Question 2: Explanation of terms: 1, ink tone 2, four tones 3, Cai's emphasis 4, the next five tones 5, the old man's three tones 6, and the high-paizi ink tone, which is an ancient Chinese opera tune and drama. In the mid-Ming Dynasty, artists such as Gu Jian and Wei Liangfu reformed the Kunshan tune of the four major tunes (Haiyan, Yuyao, Yiyang and Kunshan) and called it "Ink and Wash Tone", which was euphemistic and melodious. Literati wrote lyrics according to the song, and Kunqu opera was sung all over the country, becoming the main aria after the end of Ming Dynasty. During the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty, Kunqu Opera, which ruled the music scene, entered the court, divorced from the people, and was gradually replaced by local operas such as Yiyang, Shaanxi, Bangzi, Luoluo and Huang Er. Siping tune evolved from a folk flower drum popular in the border areas of Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan and other provinces, with a history of only more than 60 years. Because it is dominated by flower drums and absorbs the tunes of Pingju, Peking Opera, Bangzi and other operas, some people call it Siping Tune, and later it is renamed Siping Tune. Some people think it's named because the tune is fluent, even four sentences. The basic structure of Huangmei Opera's color cavity is four sentences. Male and female voices keep the same mode, the same arrangement of characters and the same core music, but the melody line is that male voices go down and female voices go up. Coloratura begins with "six hammers of coloratura", the second sentence is "four hammers of coloratura" and the third sentence is "two hammers of coloratura", and the aria can end with "one hammer of coloratura" after one coloratura. The color cavity is key signature type, mostly five tones, occasionally aiming at directly changing the palace tone. The falling tones of the four-sentence cavity are 5 5 6 5 respectively. The old color cavity is somewhat specious to Huangmei tea-picking drama, and the falling tone of the four-sentence cavity is 6 5 6 5 or 1 5 6 5. Judging from the musical materials, the melody of the second sentence of Cai Qiang is very similar to that of the fourth sentence, while the third sentence is very expansive, forming the "conjunction" structure of ABCB. The auxiliary disk of the color cavity includes a pair of disks and a loose disk, both of which are composed of the upper and lower sentences. This kind of plate, a solo or two duets, enhances the narrative function of color cavity. There are five words and seven words in the lattice. The duet is usually connected with the third sentence of the color cavity with the function of "turning", and can also be connected with the duet sentence after the second sentence of the color cavity or after singing a color cavity. The color cavity filling sentence mainly has "pulse cavity", which replaces the position of the third sentence. Mai Qiang's sentence width is shorter than the third sentence, ending at 1, which is fresh and increases the motivation of music. The way of falling color cavity is to slow down the ending sentence and form a buffer with decreasing speed to cause termination. In addition, the color cavity still stays on the chopping block, and the melody of the chopping block is roughly the same as that of the chopping block. The four basic phrases of color cavity are sometimes enlarged by the increase of lyrics. One way of expansion is to add a hat and a cavity at the beginning of the sentence, and the other is to add a roll. For example, the ugly singing of Saint Amethyst, because of the change of lyrics, has produced a large section of colorful cavity, which is composed of clear pictures and rolling singing. The changeable example of coloratura shows that the traditional singing method of Huangmei Opera has always had great freedom. When a certain tone forms a general framework, a clever artist will "develop his works according to the original", gestating many details from this ambiguous ontology, and even greatly increasing or decreasing it, and evolving various variants. This is probably the "composition method" for folk artists to create cavities. Because its music system is between the main cavity and the flower cavity, the combination of color cavity and flower cavity is also very common, especially in the small play, the combination of color cavity and flower cavity is more frequent. In addition, in the early theatrical performances of coloratura, coloratura is often used to "paint". The so-called lottery is a fund-raising activity outside the play and a means for artists to earn income. Aside from the vulgar performances of some artists in the lottery, the tunes used in the lottery should be the vocals that have the widest audience and can best represent the characteristics of traditional Chinese opera. The artist chooses it as "one in a hundred" and the audience accepts it as "never tired of listening", so the morphological characteristics and musical taste of color cavity can not be ignored. Pingji: The whole drama has the highest utilization rate, with one board and three eyes, so it is also called adagio and tablet. The tune is solemn, graceful and generous, changeable and adaptable. Good at narration, can be used alone or in combination with other cavities. The basic structure of a tune consists of four phrases: the beginning, the next sentence, the last sentence and the end. The third and fourth sentences are the backbone. No matter how many words are sung, you can sing them repeatedly in three or four melodies, or slightly modify them until the end of the last sentence. In addition, there are some methods, such as taking cavity, single crying, double crying, cutting board, reversing board, scattering board, etc ...
