-Looking at the beautiful style from "Golden Copper Immortal Ci Han Ge".
Struggle Xiao
Li He (790-8 16) was born in Changgu (now Yiyang County, Henan Province). Father's name is Jin Su. Some people say that gold and gold are homophonic. In order to avoid his father's taboo, Li He should not take the Jinshi exam. This statement had a great influence, which made Li He unable to take the exam. He only made a small official with nine grades to serve Li Lang. He died at the age of 27, a lifelong shame. There are 24 1 existing poems, including Long Valley Collection.
Li He is an outstanding poet in the Tang Dynasty. His poetic style is peculiar and subjective, and his subjectivity is unparalleled after Li Bai.
Li He has great ambition and yearning for life since he was a child. However, premature misfortune made him unhappy and unhappy. He said: "I can't get ecstasy, and the world is white." The young heart is like a cloud and sits cold. " ("To Wine") "Why don't men take Wu Gou and accept fifty states in Guanshan?" ("Thirteen Poems in the South Garden" (5) "Sleeping in the pillow and sword box, the guest dreams." ("Chongyi Stagnation in the Rain")
It is precisely because of this positive yearning that he wrote poems about people's livelihood and state affairs, such as Huang Jiadong, feeling irony (Hepu without pearls), the tiger walking, and the old lady picking jade songs. However, all kinds of difficulties in his official career made his spirit fall into depression and sadness prematurely. He also appealed for his humiliating position that "male and female servants are so weak that they just want to take a dustpan and broom" ("Give Shang Chen"), and issued "A man is not poor in heart, but he is angry with God when he dies" ("Folk Songs"). But he is more worried and confused, which makes him feel sick both psychologically and physically. It can be seen from his repeated references in his poems that "the bone hurts you", "the bone still hurts", "first frost's silk falls" and "autumn color is white" that although he is young, he is terminally ill and his white hair is born early, which will naturally increase his psychological burden. So he said, "There is a man in Chang 'an whose heart is rotten." (To Shang Chen) "I'm not proud of being twenty years old. I'm worried about it like a withered orchid. "("open a sad song ")
On the one hand, it is the desire of youth and the fullness of vitality; On the one hand, it is sorrow and precocity. This contradictory blend is the basis of Li He's unique psychological quality and aesthetic pursuit. Paying attention to life and pursuing the mystery of life is a major theme in Li He's poems. Due to career difficulties, premature senility and melancholy personality formed by illness, Li He is extremely sensitive to life and death, and has written many works related to life and death. This philosophical content is not a philosophical proposition in Li He's poems, but a feeling of sensitivity, fear, hesitation and pain to the passage of time and short life. "Qi Jun has no youth, and Japanese cars have chips. I am waiting for you, leave me a star. " (The next part of "Five Wonders") "How sad Nanshan is, the ghost rain scattered the grass. In the middle of the night in Chang 'an, several people are getting old before the wind. Dull dusk path, curly green oak road. In the afternoon of the month, the shadow stands, the mountain is only white, the lacquer torch welcomes new people, and the firefly disturbs people. " (The Third Part of Five Satiries)
The threat of aging and death oppressed him heavily, making him feel that life was short and insignificant. He felt anxious and distressed to get rid of this threat, which led to various fantasies. He cursed time, fantasized about stopping time and sought eternal life: "fly away, fly away, and advise you to have a drink." I don't know that the sky is high and the land is thick, but when the moon is cold and the day is warm, I will fry my life. ..... If there is a forest in Tiandong, Candle dragon will be next. I will cut off the dragon's feet and eat the dragon's meat. So it can't turn and it won't fall off at night. Natural elders don't die, and young people don't cry. ..... "("The bitter days are short ") This fantasy of" Dongyang is not broken, and the sky is not old "("Dancing Song ") is also shown in Travel Notes of Japan. Li He saw that the universe is changing endlessly, and everything in the world is short and small. This view is sadly repeated in many of his works. He not only fantasizes about eternal life, but also longs to enter an eternal and infinite realm, which is the "heaven" expressed in his works such as Dream of Heaven and Songs in the Sky, that is, the universe ontology with eternal time and infinite space. In the sky, not only the natural life of human beings can be immortal, but also human beings themselves have gained eternal value and significance. In this fantasy, it often contains the most easily expressed content of young vitality, that is, love for the opposite sex. There are often women in the sky, and Li He lives in it. With this transcendental fantasy, he affirmed his life and himself.
