The Features and Functions of (1) Metaphor
Metaphor is "metaphor" That is, to grasp the similarities between two different things and compare one thing with another. The structure of metaphor is generally composed of ontology (object to be compared), vehicle (object to be compared) and figurative words (symbol of figurative relationship). The key of metaphor: A and B must be essentially different things, and there must be similarities between A and B, otherwise the metaphor cannot be established. The main functions of metaphor are: turning plain into vivid; Turn abstruse into simple; Turn abstract into concrete; Turn verbosity into conciseness.
(2) Types of metaphor
1 simile. The typical form is: A is like B, and ontological vehicles all appear, which are connected by metaphors such as "image, image, as if, as if". For example, the harvested crops are piled up like hills. "
2 metaphor. The typical form is: A is B, both ontology and vehicle appear, and there are no figurative words in the middle. It is often associated with "yes", "success" and "success". For example, the relationship between Marxism and China Revolution is the relationship between the arrow and the target.
3 metaphor. The typical form is: A generation B. Without ontology, it directly describes the vehicle. But it is different from metonymy. Find out the similarities between the two things by metonymy. Such as putting down the luggage and starting the machine.
4 metaphor. Use several metaphors to compare the same ontology from different angles and with different similarities. For example, among the layers of leaves, there are some white flowers dotted sporadically, some bloom gracefully and some bloom shyly; Like a pearl, like a star in the blue sky, like a beauty who just took a bath. (Pearl, Star and Beauty Who Just Showed Bath describe the beauty of lotus from the perspectives of color, luster and feeling, and grasp the similarities such as light, faint flicker, freshness and tranquility. )
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compare
The Characteristics and Functions of (1) Analogy
Writing things as people, or people as crops, or things as other things, its formal characteristics are: humanization of things, materialization of people, or materialization of things. Its function is to make the written "people" or "things" colorful, vivid and meaningful.
(2) the type of analogy
(1) personification. For example, Du Fuchuan is singing and laughing in the willows, and the red flag is fluttering.
② simulacra. For example, if we are honest, there will be bullies. If we dare to use a knife, the bully will have to run with his tail between his legs.
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3. Metonymy
The Features and Functions of (1) Metonymy
Metonymy is not to directly express the person or thing, but to replace it with something related to it. It emphasizes the correlation between two things. Its function is to replace complexity with simplicity, emptiness with truth, everything with strangeness and feelings with things.
(2) Types of metonymy
① Feature-generated ontology. For example, the beard roared.
(2) Concrete generation abstraction. For example, don't take a needle or thread from the masses.
(3) proper name generalization. For example, our times need thousands of Qian Qian Lei Feng.
(4) Famous works. For example, we should read more books about Lu Xun.
⑤ Part replaces the whole. For example: sing low eyebrows and don't write, and the moonlight shines like water on the skirt.
⑥ Consequences and causes. For example, specializing in pen and ink, laughing at strong men.
All landowners raw materials rather than finished products. For example, in fifty years, everything is empty, and I am lazy to turn my hair bronze.
(8) Place name replaces ontology. For example: Yan 'an or Xi 'an? It is necessary to draw a clear line.
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exaggerate
(1) The characteristics and functions of exaggeration!
Exaggeration refers to the reasonable and intentional expansion or contraction of the original things in pursuit of a certain expressive effect. Requirements are used without losing the foundation and basis of life and without exaggeration. Its function lies in setting off the atmosphere, enhancing association and enlightening people.
(2) Several forms of exaggeration
A, expand exaggeration. For example, I suspect that the Milky Way has set for nine days.
B, reduce exaggeration. For example, Wuling makes waves, and Wumeng takes mud pills.
C. exaggerate in advance. For example, when you see such bright green wheat seedlings, you can smell the white flour steamed bread.
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5. Duality
The Characteristics and Functions of (1) Duality
Duality is "duality", also known as "duality". It must be a pair of phrases or sentences with equal words, relative parts of speech, the same structure and related meanings. The relationship between the two sentences includes inheritance, progression, causality, hypothesis and conditions. Its functions are: easy to recite and beautiful music; Concise and expressive, lyrical.