Question 3: How many kinds of operas are there in China? According to incomplete statistics, there are about 360 kinds of operas and tens of thousands of traditional plays in ethnic minority areas in China.
Among them, Beijing Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, Pingju Opera and Henan Opera are called the five major operas in China.
Other operas include: Kunqu Opera, Gaoqiang Opera, Bangzi Opera, Hebei Bangzi Opera, Jin Opera, Pu Opera, Yan Opera, Shangdang Bangzi Opera, Qin Opera, Errentai Opera, Hebei Opera, Longjiang Opera, Yuediao Opera, Henan Opera, Shandong Bangzi Opera, Huai Opera, Shanghai Opera and farce.
Question 4: Are water mill and bangzi tune terms in Beijing Opera? Why? It is a traditional opera term in China, not a Peking Opera term. Ink tone refers to Kunqu Opera (Kunqu Opera in Beijing Opera can't seem to be called that, and some actors in Beijing Opera are called "Ink Kung Fu School"). Bangzi Opera is one of the so-called "South Kunbei Yi, East Liuxi Bang, Xipi Huang Er". There are many kinds of operas, such as Shaanxi Opera, Henan Opera, Pu Opera, Hebei Bangzi and Huaibei Bangzi. The biggest feature is to beat the rhythm with a bangzi instead of a board. Blowing cavity is also called "Kunbang".
Question 5: Is China Chess the quintessence of China? China chess is the quintessence of China. . .
National quintessence refers to the national quintessence that originated in China and China and belongs to our inherent culture. China * * * has 20 national quintessences, namely:
1, I ching
The Book of Changes is the oldest and most profound classic in China, and it is the crystallization of China's wisdom and culture for 5,000 years. Known as "the head of the group classics and the source of the avenue". The Book of Changes was first created by Fuxi (at the same time, it produced the Eight Diagrams of The Book of Changes), and the Eight Diagrams created by Fuxi were called Fuxi Eight Diagrams or innate gossip. Later, Shennong wrote about the change of mountains, Xuanyuan Huangdi wrote about the change of returning to Tibet, and Zhouyi appeared in the late Yin and Shang Dynasties. It can be seen that the book of changes, a philosophical classic, was jointly created and completed by three great ancestors of the Chinese nation, Fuxi, Shennong and Xuanyuan Huangdi. The Book of Changes has a history of 5000 years-10000 years. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius wrote The Book of Changes. The Book of Changes is China's earliest philosophical work, which occupies a very important position in the history of ancient China thought. It had a great influence not only on hundred schools of thought before Qin Dynasty, but also on the ancient philosophy of China. The Book of Changes is the foundation of China culture and the source of China's philosophy.
2. Laozi's Tao Te Ching
Laozi was a great philosopher and thinker in the late Spring and Autumn Period in ancient China, and the founder of Taoist school. Lao Zi's surname is Li, his first name is Bo Yang or Yong (hence the name). He is from Qurenli, Li Xiang, Chuku County (now Luyi County, Zhoukou City, Henan Province). Laozi is the ancestor of Taoism, and he is the author of Tao Te Ching. Laozi's Classic of Tao Te Ching, also known as the True Classic of Moral Laozi, has ***8 1 chapter. Laozi's Tao Te Ching is the first complete philosophical work in the history of China, and Laozi's Tao Te Ching is also an important source of Taoist philosophy. Laozi's philosophical thought and the Taoist school he founded not only made important contributions to the development of China's ancient ideology and culture, but also had a far-reaching impact on the development of China's ideology and culture for more than two thousand years. Laozi's philosophy occupies an important position in the history of China's thoughts, which has influenced the development of the whole history of China's philosophy. Tao Te Ching, The Book of Changes and The Analects of Confucius are considered to be the three most influential masterpieces in China. Although Laozi's Tao Te Ching has only 5,000 words, it contains very rich and profound philosophical thoughts and rich dialectical thoughts. The Tao Te Ching written by Laozi is the crystallization of the highest wisdom of mankind. Laozi's Tao Te Ching is the highest wisdom in the universe. Laozi's Tao Te Ching is a valuable spiritual wealth and intellectual wealth that Laozi dedicated to China and the whole world. Laozi, the founder of Taoist school and the author of Tao Te Ching, is a wise man in China after Fuxi, Shennong and Xuanyuan Huangdi. Laozi is also the highest wisdom in the world. In my opinion, if human beings want to survive in the 2 1 century, they must learn wisdom from China Laozi 2,500 years ago.
