"Du Li's articles are in full swing." Han Yu has long reminded everyone that it is a correct view that both Li and Du should attach importance to it. However, in the long history, there are countless comments on merits and demerits, including Li and Du. In my opinion, because of their deep-rooted life in China, their poems are an inseparable part of China's national culture, so there are so many scholars to discuss this issue. Let's review the "Du Li's pros and cons" in history.
Let's start with Du Li's evaluation before her death. Li Bai had a poem before his death. One of He Zhang called him "fallen fairy" when he saw him. Du Fu praised him as "invincible in Bai Ye's poems" and "shocked the wind and rain, and made his poems cry". Hao Wei said in "Preface to Collection": "Fighting for the ancients in vain, ghosts speak in a few words." Many scholars speak highly of Li Bai. It can be seen that the spread and influence of Li Bai's poems at that time was very great. Du Fu was not as famous as Li Bai when he was born, but he was not unknown. Ren Hua praised the growth of his poetry. "When there is no wind, the sea rises, and Hua Yue wants to ride the ground. It can be seen that Du Li has his own strengths. During this period, Li Bai seems to be more stealing the limelight.
When the time came, Yang Du began to suppress Li. Yuan Zhen's exposition of Du Li's respective strengths is more pertinent, but not fair enough. In fact, Li Bai's Yuefu poems are better than Du Fu's, but Yuan said that "shoulders are not as beautiful as children". Du Fu's poems are superior to Li Bai's and Yuan's achievements are extraordinary. Bai Juyi's evaluation tendency is the same as Yuan's, but it is objective without belittling Li Bai. He clearly pointed out: "Those who are also masters of poetry are called Du Li's works in the world. It's amazing, but people can't catch it. " "Du Fu's poems are the most, which can be spread to more than one thousand. As for them, it is great to run through ancient and modern times. " This is on the basis of juxtaposition, and it is believed that Du has already had Li's position. Later, Han, Liu and others thought that everyone was equal.
In the early Song Dynasty, Du was not higher than Li. For example, Yang Yi, the main representative of Quincy style, said, "The beauty of a son is often short and ugly, which is called the owner of the manor." By the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, the situation had changed a little. Everyone has different views on several documents. For example, Ouyang Xiu likes not only Li Bai's talent, but also the rich imagination and boldness of Li Bai's poems. In Reading Li Ji's Effective Style, he concentrated on this point. Of course, he didn't belittle Du Fu. Zhu and others also highly praised Li Bai. Wang Anshi and Su Shi are different from Ouyang Xiu. They worship Du Fu more. They not only like his poems, but also appreciate his personality. Su Shi once said: "Therefore, as for poetry, prose, Korean, Yan, Wu Daozi, changes in ancient and modern times can be achieved." It is worth noting that during this period, the main writers who represented the outstanding achievements of the Northern Song Dynasty had personal appreciation preferences, but there was no dispute about Du Li's superiority or inferiority.
During the Southern Song Dynasty, some patriots in the Southern Song Dynasty admired Du Fu's poems, probably out of the same pain of home and country. For example, Li Gang said in "Collation of Du Zimei Collection": "I usually read it and have never seen it; After Qin Yi's funeral, reciting his poems, if the time is right, will suit people's hearts, and then know the beauty of his words? Quot The reason why he admired Du Fu was his loyalty to the motherland, not just his syntactic words. However, suppressing Li was not the general trend at that time, and most people still said that they would not publicize this and suppress that. The two also said that they had the support of Lu You, Yan Yu and others.
Throughout the Song Dynasty, although learning from Du Fu became a common practice and Du Fu's reputation was high, except for a few critics, he still admired Du Fu without restraining Li Bai, and Li Bai's position in the history of poetry remained unshakable.
In the Yuan Dynasty ruled by Mongols, poets like Fang Hui, Liu and Zhou Quan spoke highly of Li Bai. Yuan people highly praised Li Bai's poetic style and made many comments. The Preface to Yuan Qu compiled by Qing people said: "How gloomy is the Song poetry? W, near Shaoling; How young and white is Yuan Shi? Quot It can be seen that Yuan people admired Li Bai more, which was related to his poetic style.
In the Ming Dynasty, the tendency of advocating Li Bai increased and further developed, such as Liu Ji, Gao Qi, Wang Shizhen, Yang Shen and Li Zhi. For example, in Reading Du Li's Poems at Night, Gao Qi said: "The former song is difficult to understand the Tao, and the latter song is forced to do it" ... "The Ming Dynasty paid more attention to Li than Du Fu, mainly focusing on the art and style of poetry, which was closely related to the academic thought at that time.
In Qing Dynasty, Du Li paid equal attention to them from the mainstream. As Qian said: "In the Tang Dynasty, Li and Du were full of flames, and everyone knew them." Zhao Yi said, "Although Du Fu is immortal, Li's name cannot be diminished slightly. Readers feel that it is beyond the reach of genius to learn while Li dares not. Quot but some people are more inclined to Li Bai. For example, although Wang Fuzhi said that Li and Du were important figures, Du was critical. And Yuan, Wang Shizhen and others are biased towards Li Bai, so I won't list them one by one.
Throughout history, we can see the following points:
1, when commenting on Du Li, due to the different tastes, experiences and positions of later literati, they also have different views on the poems of Li Bai and Du Fu. Basically, there are three attitudes: Yang Du's suppression of Li and Yang Du's suppression of Du, each with its own advantages and disadvantages.
