Du Fu lived in exile all his life and suffered a lot. Why is he still called "poet saint"?

Du Fu was born in the first year of the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (7 12). He witnessed the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty (7 13-74 1) and suffered from the eight-year Anshi Rebellion (755-763). His life coincided with the sharp turn from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty. He has been wandering from place to place all his life and suffered a lot. The chaotic country and family, individual and times, society and people constitute the important themes of Du Fu's poems, during which there is a historical pain of chaos, so it is called "the history of poetry". 1958, Mao Zedong called Du Fu's poems "political poems" in Du Fu's Caotang, Chengdu, for the same reason. Du Fu's family is very glorious. Du Yu, the general of the Western Jin Dynasty, pre-destroyed Wu Dong, ending the separatist regime of the Three Kingdoms since the end of the Han Dynasty. This Du Yu is the distant ancestor of Du Fu, and he also annotated Zuo Zhuan. Du Fu's great-grandfather was a county magistrate. Grandfather Du was a food minister in Wu Zetian's time, and later a bachelor's degree in Xiuwen Museum, and also a famous poet. Father Du Xian was also a county magistrate. Everything's fine. He was born in a scholar-bureaucrat family and made friends with literati since childhood, which made Du Fu have the Confucian ambition of taking the world as his own responsibility. Just like his poem in "Twenty-two Rhymes for Wei": "Yao and Shun are the most noble, and then the customs are pure." Yao and Shun are sages of Confucian "benevolent governance", and they live in a "Great Harmony" world where the world is public. Phoenix is a divine bird in China culture. Legend has it that the Yellow Emperor swam above the Luoshui River and the Phoenix was placed in front of the Yellow Emperor. Legend has it that in Zhou Wenwang, Qishan has Feng Huangming. Therefore, Confucius regarded the phoenix as a symbol of national auspiciousness. At the age of seven, Du Fu wrote his first poem, The Ode to the Phoenix. Later, Phoenix became a unique image in Du Fu's poems (just like "Dapeng" in Li Bai's poems). Phoenix is also a totem set by Du Fu for his political ideal-this Confucian poetic feeling of "a scholar is interested in Taoism" has also won Du Fu the reputation of "a poet saint"-later poems such as Phoenix Terrace and Zhu Fengxing made Du Fu sing the phoenix again and again. However, Du Fu's Phoenix is destined to be a phoenix crossing a bonfire. In the 23rd year of Kaiyuan (735), Du Fu took the exam for the first time. So I wandered through Qi and Zhao and wrote the original masterpiece "Wang Yue". The ending sentence of this poem is "climb to the top of the mountain, and you will see that other mountains are short under the sky." It is translated from Mencius, "Confucius climbed the eastern mountain but was small, climbed Mount Tai but was smaller than the world", and the depression at the bottom did not hide his lofty sentiments. In the fifth year of Tianbao (746), Prime Minister Li presided over the national entrance examination. Du Fu went from Luoyang to Chang 'an to take the exam, and as a result, he and all the juren lost the election, while Li, who was jealous of talents, said that Xuanzong was "clear". Du Fu clearly realized that his personal fate was ups and downs due to the decline of the national movement. The following year, the famous minister Li Yong and others were killed, which once again exposed the news of Tianbao's political darkness. Since then, Xuanzong spoiled Yang Guifei and enjoyed himself day and night. "And the emperor abandoned listening early"; And cronyism, let Yang monopolize power; Years of belligerence, fighting Tubo, conniving at An Lushan (as the adopted son of the imperial concubine) as a buffer region, and the state governance suffered a great defeat, which finally led to the Anshi Rebellion. During this period, Du Fu, who lived in poverty and poverty, foresightedly hinted at the social crisis and the drastic changes of the times brought about by the corruption of current politics, such as Car Shop, Going out before (9 songs) and Two Ways. Tianbao14 (755)165438+1one day in early October, midnight. Du Fu, who just took office at the end of last month (You Wei led the government soldier Cao to join the army), set off from Chang 'an with some ominous signs and went to Fengxian (now Pucheng, Shaanxi) to visit his family who was separated by a snowstorm by his wife. The north wind roared and it was freezing. At dawn, Du Fu passed at the foot of Mount Li (now Lintong, Shaanxi), and the partition wall