The first is the meaning of "hate".
There are two explanations of "hate" in Ci Yuan: one is resentment and hatred. For example, "Xunzi Wen Yao" said that "those who have been in power for a long time are resentful, those who are rich are resentful, and those who respect them are resentful"; The second is regret, such as "Historical Records and Biography of Shang Jun": "Liang said:' I hate not using my uncle's words'." [2](P 14) So in what sense did the author use the word "hate" in Song of Eternal Sorrow? We might as well look at what has been said. For example, some people say that "Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty lost his country, which is the root of this tragedy" and "the maker of the tragedy finally became the hero of the tragedy, which is a special turning point of the story and the reason why the hero and heroine in the poem" hated each other for a long time "[1] (P872-873);" The theme of the poet's poem is self-contradictory, both slightly ironic and particularly pitiful. " Finally, he used' the earth will last forever, and the sky will last forever; One day both will end, and this endless sadness will last forever to express his condolences, which shows that the author ... expressed some sympathy for the emperor's' tragedy' [3] (P13); In the poem, there is more sympathy for Xuanzong than criticism, and there is regret and no condemnation. On the one hand, Bai Juyi expressed his sorrow for the confusion of Xuanzong women, on the other hand, he appreciated his love and sympathized with the misfortune of Emperor Taiping. Sympathy for Xuanzong also includes nostalgia and regret for the prosperous Tang Dynasty "[4] (P224); This poem also contains the author's deep love for the woman he loves, as well as the emotional projection of regret and hatred. ""Although the wishes of' Two-winged Birds' and' Lianlizhi' are beautiful, they are hard to realize in this life, so all that remains is the' long hatred' that can never be dispelled "[5] (P348). Being a "maker of tragedy" and a "hero of tragedy" means "pity", "mourning", "sympathy" and "regret", which naturally means regret and regret. However, some people do not seem to think so. Bai Juyi criticized the dissolute life of the former emperor Tang Xuanzong ... The "Anshi Rebellion" caused by the extravagance of Tang Xuanzong almost made the country lose its state. How could he sing the so-called Love of Li Yang? [6](P56) This is not praise, but criticism. What can we say about regret, remorse and regret? So the "hate" of "long hate" seems to mean "resentment". Objectively speaking, this is inconsistent with the author's lack of sympathy for Li and Yang when writing this poem. The author himself said, "One poem hates amorous feelings, but ten piano songs are not in proper intonation" [9](P 1 163). Bai Juyi obviously wrote this poem mainly as a poem about men and women. How can he not entrust or express his views on the love of the hero and heroine inside? The reasons for the author's so-called "love" for these two historical figures are complicated: first, it expresses people's nostalgia for the so-called "forty years of peace" that created the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty after the An Shi Rebellion and its representative country, heian period; Second, out of people's sympathy for the unfortunate experience of the once successful emperor in his later years, both of them obviously played down people's understanding and condemnation of his mistakes in the country; Thirdly, when the author draws lessons from relevant folklore, through Li Yang's story, he obviously inherits the ideal of good love given to himself by people in folklore; Fourthly, as people say, this poem also contains the author's own "love hurts himself" [7](P72) factor.
It can be seen that from the text facts, the author's creative psychology and most academic viewpoints, it is more appropriate to interpret "hate" in Song of Eternal Sorrow as "regret" or "regret".
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Then who "hates"? Hate what?
The poem is "the earth lasts forever, and the sky lasts forever; One day both will end, and this endless sadness will last forever, "although this is the focus of the whole poem." But the question of "who to hate" still exists. Judging from the first two sentences, "we hope that two birds will fly in the sky with the same wing and grow together on the ground, two branches of a tree." It seems that the protagonist of Hate is undoubtedly Li and Yang. However, judging from the author's creative motivation, people's love ideals, nostalgia for the prosperous Tang Dynasty, regret for Xuanzong and the strong mourning feelings revealed in the article, it is obvious that the protagonist of Regret should also include the author and readers infected by the poem. It is in this sense that a gifted scholar said: "the pen in the title" exists in the ground and in the sky; One day, both will end, and this endless sadness will last forever. "Deep-rooted acacia has become an endless long-term hatred, and special events have gained extensive significance. The love between Li and Yang has been sublimated, and the world saw her figure and was shocked by her heart. Poetry puts forward the significance of' everlasting regret song', and its great artistic charm seems to be here. [5](P349-350) From the perspective of reception aesthetics, this is a natural thing. Therefore, in our view, the protagonists of the "everlasting regret" in "everlasting regret" are mainly Li and Yang, but they also include the strongly infected authors and readers.
As for "hate" what? That is, the specific connotation of "regret" and "repentance", in my opinion, there may be at least four kinds: first, where are you going to regret and repent; Second, remorse and remorse that led to the country's peril and people's suffering; Third, regret and self-blame for not fulfilling promises; The fourth is the regret and self-blame for the bitter fruit. Let's try to explain.