Of course, this pursuit of eternity is impossible. Generally speaking, Li He's creation does not regard it as an ideal or a belief, but just an idea, which comes from his ideological confusion threatened by death. This idea is absurd, but it is stubborn. It shows the poet's love for life and his pursuit of the meaning of life in an extremely distorted form.
The hope of youth and the fear of death make Li He's poems have unusual strange colors from content to form. His poems, no matter what theme, are often the combination of two opposing States of things. Youth and death, wealth and decay, light and darkness, warmth and indifference, joy and pain, hope and decadence, illusion and reality, all kinds of opposing objects, atmosphere and mentality are mixed together, which constitutes a strange and sad style. "Glass clock, amber thick, small groove wine drops true pearl red. Cooking dragons, setting off firecrackers and crying jade, Luo Wei embroidered curtains surround the fragrant wind. Playing dragon flute and catfish drum. White tooth song, waist dance. The situation is that youth will be dusk and peach blossoms will fall in red rain. I advise you to get drunk all day long, and the wine will not reach Liu Ling's grave. " ("will enter the wine")
His imagination was extraordinary, until he entered the poetry with monsters, which was weird. The third part of the five satirical poems quoted earlier is an example. Other works, such as "Ghost Lights as Picturesque Pine Flowers", "Hundred-year-old Owl Becomes a Wood Charm, Laughs to Rise to the Nest" and "Qiu Lai" in Walking in Nanshan Field, are all unusual and amazing imaginations. The strangeness of his imagination is also manifested in that he sometimes writes ordinary, unattractive or ugly and disgusting things, such as mouse tracks, snake saliva, moths in trees and so on. He linked these ugly things with beautiful things, forming a magnificent mysterious beauty and unobtrusive beauty.
Li Heshi's word formation is also very unique. He likes to use words such as old age, death, blood, thinness, ancient age, cold, weeping and sorrow to express decline, death and pain, and likes to use words with strong color contrast such as red, green, black and purple. He often combines these words with words with gorgeous and beautiful meanings to form strange images. Such as: cold red tears show delicate color, old laurel on the mountain blows ancient incense, old rabbit cries cold toad, but dead grass gives birth to Chinese style, no one dies of fragrant color, old fish dance thin dumplings, stuffed with swallow fat to coagulate night purple, sad ancient blood gives birth to bronze flowers and so on. These strange images full of strong excitement all reflect the poet's strange and beautiful aesthetic taste.
The above characteristics are inseparable from the subjectivity of Li He's poetry creation. Most of his poems are lyrical. Even if he writes objective things, he writes from the concrete feelings of the subject, or just writes subjective feelings, not an objective description. His poems are a spiritual world, and the objective world is often deformed according to the turmoil of the mind. In its absurd form, it reflects the poet's strong desire for life and feelings of death threat, as well as the strange psychology of combining youthful vitality with morbid premature aging.
The Golden Bronze Immortal Han Fu is a famous piece in Li He's poetry collection, which can represent his strange and melancholy poetry style and artistic achievements.
"Mao steep Liu Lang autumn wind, night smell night without a trace. Painting column osmanthus trees hanging autumn fragrance, 36 palace dew, Wei Guanling military vehicles pointing thousands of miles, Dongguan sour wind shooting eyes. Empty sent John out of the palace door, thinking of your tears like lead water. Declining orchid enters Xianyang Road, if the sky is sentimental and old, if the moon is lonely and cold, Weicheng is far away. "
This poem laments the story that Chang 'an of the Han Dynasty dismantled the exposed plate of the Golden Man during the reign of Cao Wei and Qinglong, and was praised by people at that time. However, that kind of deep and embarrassing words seems to make it difficult for people to explore their clear intentions. Du Mu, a contemporary poet of Li He, said in "Preface to Li Changji's Songs" that Li He "can explore the ancient times, so he deeply regrets that he has not learned the Tao, such as" The Song of the Golden Bronze Immortal in Han Dynasty "... is also far away from pen and ink. The purpose of studying Du Mu's preface is not to say that Li He's poems are incomprehensible, but because of his profound ideas and strange words, which have opened up a new world of art that ordinary pen and ink can't explore. Just because his writing style is different from that of realistic poets, we can't understand Bai Juyi's new Yuefu. Li He's poems inherited Qu Yuan's romanticism. The so-called "Gaisao Miao people fail to make sense, but exceed it", but in the deceptive words, it is still "on the chaos of monarch and minister, sometimes to inspire people's wishes. "As long as people understand the world, the theme of his poems can be sought after for thousands of years.