was Huaqing Palace. But when I saw the bright lights inside, I could vaguely hear laughter, harp and singing-I could even hear the sound of weapons colliding-the song "Colorful Feather" had not been finished, and Tang Xuanzong and Yang Guifei were feasting with a group of bureaucrats all night. A hot spring filled the wall, and Du Fu was filled with indignation. When I arrived at Fengxian's house, I didn't expect to hear my family crying as soon as I entered the door. It turned out that his youngest son starved to death. It's really "ashamed of being a father, come to a bad end." Du Fu is more or less a small official. Since you can't afford to raise a son, how difficult is the life of ordinary people? Once again, he was hit by sadness and immediately wrote the poem "From Beijing to Fengxian, reciting 500 words". "Poor years worry about Li Yuan", "Zhu Men's wine stinks, and the road has frozen bones. It is difficult to distinguish between glory and death. " This poem is an exclamation of the belief in saving the people and the profound sense of political crisis condensed in Li Sao. In Du Fu's "intervention" (realism) poems, the car shop is a weather vane, which fully embodies the ideological depth of "intervention" and the artistic style is particularly in line with Du Fu's self-proclaimed "depression and frustration". In fact, when Du Fu returned to his hometown in Fengxian during the Anshi Rebellion to visit relatives, our envoys in Fanyang, Pinglu and Hedong just started to plot against the Tang Empire in the north, but Chang 'an couldn't confirm the news at the moment. 165438+1In mid-October, An lied that he was ordered by a secret imperial edict to crusade against Yang and sent150,000 troops south. There was no resistance along the way. Most of Tang Jun surrendered without a fight, and all the counties it passed were occupied. In Luoyang, the eastern capital, it became the emperor and set up a grand official. At that time, Du Fu's "Empress of the Frontier" (five poems) first reflected on the causes of the Anshi Rebellion, and proposed that the mutiny was actually related to Xuanzong's over-opening of the frontier: it was the over-opening of the frontier that led the frontier generals to attract people with merits and gradually gather troops and threaten the court. In June, 756 (the first year of Zhide), the rebels attacked Tongguan, and Tang Jun's general Guan Shou and deputy marshal Ge were arrested and surrendered to An Lushan. The army was under siege, and Chang 'an completely lost the last set of barriers. At the same time, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty panicked and fled to Chengdu, western Sichuan. Chang' an city fell instantly. Du Fu fled from war, taking his family from Fengxian to Baishui in May, and from Baishui to Qiang Village in Zhangzhou in June. In July, Su Zong ascended the throne in Lingwu, Ningxia, with the highest title. In August, Du Fu left home and went to Su Zongxing in Lingwu alone. Unfortunately, he was caught by the rebels and taken to Chang 'an, where he lived as a prisoner for eight months. Du Fu risked his life to witness the chaos of the country and the true face of panic and grief of an era. It is not so pleasant to say that "the country is unfortunate and the poet is lucky", but it is indeed the national chaos that has made Du Fu's "poetic history". This History of Poetry is full of historical knowledge and has the effect of proving history with poetry. The new Yuefu poems such as Mourning for Wang Sun, Mourning for Qing Ban and Mourning for Jiang Tou are famous poems during the poet's capture, expressing his grief and indignation at the loss of Chang 'an. At the same time, Du Fu also wrote Moonlit Night and Spring Hope, in which "Although the country is broken, the mountains and rivers remain forever, and the vegetation turns green in spring ..." has been popular for thousands of years. In April 757, Du Fu escaped from Chang 'an and went straight to Fengxiang Su Zonghang, with his feet in Ma Xie and his sleeves showing two elbows to meet the new emperor. In May, Du Fu paid homage to Zuo to receive the body, feeling deeply "indebted". Fang Fang, the prime minister at that time, was slandered and dismissed by Su Zong. As an admonisher, Du Fu interceded for the house, which made Su Zong very angry, so he handed it over to the third division for interrogation, and since then he has violated his promise to Su Zong. In June 758, Du Fu was demoted to Huazhou Secretariat to join the army, and left his post the following year, ending his official career. The most famous poems in this period are Three Officials and Three Farewells. The tragic people's livelihood in the war years described in