Do Li and Yang have any regrets and regrets about the Song of Eternal Sorrow? The answer is yes, but obviously it can't cover all the contents of this poem and Li and Yang's "hate", or even represent its main content. Because: first, the heavy and unforgettable thoughts and pains expressed by Li and Yang in their poems can obviously not be summarized and expressed by just using the words "regret" and "regret"; Second, poetry is based on myths and legends. She said that since they firmly believe that "our souls belong to each other", just like this gold and this shell, "somewhere, at some time, on the earth or in heaven, we will be together", although they are both in the fairy mountain and on the earth, they still miss each other so obsessively and exclusively, so they will meet with the earth in heaven one day. Why do they "and this endless sadness will last forever"? Obviously, the main connotation of regret and repentance is by no means where you will go.
What you did caused the country to be in danger and the people to suffer. Are you sorry? It seems not. In the first half of the poem, as some commentators have said, the author fully describes Li Yang's "occupying love and missing the stage". The so-called "But spring night was short, the sun rose too early, and the emperor abandoned listening early" is described as follows; The other is arrogance. The so-called "sisters and brothers are divided, and because she shines and glorifies her clan" is a description. However, the sentence "Until the drums are beating, the Yuyang is blown out, the earth is shaken, and the colorful feathers are shaken" is even more obvious in its causality and irony. If you write along this line of thought, you will inevitably write about the serious consequences caused by the An Shi Rebellion to the country and the great disaster caused to the people. However, the author did not write along this line, not only did he not write about the national peril and people's hardship caused by the Anshi Rebellion, but after the turning point of "heaven and earth in last contact, the dragon car returned home", the author also went all out to describe Li and Yang's struggles on earth. Not only did he not write this in Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, but the author didn't write anything about it, which shows that this poem. It is also at this point that the author's views on this matter are not as good as Yuan Mei's "Shi Hao Village's husband and wife don't say goodbye, tears are more than the Palace of Eternal Life" [8](P40), nor as good as Du Mu's later writing "Thousands of peaks and beautiful clothes, dancing to break the sorrow". [9](P 1323)
Then, is it a pity that the promise of "husband and wife from generation to generation" has not been realized? Our answer is yes, we think that not only the protagonist of the work is like this, but also the author's subjective feelings are condensed here. Judging from the two protagonists in the poem, they vowed to be husband and wife for generations, but before the end of their lives, they were forced to go somewhere. How can they not "when this endless sorrow lasts forever"? Judging from the author's exaggerated lovesickness of Li and Yang in the second half of the poem, it seems that the author's greatest regret and regret are also condensed here. The author's emotional tendency is also conveyed to readers because of the great artistic appeal of his works. Therefore, when reading this poem, readers seem to downplay their concern about the serious consequences of the "An Shi Rebellion" and focus on sympathy for the two tragic protagonists.
As for how to treat the hero's regret, remorse and bitter fruit? The author believes that this is only a view of future generations, not the conscious consciousness of the protagonist and the author's main intention. Because we can't find any evidence in the works. If "hate" can be interpreted as "resentment", then there may be the following answers: Hate An Lushan and Shi Siming for rebelling? Hate Chen Liujun forced Xuanzong to let the imperial concubine hang herself on Maweipo? Hate that Xuanzong failed to rescue the imperial concubine from the pressure of the Sixth Army? Although these three points cannot be found in the poem, it is not impossible, especially the third point, which leads people to regret and regret that they have failed to realize the love ideal of "we hope to fly in heaven, two birds will become one and grow together on the earth, two branches of a tree". Therefore, the so-called "hate" and "long hate" are due to the bitter fruit of self-brewing, which can only be recognized by future generations and is an objective effect of the work. From the perspective of reception aesthetics, this view is certainly possible, but we think it is the objective effect of the work, not the connotation of the text, not the author's creative theme.
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Finally, we want to talk about the attitude of the protagonist, the author and future generations to this "hate" view.