(2) Several forms of duality
① According to the content, it can be divided into right, reverse and string.
Exactly: the meaning of the upper and lower sentences is similar, similar, complementary and contrasting.
Such as the silver hoes of Wuling in the sky, and the iron arms of Sanjiang shake.
Objection: the upper and lower sentences are opposite. For example, it is better to use the remaining brave to chase the poor bandits than to learn from the bullies.
Series pair: Also called "flow pair". The meanings of the upper and lower sentences are inheritance, progressive, causal, hypothetical and conditional. For example, in order to sacrifice more ambitions, I dare to teach the sun and the moon to change the weather.
② According to the form, it can be divided into working pair and wide pair.
The so-called pairing of works is to strictly follow the requirements of pairing in terms of words, parts of speech, structure, level and words; The so-called tolerance means that it basically meets the requirements of confrontation, but it is slightly different in some aspects. That is to say, the formal requirements are a little looser.
③ According to the structure, it can be divided into component duality and sentence duality.
Binary composition. For example, the ignorance of mountains and rivers, butterfly geese heartless; However, they treat human beings fairly and equally, that is, they will not laugh because of the rich and powerful, nor will they skimp on Shan Ye's fishing and firewood.
Duality of sentence. For example, the reeds on the wall are top-heavy and shallow; Bamboo shoots in the mountains have a thick mouth and an empty stomach.
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Step 6 be parallel
Features and functions of (1) parallelism
Parallelism consists of three or more phrases or sentences with the same or similar structure, related content and consistent tone. The same word that is often emphasized repeatedly appears in the same position in every phrase or sentence. Its function lies in strengthening language situation, emphasizing content and aggravating feelings.
(2) Several forms of parallelism
A, the proportion of ingredients. For example, it seems that without the three northeastern provinces, the party and the country are more and more like one country. No one will make a sound without the three northeastern provinces. Without the three northeastern provinces, only a few students have made several "submissions", and the party and the country are more and more like a country, which can win the praise of "friendly people" and "be a country" forever.
B, sentence parallelism. For example, their quality is so pure and noble, their will is so tough and strong, their temperament is so simple and humble, and their mind is so beautiful and broad.
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ask a question
Characteristics of rhetorical questions
"Ask without doubt". Often know perfectly well past ask, ask yourself and answer yourself or ask questions with uncertain answers. The purpose is to emphasize the problem, so as to attract people's attention and inspire people to think. For example, what pigment does a white flower contain? White flowers have no pigment.
Another example is: what is the significance of such a huge development of social productivity and such a substantial increase in labor productivity? The most important thing is the power of technology.
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8. rhetorical question
Rhetorical questions also have the characteristics of "asking without doubt" Express definite meaning in the form of interrogative sentences, so as to strengthen the tone and enhance the expression effect. A question mark is usually put at the end of a sentence, and some can also put an exclamation point.
There are two forms of rhetorical question:
(1) uses positive form to express negation. For example, Chairman Mao is like this. What are we proud of?
(2) Affirmation in negative form. For example, "Didn't we working people create the human world?"
Writing method
Writing techniques belong to artistic expression techniques (that is, artistic techniques and expression techniques, including expression techniques (skills)), which are commonly used: exaggeration, contrast, metaphor, personification, suspense, care, association, imagination, combination of suppression, combination of point and surface, combination of static and dynamic, combination of narration and discussion, blending of scenes, comparison and contrast, bedding, expressing meaning with objects and describing details.
Expression is common narration, description, lyricism, discussion and explanation. (In fact, it also belongs to artistic expression).
1, first-person narration
trait
Because the content of the article is conveyed to the reader through "I", it means that what is written in the article is what the narrator saw with his own eyes, heard with his own ears, or experienced by the narrator himself, which makes the reader feel cordial and true. Use the first person, because the narrator is the party, the people and things described can only be those within the scope of "I" activities. People and things outside the scope of activities cannot be written in.