3. Chinese medicine
Traditional Chinese medicine is the traditional medicine in China, which generally refers to the traditional medicine created by the working people of Han nationality in China. So Chinese medicine is also called Chinese medicine. "Chinese medicine" includes "Chinese medicine". Since ancient times, there has been a legend in China that "Shennong tasted a hundred herbs before there was medicine". Therefore, Chinese medicine originated in the Shennong era 7,000 years ago, and the originator of Chinese medicine is Shennong, the great ancestor of our Chinese nation. The theoretical basis and source of TCM is Huangdi Neijing. Huangdi Neijing is the earliest extant monograph of TCM theory in China. Huangdi Neijing established a unique theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine, which became the theoretical basis and source of the development of traditional Chinese medicine in China. Huangdi Neijing is the first classic of TCM theory in China. Huangdi Neijing is the basis of TCM theory. Huangdi Neijing is a great classic of Chinese medicine, which was completed in Xuanyuan Huangdi era 5000 years ago. Therefore, the great ancestor of our Chinese nation, Xuanyuan Huangdi, is the originator of Chinese medicine. To sum up, TCM, the originator of TCM, is the great ancestor of our Chinese nation, Shennong and Xuanyuan Huangdi.
4. Hanfu (Hanfu or Hanfu)
Hanfu, also known as Huafu, is also called "Hanfu". Hanfu is the traditional national costume of the Han nationality in China, also known as Hanfu and Huafu. Hanfu is a traditional national costume of the Han nationality in China, and its origin can be traced back to the Three Emperors and Five Emperors until the Ming Dynasty. For thousands of years, China people (Han nationality) have not changed the basic characteristics of clothing, and the clothing worn by Han nationality in this period is called Hanfu. Since the Yellow Emperor bowed to the world in the Yanhuang period, Hanfu has taken a basic shape ... >>
Question 6: Who is the founder of Kunqu Opera? The originator of Kunqu Opera-Wei Liangfu people (1489- 1566), whose word teacher was Zhao, was named Shangquan in his later years, and was named Yufeng, newly built (now Nanchang, Jiangxi) and entered Jiajing for five years (1526). In the thirty-first year of Jiajing (1552), he served as Shandong Zuobu political envoy, and became an official three years later. He lives in Taicang, Jiangsu. He was an outstanding opera musician, opera innovator and the originator of Kunqu opera during Jiajing period. He has made outstanding contributions to the artistic development of Kunshan Opera, and has been honored as the "ancestor of Kunqu Opera" by later generations, and also known as the "sage of Quyi" in the field of Quyi.
