With the Islamic Crusade, India became the seat of the Mughal Empire in the17th century. Mughal claimed to be the importer of Indian conventional garden design. Mughal emperors inherited their instinctive love for wilderness and natural landscape from their ancestors. Intellectually, they pay attention to seeking peace, which is based on various established orders. They pay full attention to the eternity of this life and the afterlife, and persistently explore how to achieve this goal perfectly. Babur, the leader of the Mughal Empire, brought Persian-style gardens, such as Rambagh Garden, Agra built in 1528 and the east bank of Zhu Mu Na River. An important difference between Mughal gardens and other Islamic gardens lies in the different choice of plants. Due to different climatic conditions, Islamic gardens are usually like oases in the desert, so plants are low and flowers are many; There are many kinds of tall plants in Mughal gardens, but few flowering plants.
Mughal people built two types of gardens in India: one is a cemetery, which is located on the plains of India and usually built before the death of the king. After the death of the king, its central position was used as a mausoleum site and opened to the public. The best example of a cemetery is the world-famous Taj Mahal, which was built in the ancient Indian city of Agra. The other is an amusement park, which has more water bodies than a cemetery and is usually not in a static state like a reflection pool. Water features in amusement parks usually take the form of waterfalls or fountains. Amusement parks also have terraced fields, such as Shalima Garden in Kashmir, which is typical of Mughal amusement parks.
The overall design of the Taj Mahal adopts a symmetrical layout. The whole park covers an area of 17 hectares. The cemetery is rectangular, about 304 meters wide and 580 meters long, surrounded by red sandstone walls. The whole cemetery is neatly and symmetrically arranged and divided into two courtyards. In the center of the cemetery is a cross-shaped canal, which divides the garden into four parts, each part has a small four-part garden divided by a small cross, and each small branch garden still has four small green spaces marked by a cross, which are balanced and symmetrical, and the layout is concise and tidy. In Islam, the word "4" has a sacred and perfect meaning. There is a large swimming pool fountain above the ground in the center, which is very eye-catching. Mausoleum buildings are all made of white marble, and the architectural image is a circular arc roof with a height of more than 70 m, and the four corners are equipped with minarets with a height of about 42 meters. The building stands on a platform with a height of 10m behind the garden, emphasizing the longitudinal axis. This new method highlights the mausoleum building and maintains the integrity of the cemetery. The combination of architecture and garden, the curved roof reflected in the pool, the picture is particularly moving. The tall arch of the mausoleum's bedroom is inlaid with the Koran, the doors and windows in the palace are beautifully carved, and there are flowers inlaid with jewels on the wall, which shine brightly. The four walls of the bedroom are decorated with pointed arched concave walls and carved windows. The roof is double-arched, and the outer drum-shaped stone base supports a huge spherical dome with a height of 58 meters. There are four small dome pavilions around the four corners at the bottom of the big dome, which are concise and accurate in shape and lively and harmonious in rhythm. The pool and environment of the mausoleum are quite cleverly designed. The skylight and Shui Ying complement each other, and there is no lack of solemnity, which adds a fantastic color to the mausoleum, so it is called "Dream of Marble". The Taj Mahal inherits the Islamic architectural traditions of Persia and Central Asia, but it also incorporates the unique style of Indian ancient buildings. She has a clear figure, a well-proportioned figure, soft colors, exquisite architecture and a strong secular atmosphere. It perfectly shows the happiness of Muslims in the upper class for the afterlife; Attitude and yearning for Islamic paradise. High integration of architecture and garden art; The whiteness and purity of marble graves: the dignity and dignity of evergreen trees; The green of the slender lawn is like a carpet; The obscurity of various fountains; The virtual and real meaning of sparkling reflection; It can be said that it complements each other and makes the mausoleum more artistic.
The architecture of the Taj Mahal contains complex metaphors. It is an extremely precious symbolic masterpiece in the world. When the closed geometric garden becomes a tradition and repeats everywhere, it will inevitably produce a sense of monotony, while the concept of expanding landscape is more novel and meaningful.
In Indian Islamic gardens, there is also a mixture of Islamic geometric shapes and Indian models. For example, the leaf pattern symbolizes the origin of life in Egypt, while it is a symbol of the universe in India. Xialimar Garden in Lahore is located in the northeast of Lake Dahl and was completed in 16 19. The garden is terraced and divided into three parts, one for women, the other for kings and the other for the public. Women's activities are usually hidden, and their gardens are on the top floor to provide maximum privacy and the best view.
1630, Sharjah Khan added a terrace in the center of the women's garden, which became the center of architectural interest. Not far from Xialima Garden is Nishat Bagh Garden, which is also terraced. At first, it had 12 floors, and a long and narrow canal connected different floors. Nishatbagh Garden is famous for its site planning. Behind the platform, you can enjoy the spectacular mountain scenery. At the other end of the axis is a lake. The location of the garden is ideal, which is not only convenient for viewing, but also perfectly integrated with the scenery outside the garden.
Influenced by region, climate and local culture, Islamic gardens mostly appear in the form of unique architectural atrium. For this reason, in the history of world gardens, Islamic traditional gardens can be described as the quietest and most introverted gardens. Here, you can imagine it is a paradise on earth. When people design, build and maintain such a garden, they create a Little Paradise on earth.
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