Zhu Ziqing, when examining this poem, said, "When I left Beijing for Romania, I had mixed feelings. I pretended to be wrong and thought about it, and sent my grief to Jin Tongxian." Absolutely. It is generally speculated that in the eighth year of Yuanhe (8 13), Li He said goodbye and left Beijing for Romania. In the mysterious field, there is an extremely gloomy atmosphere. Therefore, I am afraid that the tears of Tong Ren will be tempted to think that it is a feeling of life experience. As a very sensitive poet like Li He, he naturally "can breathe and understand".
After the "An Shi Rebellion", the Tang Dynasty gradually declined, with the separatist regime, constant foreign invasion, factional disputes and political corruption. Facing the reality, although the poet Li He has the ambition of "juvenile mind", he is rejected and unable to display his ambition. As the imperial clan of the dynasty, this special sense of home and country is intertwined with the worries of his life experience, so he feels it with the historical story of Jin people moving. Du Mu's so-called "I can't help but know" is because he expressed his loneliness, anger and grief in symbolic language, and a preface of the poem is thought-provoking. The self-pity in this poem is far better than the so-called generosity of the country. The story of its tearful farewell to the Han Dynasty is not so much to show the infinite sense of rise and fall of the Tang Dynasty, but rather to truly write the lonely and desperate mood of Li He when he left Beijing. Because the story of tears of Jin people due to demolition is considered as the origin of poetry, in fact, this story has been recorded in ancient books such as Wei Lue and Hanshu Jin Chunqiu, and it is not Li He's secret. If you write poetry just for curiosity, there is really no need to repeat it. The intention is obvious. In the preface, it is pointed out that Wei has replaced Han, and Li He made it "the grandson of Tang". This is obviously because of the rise and fall of the previous generation, but also closely related to the court. Therefore, when describing the Jin people leaving the Han Palace in Chang 'an, they are so attached and resentful, which of course reflects the poet's own "thinking of serving the country" in a tortuous way.
This poem has twelve sentences, every four of which rhyme and are divided into three paragraphs. It is also illusory and true, and its conception is bizarre. This is really a disgusting "masterpiece of Xi Bao".
The four sentences in the first paragraph describe the sadness of the court in the Han Dynasty. At first, it was a gloomy and quiet realm, indicating that times have changed. Calling Hanwu "Liulang" and "Qiu Feng Guest" in Maoling is not necessarily Li He's resistance to the sense of monarchy, but the poet's exclamation of a lost glory from a historical height. The first four sentences, written even like the majesty of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, disappeared without a trace like civilians, leaving only painted osmanthus trees and moss all over the floor, conveying a kind of generosity of time to life. Liu Che, a gold man created by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, was buried in Maoling. Although he had great achievements before his death, he was just a passer-by in the bleak autumn wind. At night, Ma Si is a trance-like spirit, illusory, but there is no trace at dawn. This Liu Lang no longer exists, and the Han Palace has become a deserted garden. Deep in the courtyard, the osmanthus trees surrounded by painted columns are still in full bloom, and the air is as silent as death, so the osmanthus trees say "hanging incense" instead of "fragrance". Beneath them, the wet ground is mottled with traces of moss, and the situation of Jin people is so beautiful and sad. These four sentences set off each other with different strokes, moving is static, sparse is dense, and the front is blurred and trance, as if nothing had happened, there is an unrealistic realm; The back is colorful and depicts a real environment.