Question 7: What is the oldest health gymnastics in China? Kunqu Opera was born in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province as early as the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty (65438+the middle of 4th century). It, Haiyan Opera originated in Zhejiang, Yu Yaoqiang Opera originated in Jiangxi and Yiyang Opera are also called the four major vocal operas in Ming Dynasty, belonging to the Southern Opera system. It is an ancient opera tune and genre in China, formerly known as "Kunshan tune" or "Kunqu opera" for short. It has been called "Kunqu Opera" since the Qing Dynasty, and it is also called "Kunqu Opera" now. The accompaniment instruments of Kunqu Opera are mainly Sheng, Xiao, Suona, Sanxian and Pipa (percussion instruments can be used). The performance of Kunqu Opera also has its own unique system and style. Its greatest characteristics are strong lyricism, delicate movements and ingenious and harmonious combination of song and dance. This play was named "masterpiece of oral and intangible heritage of mankind" by UNESCO on May 8, 2006. The state attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage. On May 20th, 2006, Kunqu Opera was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. [Edit this paragraph] Kunqu Opera has a long history. It originated in Kunshan at the end of Yuan Dynasty and has a history of more than 600 years. Since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, China's operas have been divided into north and south, and their singing styles are different from place to place. At the end of Yuan Dynasty, Gu Jiegang and others sorted out and improved the original tune of Nanqu, which was popular in Kunshan, and called it "Kunshan tune", which was the embryonic form of Kunqu opera. During the Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, Wei Liangfu, an outstanding opera musician, reformed and innovated the melody and singing method of Kunshan tune, absorbing the advantages of southern tune such as Haiyan tune and Yiyang tune, giving full play to the beautiful and distant features of Kunshan tune and absorbing the rigorous structure of northern tune. He used the singing method of northern tunes, accompanied by flute, flute, sheng, pipa and other accompaniment instruments to create a delicate and elegant "ink and wash song" that combines the length of northern and southern tunes. Later, Liang Chenyu, a native of Kunshan, inherited Wei Liangfu's achievements and further studied and reformed Kunqu Opera. At the end of Qin Long's life, he wrote the first Kunqu legend "Huansha Ji". The performance of this legend expanded the influence of Kunqu Opera. Scholars compete to create legends with Kunqu opera, and more and more people learn Kunqu opera, especially geisha. Chen Yuanyuan, who is famous in history, can sing Kunqu opera. Therefore, Kunqu Opera, together with Yu Yaoqiang, Haiyan and Yiyang, is known as the four major tunes in Ming Dynasty. By the end of Wanli, due to the extensive performance activities of Kunban, Kunqu was introduced to Beijing and Hunan through Yangzhou, ranking first among all kinds of operas, and became the standard aria of legendary scripts: "Songs from all directions should be directed at Wumen". In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, Kunqu Opera spread to Sichuan, Guizhou and Guangdong, and developed into a national opera. The singing of Kunqu Opera was originally based on Wu dialect in Suzhou, but after it was introduced to other places, it was combined with local dialects and folk music and evolved into many schools, forming a colorful Kunqu Opera system and becoming a representative drama of the whole nation. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the development of Kunqu opera entered its heyday. From then on, Kunqu Opera began to dominate the pear garden, which lasted for 600 to 700 years, and became the oldest traditional opera form in China and even the world. In the form of oratorio, Kunqu opera is beautiful and melodious in the atmosphere without gongs and drums. At the same time, Wei Liangfu also reformed the accompaniment instruments. At first, the instruments accompanying Nanqu were mainly Xiao and Guan. In order to make the singing of Kunqu opera more appealing, he combined flute, pipe, sheng, Qin, pipa and other musical instruments to accompany the singing of Kunqu opera and achieved success. Kunshan dialect began to spread in Suzhou, and in the Wanli period, it spread to the south of the Yangtze River and the north of Qiantang River, and gradually spread to Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Henan, Hebei and other places, and also flowed into Beijing in the Wanli period. In the Qing Dynasty, Kangxi was more popular because he loved Kunqu opera. In this way, Kunshan Opera became the most influential vocal opera from the middle of Ming Dynasty to the middle of Qing Dynasty. According to scholars' research, "although the aesthetic taste represented by Kunqu Opera obviously comes from the south, especially Jiangnan, its cultural identity does not belong to a certain place. It embodies the aesthetic pursuit and artistic creation of China literati. It is precisely because it is a model of literati, so it has a strong coverage ability and may be widely spread, and in the process of communication, it basically maintains its inherent aesthetic consistency. "
Question 8: Interpretation of five listening terms "five listening" refers to five methods used by judicial officials in ancient China to observe the psychological activities of the parties in the trial of cases, which are referred to as speech listening, color listening, gas listening, ear listening and eye listening. This method began in the Western Zhou Dynasty and had a great influence on later generations.