2. Third-person narrative method
trait
In third-person narration, the narrator is not limited by space or time, nor by physical or psychological constraints. He can directly show the people and things in the article to the readers and reflect the social life freely and flexibly. But the third-person narrative is often not as intimate and natural as the first-person narrative.
3. Successive approximation method
trait
Sequential narration is to describe things in chronological order, which is consistent with the actual situation of the occurrence and development of things, so it is easy to write articles clearly. When using chronological order, we should pay attention to proper tailoring and highlight key points. Otherwise, it is easy to list, easy to be straightforward, and like a running account, it is boring to read.
4. Flashback method
Characteristic flashback is not a reverse narrative of the whole event, but a sequential narrative method besides advancing a certain part. There are generally three kinds of flashbacks: first, in order to express the central idea of the article, the part that can best express the central idea is mentioned in front and highlighted; The second is to make the structure of the article changeable and avoid straightforward narration; Third, in order to show the effect, the article twists and turns, causing suspense and fascinating. Explain the starting point clearly when flashback. There should be clear boundaries between flashback and sequence, necessary text transition and natural connection. Pay special attention not to toss and turn aimlessly, making the article unclear.
5. Interpolation
trait
Interpolation is to express the needs of the article center. Sometimes it is to help readers understand the narrative of the story; Sometimes it is to annotate and explain the plot of the characters that appear. The use of interpolation must obey the need to express the central idea, so as not to rock the boat and steal the host's attention. When inserting a narrative, we should also pay attention to the transition, care and cohesion of the article, and there should be no traces of fracture.
6. Supplementary narrative methods
trait
Supplementary narrative is mainly used to supplement the above narrative, which is generally fragmentary and short, and does not have a complete event. You can also put the explanation or explanation in front and cause the following. The function of supplementary narrative generally does not develop plots and events, but enriches and supplements the original narrative.
7. Classification method
trait
The function of classification is to make complicated things clear and orderly. You can tell one thing first, then another, or you can cross-talk several things. When using classification, it is necessary to establish narrative clues according to the content of the article and the need to express the central idea, and also to explain clearly the time when each event occurred and developed.
8. Detailed narrative method
trait
Detailed description is generally used to describe the development and change process of things. When describing details, we should grasp the characteristics of characters or the details of things and describe them in detail. When writing a composition, the part closely related to the central idea should be described in detail. It has little to do with the central idea, but it has to be explained, so as to highlight the center of the article. Otherwise, the article will appear non-center or multi-center, which is more complicated.
9. Sketch method
trait
The function of brief narration is to explain what is necessary and what is not necessary in the process of event occurrence and development. When it is combined with detailed narrative, the whole narrative is detailed, sparse and dense, forming the ups and downs of narrative. Brief narration is generally used at the beginning and end of the article; The part generally related to the central idea; What people know.
10, direct lyric method
trait
Direct lyric can make feelings simple, real and shocking. Direct lyric is generally suitable for expressing strong and nervous feelings. Direct lyric is characterized by strong narrative feelings, fast and tense rhythm, straightforward feelings and easy to grasp.
1 1, indirect lyric method
trait
Indirect lyricism is characterized by implicit indirect lyricism, charm and strong appeal. Indirect lyricism can generally be expressed by narration. The author adds his own subjective feelings and narrates according to the flow of feelings, so that readers can feel the author's thoughts and feelings in the process of narration. You can also express your feelings through discussion. In the discussion, the author expressed strong love and hate. The discussion in this narrative is generally carried out through judgment; You can also express your feelings through description, and the author permeates his feelings in the process of description. Using indirect lyric method, we should make the language beautiful and full of emotion.
12, the method of discussing first
trait
The narrative before the discussion is the narrative before the discussion, so the discussion should play a role in summing up the above and concentrating courage. When discussing, we should discuss the main content of the event, or the main people or things of the event. Only in this way can we achieve the unity of narration and discussion. The method of discussion can be discussed through the language and psychological activities of the characters in the article, or as a third party.