The four sentences in the second paragraph describe the sadness of the Jin people who fled to the country, and entrusted deep feelings with anthropomorphic methods. Li He was very dissatisfied in Chang 'an, which was also very depressed at that time, and the prosperous heyday was over. But it is still the political and cultural center of the Tang Dynasty, so it represents the hope of every local doctor. Farewell to Beijing means disillusionment for Li He. The sentence "Wei Guan leads a cart, points a thousand miles" suddenly wedged in, which is a big jump from the previous poem, omitting many important rise and fall events and demolition details. Since the Han Dynasty was replaced by the Wei Dynasty, the Jin people will inevitably be demolished and will be far away. They will be in tears when they leave. Here, the author endowed the Jin people with human feelings and naturally infiltrated their thought of serving the country. The word "acid" in "Dongguan Sour Wind Shoots Eyes" is well used! Sharp, dazzling and sad use can only be Li He's unique feeling, an extremely sad and unspeakable feeling after the beautiful fantasy is destroyed. Usually "strong wind", "cold wind" and "very peaceful" are used to describe the strength of the wind, the temperature or the reflection of people's emotions, but they are not as rich as "sour wind". Both the sadness of going to the countryside and the stimulation of the cold wind fully expressed the sad mood.
This passage is divided into two layers: the first two sentences, the emotional effect of external objective things on the personification of Jin people, and the second sentence, the subjective feelings of Jin people when they leave, which are generated and compared with the sadness of going abroad from different angles and in different ways. "Empty will John out of the palace gate", it can be seen that the ruins of the former dynasty are gone. The word "John", as Wang Qi said in Li Changji's Selected Songs and Poems, "When Tong Ren was in the Han Dynasty, he saw the wind of this month every day ... Because of the change of leather, everything changed, but the style of the month remained unchanged, so it was called John". Some critics think that "John" refers to the dew plate, and it seems that it is better to refer to the moon. Because when it comes to food, it not only repeats the meaning of "carrying food alone", but also the artistic conception of the poem is much shallower and narrower. It is absurd that Jin people shed tears because of "Yi Jun", but it is whimsical to give Jin people a humanity that can make them cry. Using lead water as a metaphor to clear tears, although it skillfully conforms to the metal attributes of the bronze man, more importantly, it conveys a very heavy mood when bidding farewell to Beijing. This embodies the physical properties and is reasonable in absurdity.
How deep is the last parting emotion. What's more, at this time, only the lonely moon is shining, and blue is so desolate and lonely! In such an atmosphere, only poor orchids bid farewell to Fu Jian on Xianyang Road, alone, and no one bid farewell. This is to express the loneliness of parting with the technique of "flowers fly to the shore to see off guests, oranges stay in the world" in Du Fu's Fatanzhou. However, when Li He wrote it, he felt even more mournful. Who is not sad about this situation? "If the sky is sentimental, the sky is old", this strange sentence naturally comes. Heaven is merciless, and fate is merciless, but the loneliness and despair that the poet truly and strongly appreciates merge into an emotional whirlpool, which makes the poet and readers feel that heaven should be moved. How deep and wide is this resentment! God, if you are as conscious and emotional as people and have fully seen the joys and sorrows of this world, can you be evergreen forever? It is because the weather is ruthless that it can last forever. In contrast, the poet is sentimental, how can he bear the sorrow of going to the countryside? Strange and profound sentences, such poems have been shocking readers' hearts for thousands of years. The last scene is "the moon is lonely with a disk, and Weicheng is far and quiet." In the cold moonlight, a long way, walking alone, the waves of the Weihe River are finally silent and full of nostalgia. It is endless in the scenery.
The emotional expression of this poem is unique, and its feeling of pain is quite real. This kind of pain is not as deep and broad as Du Fu's, but a young poet's personal loneliness and despair, but it is more intense than Du Fu's feelings, with unparalleled sharpness and irritation, so it has more personality.
As a poet, Li He rarely directly reflects the reality of his poems, but the kind of sadness in his poems is his true feeling of his own time. As a creative poet, he created a new world in the art of poetry. Although his talent is high and his life is short, he has an indelible glory in the history of literature. His poems are unique in conception and great in leap, but distinct in context; The artistic conception is grotesque and confusing, but it is appropriate in the adventure. Jin Tong Ren Xian Ci Han Ge is a practical example.
Li He's creation was influenced by Chu Ci, Yuefu in the Southern Dynasties and Palace Poetry in the Southern Dynasties, but he did not copy his predecessors and made some innovations. Not only in the middle Tang Dynasty, but also in the whole history of poetry, he was a unique and talented poet. Of course, due to the influence of psychological state, his creation also has the shortcomings of too great leap and obscure meaning.