the poem, such as official conscription, separation of relatives, * * * to eliminate disasters for the country, * * * to overcome difficult times, penetrated the paper and made people cry. There is also a long poem "Northern Expedition" with a line of 140, which echoes "Singing 500 words from Beijing to Fengxian". Huang Tingjian called it "a matter of book generation, which is in harmony with" national style ","elegance "and" ode ". These poems are also "the history of poetry", which is a huge structure that poetry can prove history. Indeed, Du Fu's poems profoundly witnessed the political history and social history of the Tang Dynasty during the Anshi Rebellion, leaving a mirror image of the times for future generations. At the beginning of the Anshi Rebellion, rebel An Lushan went south, while rebel Shi Siming stayed behind. 10, Luoyang and Chang 'an were recovered by Tang Jun in 757, and Shi Siming proclaimed himself emperor in Fanyang in July 759, and then invaded Hebei, where wars continued. After Du Fu abandoned his official position, his family moved to Qin Zhou (now Tianshui, Gansu), and soon moved to Tonggu (now Chengxian, Gansu), and continued to live a poor life. 65438+February, south to Chengdu. From Luoyang to Huazhou, from Huazhou to Qin Zhou, Tonggu, and then to Chengdu, Du Fu had a difficult 759-year re-entry journey. Du Fu is 47 years old this year, but he looks like a white-haired old man. In 762, Xuanzong and Su Zong died one after another, and Daizong acceded to the throne. Also in this year, Du Fu Cottage was completed on the banks of Huanhua River in the western suburbs of Chengdu. With the help of old friends, the poet lived a little stable pastoral life for two years. At that time, the world was still unstable. In 763, the Anshi Rebellion was finally put down, and Du Fu "recaptured the banks of the Yellow River by the imperial army", but people avoided the Zizhou Rebellion and could not return to Chengdu for the time being. Is the eight-year exile chaos really over? Yes, the poet wept with joy. "But I packed my books and poems crazily! Sing my songs loudly and drink my wine. Youth is a good companion to go home. Come back from this mountain, pass another mountain, go up from the south and then go north-to my own town! The joy of Du Fu's "Two Banks of the Yellow River Recovered by the Imperial Army" is easily reminiscent of the joy of being forgiven in Li Bai's "Chaofa Baidicheng". In the spring of 764, Du Fu, who returned to Chengdu Caotang, was called by Dai Zong to supplement the meritorious deeds of Beijing Zhaofu, but he was unable to take office because of the blocked road. In the autumn of this year, the poet entered the Yanwu shogunate on the spot because his friend bo played Du Fu as our time and a foreign minister of the Ministry of Industry. What's more, in Zhong Shu's Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Du Fu once again shaped himself into a classic Confucian poet. "Between Andrew's house, there are ten thousand people in Qian Qian who are happy, and the wind and rain do not move. Oh! Suddenly I saw this house in front of me, and I froze to death alone! " From himself to others, poets have a great desire to sacrifice themselves to save the whole life. Since then, the light of ideals has penetrated the lofty ideological realm of "poets and saints". The pacification of Anshi Rebellion did not bring a heavy blow to the peaceful situation in the Tang Dynasty. Military commanders were out of control, and frequent disasters occurred in buffer regions, which plagued the imperial court until the demise of the Tang Dynasty. Even, during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the nationwide military separatist regime continued to smoke, which was just an echo of the Anshi Rebellion. In the Yanwu shogunate, Du Fu was deeply immersed in the distant memory of the prosperous times of the Tang Dynasty (even the prosperous times of the Western Han Dynasty): "Back in the heyday of Kaiyuan, there were still thousands of families in the small town, and the rice was rich and the public and private granaries were full ... The saints in the palace played" Cloud Gate "and all the friends in the world were like glue paint. There has been no disaster for more than a hundred years, and the law of Uncle Sun, Li Le and Xiao He. " ... 1 100 years later, in modern China, a band, with a peculiar style, repeated the reminiscence of Du Fu's Dream Back to the Tang Dynasty, which swept the radical youth all over the world. It is still "recalling the prosperity of Kaiyuan" and "friends all over the world are like glue paint". However, this band named "Tang Dynasty" plays and sings a kind of twisted and torn rock. ...