13, discuss the law first, then discuss it.
trait
The method of discussion before narration is adopted, and the main points and centers of narration are put forward first. In this way, the full text is unified, so that the significance of the events recorded in the full text becomes clear after discussion. When narrating, you should write around the center of the discussion and grasp the key points.
14, methods of description and discussion
trait
Narrative and argumentative essays are characterized by narrative and discussion interspersed, flexible writing, and the author can freely express his feelings. When using narrative discussion method, we should pay attention to the coherence of narrative and the discussion should be inserted naturally.
15, taking things as clues
trait
In the process of narration, let an object appear repeatedly in all stages of the event, and strengthen its image through various means. Such objects often play a transitional role or symbolize and point out the central idea.
16, taking people as clues
trait
When narrating with human clues, we should pay attention to the unity of characters in different times and environments, as well as the unity of characters' age characteristics, appearance, movements, local and ethnic characteristics and living habits. Otherwise, it is easy to cause confusion.
17, with ideological changes as the clue.
trait
In this way, the main line of ideological development should be clear. All stages of ideological change should be natural and clear.
18, with the central event as the clue.
trait
The narrative of major events is prominent, the minor events are clearly explained, the primary and secondary collocation is reasonable, and the narrative is orderly. In this way, no matter how complicated the event is, it can be complicated without chaos.
19, sketch
trait
To learn painting, we should learn from sketching and sketching; To learn calligraphy, we should start with the practice of tracing red paste; Learning objects also need to practice from sketching. When we write a composition, if we can describe what we see in words, readers will have a solid foundation when they see the article. When sketching objects, we should pay attention to the order of drawing, from top to bottom, from bottom to top, from left to right, from right to left, from middle to both sides, from both sides to middle, from whole to part, or from part to whole. Secondly, we should pay attention to the description of details, so that readers will be impressed.
20. Rotation method
trait
There must be a certain order in describing objects by rotation method, and you can't just toss and turn. Secondly, we should use the directional words such as front, back, down, up, left and right accurately. When changing the direction of the article, use direction words to express it. In addition, it should be detailed, and the side that can reflect the characteristics of the article should be described in detail, and the others should be briefly explained. It is forbidden to cover everything and apply force evenly.
2 1, bamboo shoot stripping method
trait
Some articles are complex in structure, so it is impossible to describe them clearly and grasp their characteristics by rotation alone, so we have to describe the structure of articles from outside to inside or from inside to outside. Transition words should be used to explain clearly which level to enter. In addition, it is necessary to focus on the structure of the article.
22, personification method
trait
When comparing animals with adults, we should find out the similarities between animals and people and describe them in detail. To compare an animal with an adult, we should first compare it with an adult as a whole, and then find out the local similarities. This way, you can have a sense of integrity after reading it. If we only focus on partial comparison, it is easy to appear neither fish nor fowl, and it is not easy for readers to imagine. Comparing animals with humans is also used to describe animal movements. This is mainly based on the psychological activities of the characters to imagine the purpose of animal movements.
23, dynamic method
trait
The imagination of dynamic objects should be combined with static description, so that they can set each other off and become interesting. The article changes from describing static to imagining dynamic or from dynamic to imagining static, and the description should be clear, otherwise it is not clear which part to look at and think of. The fictional object dynamics of the article should conform to the characteristics of the object, so that people can read it credibly.
24.explanation
trait
To describe an article by explanation, we must first explain its characteristics truly, and then grasp the key points to explain it. For example, when explaining various parts of an article, some parts can explain its texture; Some parts can explain its characteristics; Some parts can explain its function. In addition, when explaining the history, characteristics or uses of the article, we should focus on the center of the full text and avoid going too far from the topic.