"Zhou Li? Qiu Guan? The small secretary recorded: "Listen to the prison lawsuit five times, ask the people's feelings, and listen once; Second, listen to the color; Third, listen to the gas; Listen with four ears; Listen with five eyes. "
Question 9: The history of Kunqu Opera is one of the oldest operas in China, with a history of more than 500 years.
At the end of Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, that is, at the end of 13 century, Kunqu Opera was popular in Kunshan County, Jiangsu Province. Later, during the reign of Jiajing and Qin Long in the Ming Dynasty (1522- 1572), Wei Liangfu, a Kunqu musician, and others, on the basis of summing up the traditions of northern and southern operas, absorbed the characteristics and strengths of various tunes of southern operas and created a delicate and soft timbre, which was called "plus sheng, Xiao, pipe, flute and other instruments, which was more popular than other vocal cavities at that time. Later it was called Kunshan Opera, also known as Kunqu Opera.
Over the past 500 years, through the continuous enrichment and processing of countless playwrights, musicians, actors and the people, Kunqu Opera has become one of the most representative operas in China. Many operas still retain the performances of Kunqu Opera and become representative operas with a high degree of integration of various classical arts.
Characteristics of Kunqu Opera:
Mainly in three aspects: script, music and performance:
L. Script: The script of Kunqu Opera adopts the structure of the legendary drama of Song and Yuan Dynasties. Each drama is divided into many parts, each part is self-contained, and there is a relatively complete plot running through the whole plot. Many of its single-fold plays can be performed independently.
In terms of literary language, it inherits the advantages and advantages of ancient poetry, Tang poetry, Song poetry and Yuanqu, and adopts the method of long and short sentences to make each sentence uneven and dense, giving full play to the musicality of Chinese. Through tone, rhythm and syntactic structure, the artistic effect of combining rigidity with softness is produced, while Peking Opera adopts seven sentences and cross sentences developed from seven-character rhythmic poems, each of which is sung in several words.
Kunqu opera is still often intact, singing the works of writers hundreds of years ago.
2. Music: China traditional opera music can be roughly divided into two structural forms, namely Qupai and Banqiang. Kunqu music is a form of qupai structure, and there are more than 1000 kinds of qupai. Every scene in Kunqu Opera is a complete set of songs of North, South or South. Its singing is exquisite and exquisite, with four sharp voices, while Beijing Opera music is a plate cavity structure, which is divided into Xipi Huang Er and other plates. Kunqu opera has never been sung. A piece of music has been sung to the end, with a wide range. For example, female voice, it is difficult to combine true and false sounds. Every sentence in Beijing opera has a door. The main accompaniment instrument of Kunqu Opera is the flute, and Beijing Opera is mainly Jinghu.
3. Performance: Because of the characteristics of the script and music, Kunqu Opera is very high in dancing and stylized movements. The most important feature of Kunqu Opera is that it can sing and dance well. Because the words used in Kunqu Opera are very elegant, dance movements are often used to express the inner feelings of the characters in each aria, or movements are used to assist the interpretation of words. The dance movements of Kunqu Opera are very beautiful through various means of imagery, deformation and decoration. It is continuous, but it is also very difficult. You have to go through hard training to sing and dance at the same time. Beijing opera has no big dance moves when you sing, or you don't sing when you usually dance. The operas that sing and dance are generally Kunqu operas, such as Stop the Horse and Noisy Heaven. Later, after processing and improvement, it also became a regular repertoire of Beijing opera.
The performance of Kunqu Opera is very delicate, and each profession has different characteristics, such as the charm of Dan Jiao, the elegance and agility of young students, the boldness and boldness of pictures, the vitality and chic of Wu Sheng and Wu Dan, and the humor and wit of clowns.
Question 10: Introduction of China Opera China Opera is mainly composed of three different art forms: folk song and dance, rap and burlesque. It originated from primitive song and dance and is a comprehensive stage art form with a long history. From the Han and Tang Dynasties to the Song and Jin Dynasties, a relatively complete opera art was formed, consisting of literature, music, dance, fine arts, martial arts, acrobatics and performing arts, with about 360 kinds. It is characterized by the collection of various art forms in a standard, which embodies their respective personalities in the same nature. The famous operas are: Beijing Opera, Kunqu Opera, Yue Opera, Henan Opera, Guangdong Opera, Sichuan Opera, Qin Opera, Pingju Opera, Shanxi Opera, Han Opera, Hebei Bangzi, xiang opera, Huangmei Opera and Hunan Ancient Painting Opera.
catalogue
Chinese opera
Development period 1, germination
2. Prosperity
Step 3 extend
4. heyday
Golden times 1, Yuan Zaju
2. Ming Dynasty drama
3. Drama in Qing Dynasty
major feature
Artistic appearance 1, performing stories with songs and dances
Step 2 stay away from life.
