature in shaping artistic images, literature shapes literary images through the only medium of language and literature, while movies shape screen images through pictures, sounds and montages, which are unique and special expression means of movies. Writers use language to write stories, people and people's souls. Literary images are related to readers through abstract language symbols, while screen images directly appeal to the audience's audio-visual senses through visible pictures and audible sounds. It can be seen that the literary factor in the film is by no means film plus literature.
Film absorbs nutrition from painting, including composition, light and shadow, the use and treatment of colors and lines, and has painting factors. However, the painting in the film is not film plus painting, and the painting factors in the film are restricted by the film, which is qualitatively different from the painting art. The means of painting to reproduce life is lines and colors, and the means of film is pictures, with sound to cooperate with them. The plastic image in painting can only become static, but can't show the continuous movement of objects, and the plastic image in the picture is always a constantly changing plastic image with continuous movement.
Film absorbs nutrition from drama, including the factors of drama art, but when drama enters the film and is digested and integrated by the film, it also produces qualitative change, not film plus drama. The concept and treatment of time and space in movies are qualitatively different from those in drama. The stage space is fixed and the screen space is constantly changing. Stage time is real physical time, and screen time is non-physical time that can be freely extended, compressed and stagnated. Therefore, the space-time expression of drama is limited, while the space-time expression of screen has great freedom. And there is a qualitative difference between drama performance and film performance. The performer's performance and the appreciator's appreciation are completed at the same time, which is the characteristic of drama performance; Film performance is another situation: the performer performs live and the appreciator is absent; Appreciators are present to appreciate, and performers are absent, so performers' performances and appreciators' appreciation cannot be completed at the same time. So this determines that drama performance and film performance have their own special laws rather than consistency.
When other arts enter the film, qualitative changes will also occur. All these show that the film has absorbed a variety of art categories, not a simple combination of various arts, but an organic integrated whole. Movies have absorbed various artistic categories and formed comprehensive aesthetic characteristics. In essence, it is an organic combination of time art and space art. Because of this, film, as a new art combining time art and space art, overcomes the limitations and shortcomings of traditional pure time art and traditional pure space art, and can fully express both time and space, so it has great performance potential and artistic possibility. From this, it is not difficult to see that the comprehensive essence of a film containing a variety of art categories lies in its combination of visual art and auditory art, which overcomes the limitations that simple visual art can not meet people's aesthetic needs for visual images and simple auditory art can not meet people's aesthetic needs for visual images, and has the advantage of combining the advantages of both audio and video, making it the most popular art form.
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