25, the use of "five senses" method
trait
Eyes can see the color and shape of objects; Ears can hear all kinds of sounds; Nose can smell fragrance, stink, fishy smell and shame; Tongue can know the bitterness, spicy, sour, sweet, salty, light and astringent of goods; Skin can sense the softness, hardness and coldness of objects. When describing an object, we can write the characteristics of the object through the feelings of various sensory organs. When describing an object with the "five senses" method, we should pay attention to writing around the most important features of the object to avoid fragmentation. In addition, we should pay attention to the description in a certain order.
26, by lyric method
trait
Expressing emotion by borrowing things requires us to put our feelings in love and hate when describing things, and to express our feelings implicitly by borrowing the images of things. Using the method of expressing emotion by borrowing things, the key is to find out the characteristics of things and the places where their feelings evoke * * *, so as to achieve the unity of things and feelings and to rely on them.
27, the method of expressing ambition
trait
The characteristic of an article written by expressing one's will with things is to use an object to compare or symbolize a certain spirit, character, thoughts, feelings, etc. To write such an article well, we must master the internal relations between "things" and "aspirations" and "things" and "feelings". First of all, the main features of an article should have some similarities and similarities with one's own aspirations and wishes. Secondly, when describing, your ambition should be centered on the characteristics of the object. Articles should be able to express their wishes. The most commonly used writing methods are metaphor, personification and symbol.
28, the article readme method
trait
The self-narrative method of the article is to describe the article in the first person, so we should make the article have human characteristics. In the specific description, we should pay attention to accurately grasp the characteristics of the object, so that the personalized object not only embodies the characteristics of people, but also does not lose its true colors. It has the characteristics of humanization, vivid objects, attracts readers' interest and clearly shows the author's thoughts and feelings. Keep the essential characteristics of the object, and describe the object truly and naturally.
29. Vision.
trait
You can see the building from a distance or a distance. Overlooking the building, you can get the overall impression and outline of the building. However, we can't see the specific situation of each part from a distance. On the contrary, we lack a holistic sense of the position of the building in space, and often have a vague sense. When we describe a building, we can combine the results of the distant view and the close view, so that readers can have a detailed understanding of the whole and various parts of the building and get a complete impression.
30, internal and external combination method
trait
Looking at the building from the outside is mainly to understand the outline of the building and let readers have a complete impression of the building. Looking at the building from the inside is mainly to understand the structure of the building, so it is necessary to make a detailed introduction. Observing the building from the outside, we should focus on the overall description and avoid writing it in pieces. Observing the building from the inside should be meticulous, so it should be introduced in the order of orientation, so that it can be organized clearly and understood by readers. When describing architecture by combining internal and external methods, we should pay attention to rhetorical methods such as metaphor and personification.
3 1, stepwise transformation method
trait
By changing the steps and shapes to describe the building, we can constantly change the foothold and observation point, and observe and describe the building in many ways. Looking at the same building from different angles, we will get different impressions. Therefore, when describing a building in a step-by-step way, it is necessary to make the observation point and foothold clear, so that readers can understand from which angle the architectural image you described is seen. Otherwise, it is easy to confuse readers. Secondly, when describing architecture with the method of gradual transformation, we must grasp the most important features of architecture to write. If described in a comprehensive way, the article can easily become a running account.
Explanation and introduction
trait
When describing a building in a descriptive way, we should first pay attention to the center determined by the article and make the necessary description, and avoid rambling. In the process of explanation and introduction, we should be concise and to the point, and avoid dragging our feet. When describing a building by description and introduction, we should also pay attention to the overall coherence, that is, after description and introduction, the article should return to describing the building and connect with the previous article. The article should have transitional words or sentences from describing architecture to introducing architecture, or from introducing architecture back to describing architecture.
33, environmental foil method
trait
Everything is green, and a little red in the middle is particularly bright and eye-catching, so there is a saying of "a little red in all green". The proper description of the scenery around the building makes the building stand out. The purpose of describing the scenery around the building is to highlight the building, so it is forbidden to write close-ups without leaving the building when describing the scenery. Cause a noise. When describing the scenery around the building, the observation points and footholds should be clearly explained so that readers can understand the location of the building.