If we say that the protagonists Li and Yang and the author Xuanzong failed to keep their promises, which led to their views on Where Are You Going, we should first distinguish Li and Yang as historical figures from Li and Yang as literary images. But in fact, it is difficult to treat them separately. As real historical figures, it is difficult for Li and Yang to have real feelings. Even if they have true feelings and feel sorry and contrite for Xuanzong's dishonesty, they are not worthy of people's sympathy. As we all know, Yang Yuhuan is the concubine of Li Mao, the son of Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, who is Li Longji's daughter-in-law. Li Longji took a fancy to her. Although Yang Yuhuan experienced the transformation from a female Taoist priest to a palace, it still could not change the nature of her court incest farce. Look from the age, according to the test, Li Longji is more than 30 years older than Yang Yuhuan, and the ancients got married early, which means that Yang Yuhuan can almost be Li Longji's granddaughter. It may be true that Tang Xuanzong loved Yang Yuhuan, but I'm afraid it's even harder for Yang Yuhuan to really love Tang Xuanzong. This is not to mention the question of whether the royal family and the country have true feelings-there are so many beautiful women in the palace, and it is actually very difficult for an emperor to completely fall in love with a person, as written in the poem. The best footnote to his emotional hypocrisy is that during the Mawei Revolution, Li Longji spared no expense to make Yang Yuhuan a scapegoat to protect himself. Because, if we want to investigate the culprit leading to the Anshi Rebellion, it is Xuanzong himself, not Yang Yuhuan, who should be investigated first, so even if Xuanzong later regrets and misses Yang Yuhuan, it is hard to arouse sympathy. As far as Yang Yuhuan is concerned, it goes without saying that she likes arrogance. The Sixth Army, headed by Chen, insisted on killing her, although it was misleading, but it was obviously related to the common unpopularity of her and Yang's sisters and brothers. For the above reasons, it is understandable that people have some sympathy for her, but what is more difficult is "when this endless sadness lasts forever." As far as the author is concerned, it is very difficult to express the ideals and feelings of the people and themselves for a beautiful love. If we don't start a new stove, we must rely on the "celebrity effect" of these two historical figures to achieve both ideological and artistic success, because as historical figures, these two figures have been fixed in history, and their basic factual framework and characters' ideological character can't be fabricated at will, which is why the author has spent a lot of effort, so that many people in history have written about this subject now. Although they have tried every means, they still can't avoid the so-called "theme contradiction". However, in view of the author's special creative psychology when writing this poem, compared with the protagonist of the work, the author's regret and regret can still be understood by readers. But another undeniable fact is that the author successfully conveyed this regret and regret to the readers. This is the core factor that causes the great artistic appeal of this poem. Because if we say that in the first half of the poem, the author successfully created an image of an emperor who lost his feelings and an image of a spoiled concubine, then in the second half of the poem, we successfully created two heroes and heroines who miss each other deeply. As some scholars have said, the author really pinned his ideal of beautiful love on them, or in the second half of the poem, Li and Yang have completely divorced from history and become a symbol of love in the eyes of people and the author, a kind of beautiful emotion of human beings. However, people's good feelings are not always "all shall be well, jack shall have Jill" as people hope, but they are homesick for some reason, which is a common phenomenon in life. Because of this, when people read this poem, they will consciously or unconsciously pour their feelings into it, and even produce a strong * * * sound. This is why this poem has been criticized by historical figures Li and Yang since ancient times, but it shocked them. Because of this, when people read this poem, they always have ambivalence of being both a historical figure and a literary image, which is inevitable and insoluble, because this poem is based on the specific historical figures Li and Yang, and expresses their ideal love through fictional literary images.
On the basis of this understanding, let's take a look at the theory of "self-regret and self-sin" or "self-brewing bitter fruit" in later generations. From the previous discussion, we can know that both the ancient theory of "self-regret and self-sin" and the modern theory of "self-brewing bitter fruit" are unfounded in relevant historical records and works. As far as the author is concerned, no matter outside or in his works, there is also a lack of expression in this respect. Based on this situation, we think these two statements are the understanding of this work by future generations or today. There are not only the objective effect of the work, but also the modern people's evaluation of the content of the work, and more importantly, the complex historical and psychological factors that lead people to experience the tragedy of the protagonist.
Therefore, in our opinion, when it comes to the theme of Song of Eternal Sorrow or the word "hate" in the theme, we should strictly distinguish the feelings of the protagonist, the feelings entrusted by the author and the emotional experience of future generations, otherwise, it will be difficult for us to get a * * * understanding on this issue.
References:
[1] process. A dictionary of appreciation of Tang poetry [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, 1983.
[2] Sima Qian. Historical Records (Volume V) [M]. Beijing: International Culture Publishing Company, 1992
[3] Chen Youqin. Bai Juyi [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1978
[4] Yuan Xingpei. Outline of China Literature History [M]. Beijing: Peking University Publishing House, 1986.
[5] Yuan Xingpei. Luo Zongqiang. China literature history [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 1999.
[6] Wang Shi. Biography of Bai Juyi [M]. Xi 'an: Shaanxi People's Publishing House, 1983
[7] Zhang. Love and self-injury are hidden dreams in Song of Eternal Sorrow. [J]。 Appreciation of masterpieces, 1995 5,
[8] Zhu Dongrun. Selected works of China's history and literature (Ⅱ) [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2006.
[9] A Compendium of Tang Poetry (Volume II) [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1993
Author Wang Fengying (1964-), female, from Fuping, Shaanxi, is an associate professor in the Chinese Department of Weinan Normal University.