3. The space-time form of separation
4. Virtual technology
First, it originated from primitive songs and dances.
Second, the art of rap
Third, end the fruits of drama.
Role line 1, main type
2. Business and Role Creation
Classification of traditional Chinese opera facial makeup
Local opera music
Complete Drama: China Opera
Development period 1, germination
2. Prosperity
Step 3 extend
4. heyday
Golden times 1, Yuan Zaju
2. Ming Dynasty drama
3. Drama in Qing Dynasty
major feature
Artistic appearance 1, performing stories with songs and dances
Step 2 stay away from life.
3. The space-time form of separation
4. Virtual technology
First, it originated from primitive songs and dances.
Second, the art of rap
Third, end the fruits of drama.
Role line 1, main type
2. Business and Role Creation
Classification of traditional Chinese opera facial makeup
The Complete Works of China Opera, Music and Drama was released in Zhu Shuizhao, Yin Guifang.
Edit this China opera.
China opera is mainly composed of three different artistic forms: folk song and dance, rap and burlesque. It originated from primitive song and dance and is a comprehensive stage art form with a long history. It was not until the Han, Tang and Song Dynasties that a relatively complete opera art was formed, consisting of literature, music, dance, fine arts, martial arts, acrobatics and performing arts, with about 360 kinds. It is characterized by the collection of various art forms in a standard, which embodies their respective personalities in the same nature. Famous operas include: Beijing Opera, Kunqu Opera, Yue Opera, Henan Opera, Guangdong Opera, Huai Opera, Sichuan Opera, Qin Opera, Pingju Opera, Shanxi Opera, Han Opera, Hebei Bangzi Opera, xiang opera Opera, Huangmei Opera, Hunan Opera, etc.
Edit this development cycle
1, bud
In primitive society, primitive songs and dances were produced in villages where clans lived together. With the gradual growth of clans, songs and dances also gradually developed and improved. For example, in many ancient rural areas, there is still a long tradition of singing and dancing, such as "Nuo Opera"; At the same time, some new songs and dances, such as "Shehuo" and "Yangko", came into being to meet people's spiritual needs. It is these song and dance performances that have created a group of skilled folk artists and made some progress in the direction of opera.
2. Prosperity
From the middle of the12nd century to the beginning of the13rd century, professional art and commercial performance groups, Yuan zaju and Jin Yuan editions, which reflected citizens' life and views, were gradually produced, such as Yuan created by Guan Hanqing, Autumn in the Han Palace created by Ma Zhiyuan, Revenge of Zhao Orphan and so on. This period is the prosperous period of China traditional opera stage.
Step 3 extend
/kloc-In the middle of the Ming Dynasty in the 6th century, Kunqu Opera rose in the south of the Yangtze River, with performances by Qiu Haidong and Chen Lijuan, and Huai Opera "Fifteen Passes" and "Zhanhuakui" and other repertoires poured out.
Eyes. The opera popular with farmers in this period was Yiyang Opera, which originated in Anhui and Jiangxi, and Kunqu Opera was popular with feudal elites.
4. heyday
Most of the works in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties describe heroes in people's hearts, such as Mu, Tao Sanchun and Zhao Kuangyin. At this time, local operas mainly included northern Bangzi and southern Pihuang. Peking Opera was produced on the basis of the high prosperity of local operas in Qing Dynasty. During the reign of Tongzhi and Guangxu, the first generation of Peking Opera actors and masters of different schools appeared, which marked the maturity and prosperity of Peking Opera. Soon, Beijing opera developed all over the country, especially in Shanghai and Tianjin. Peking Opera has become a widely influential drama, which has changed the traditional opera art in China. & gt