34, crayon description method
trait
Plants are always composed of roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. When drawing with colored pencils, write down the most important features of roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits, and write down their shapes and colors. When describing plants in this way, you should observe them carefully. It is necessary to distinguish the colors of various parts of plants, which are also red, and to distinguish whether they are fiery red or pink; It is also yellow, whether it is orange or gold; It is also green, whether it is green or light green ... It is necessary to carefully distinguish the morphological characteristics of each part, which is also a flower, which is different from a blooming flower. After careful observation and detailed description, the reader seems to see a color photo of a plant. To describe plants in this way, we should also use appropriate metaphors to write our own feelings.
35, the combination of far and near method
trait
The same plant looks different at close range. This is the same as taking pictures. If you put it in front of the camera and away from it, the size of the photos taken will be different. Using the method of combining distance and distance to describe plants can reflect the characteristics of plant morphology and color from different angles and give readers a perfect impression. When describing plants in this way, the observation point should be clearly explained, that is, far or near. Secondly, we should pay attention to the order of narration, from far to near, or from near to far, so that the article can be coherent.
36, time series transformation method
trait
The shapes and colors of different parts of plants change with the seasons. If we write down the characteristics of plants in different seasons and explain the relevant situation clearly, it is equivalent to taking color photos of plants in different periods. After reading this set of color photos, readers will have a more comprehensive understanding of it. When describing plants with time series transformation method, we should first pay attention to the data accumulated at ordinary times. We should carefully observe the same plant in different seasons in a planned way, and write down the observation diary, so that we can choose the accumulated materials when writing and write good articles. Secondly, we should pay attention to the continuity of observation.
37. Ways to grow and change
trait
Plants always have to grow, generally through germination, branching, long leaves, flowering, fruit and other stages. If we compare the shape, color characteristics and growth of plants at different stages, it is like making a small movie for this plant. Readers can understand the whole process of plant growth through reading in a very short time. To describe plants with the method of growth change, we should first pay attention to writing down the most prominent changes in the process of plant growth; Secondly, it is necessary to explain the reasons, situations and processes of plant changes; In addition, we should pay attention to writing it down in an orderly manner in chronological order.
38, expand the association method
trait
When we see a plant, we often associate it with other things, which often have something in common with this plant. For example, when we see cotton peaches, we think of white snowflakes, because snowflakes and cotton are the same color; When we see a big watermelon, we think of basketball, because watermelon and basketball are similar in shape; We see pine trees with lush ice in the snow and think of heroes who are not afraid of torture and never bend their knees before the enemy. That is the similarity in quality between pine trees and heroes. When describing plants by association, we should pay attention to the main characteristics of plants and expand our imagination. To improve one's associative ability, one must first study hard, understand life and store rich knowledge in one's mind. Secondly, I think hard and train frequently to enrich my imagination.
39, highlighting the key methods
trait
Plants are always composed of roots, stems, branches, leaves, flowers and fruits. When we describe a plant, we can describe its roots, stems, branches, leaves, flowers and fruits, or we can only describe a certain part of the plant. When we focus on describing a plant, we must first find out what makes this plant different. Secondly, it is necessary to describe the part that best reflects the characteristics of this plant from many aspects such as color, shape and smell. In addition, personification, metaphor and other methods can be used appropriately.
40. Comparative law
trait
As the saying goes, "You don't know the flat land unless you look at the mountains." The characteristics of things are often revealed in comparison. When we describe plants, we often highlight their characteristics by comparison. There are two methods of comparison. One is to compare this plant with another plant; One is to compare two obvious characteristics of plants themselves. Using comparison method, we should pay attention to the most remarkable characteristics of the described plants and compare them with other plants. Only in this way can readers be deeply impressed and enlightened. Using comparative methods, we should also pay attention to expressing the author's own thoughts, feelings and tendencies. Only in this way can the article be touching. When comparing different parts of the same plant, we should pay attention to finding out the contradictions in order to attract readers' attention.