When commenting on Du Li's advantages and disadvantages, we can see that most people firmly believe that Du Li has her own achievements and is irreplaceable. This is an unchangeable fact. This fact has always been respected by most theorists.
3. There are some theorists in each period, and they have their own favorite emphases. We can't simply summarize this phenomenon as realism or non-realism, or as people love Li Bai and officials love Du Fu. If you say so, it's ridiculous in itself.
As a latecomer, the key lies in how to analyze, study and absorb the part of their heritage that is beneficial to us; Instead of indiscriminate attacks, it is boring and ridiculous.
I think the key to revisit Du Li's pros and cons theory is to "take history as a mirror" and have your own views. Below, I will talk about my views on the two great poets:
First of all, I think it is a complicated historical issue to evaluate an ancient writer, especially a writer with great influence. The same is true of Li Bai and Du Fu: First, writers and their works are an unchangeable objective historical existence and will not be transferred because of the subjective will of others. At the beginning, I quoted the sentence "Du Li's article is there, and the flame is growing". "The article exists" shows that the work itself is objective. Second, later generations' evaluation of writers' works is bound to be limited by the times, which is different because of personal subjective likes and dislikes. To evaluate objectively and fairly, we must pay attention to the above points.
Secondly, I think there is something wrong with the formulation of the title Although this topic has existed since ancient times, I think that a poet in Du Li's subconscious must have "bad" elements in it. In the above, we have repeatedly stressed that their achievements are equally outstanding, and using the word "bad" is detrimental to their achievements. I feel that whoever says which is better will be sorry for the other person. Both have their own advantages and disadvantages, so it is more appropriate to study and evaluate them by comparing their characteristics.
Therefore, I am more in favor of the view that "each has his own strengths, and it is not appropriate to discuss the advantages and disadvantages". I think it is more appropriate to compare two great poets, analyze their characteristics and show their poetic achievements.
When it comes to romantic poet Li Bai and realistic poet Du Fu, we often think of their differences. It is true that their creative methods and styles are fundamentally different. But I think I need to mention the connection between them a little. In my opinion, although the creative methods are different, they are all based on real life. The theme of poetry comes from life. Romanticism and realism are closely related. Romanticism cannot exist without real life. Romanticism without real life becomes utopia, water without a source, and a tree without a root. The exaggeration and enlargement of realism is romanticism. Without romanticism, real life would lack more beauty. Besides, they all push? Quot Elegant and coquettish, people who admire them praise them. Moreover, their views on Han and Wei poetry and fu are quite similar.
But there are no two identical leaves in the world, let alone two identical great poets. There are more different characteristics between these two poets, which is the greatness of them.
What's the poet worth discussing:
Let's start with Li Bai. Among the poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Li Bai has a very distinct artistic personality. He advocates romanticism, and his poetry creation has a strong subjective color. In his creation, his passion is not expressed in ordinary language, but boldly exaggerated. When things in real life cannot be described, compared and symbolized, amazing fantasies, myths and historical stories will linger, feelings will change rapidly, and the pentium flow of ideas will also bring about changes in sentence patterns and structures, thus forming its unique romanticism. Its expression techniques are extremely rich: first, exaggeration. This is an important performance of Li Bai. Quot White hair is three thousands of feet, and sorrow is as long as long. ""Flying down 3,000 feet, suspecting that the Milky Way has been setting for nine days. "His imagination is unpredictable, and he often thinks for no reason, strange and weird. He often changes with the flow of emotions, with great leap, forming Li's imagination. Second, Bixing. Li Xi used a pen, like a dream climbing Mount Tianmu? Quot A tourist who sails will talk about Japan, and it is difficult to find the topic of "Rise and Continue", but when the Vietnamese talk about Tianmu Mountain, jade and neon are gone or visible. Like this kind of writing, Li Bai uses it casually and unpredictably. Third, use allusions. Typical works, such as It's Hard to Walk, use allusions throughout to enrich the content of the poem. In addition, there are many warning words in his poems, "Oh, how can I seriously bow and scrape to those who have high positions? They will never stand being shown an honest face." This is quite similar to Du Fu.
In a word, the beauty of Li Bai's poems is diverse, besides the magnificent style, there are natural and beautiful feelings, fresh and elegant, bright and beautiful. As a poet who is "pure in spirit", he has a high ideological realm, personality strength, temperament and unique impulse, passion and courage in his creation, which endows his works with strangeness, atmosphere and vitality. This is his most unique place, and it is difficult for future generations to imitate his creative techniques.
Look at Du Fu again. He is good at writing realistic poems, which are mainly reflected in several aspects: First, Du Fu writes current affairs by narrative techniques. He writes current events in a large number of five-character or seven-character ancient sayings, that is, famous articles. He writes about current events and integrates them into his intense lyricism and discussion. For example, in Three Songs of Qiang Village, he describes current events, reflects real historical scenes and expresses his feelings. This is the difference between Du Fu's poems and Tang poems. Second, high language scores. Narrative poetry is good at writing dialogues and monologues of characters, so as to be personalized; Be good at using verbs, reduplications and so on. Third, subjective and objective. Through concrete, vivid and meticulous objective description, the poet's subjective thoughts are embodied and the magnificent artistic realm is achieved. For example, "Eight Guards for Chu Shi" and "Northern Expedition War", these works describe details, or are meticulous about people, events or moods, see the truth from the details, unfold the picture, and introduce people into a certain atmosphere and a certain realm. This description is quite different from Li Feng's speed and boldness. Fourth, he is good at making a typical artistic summary of real life and reflecting the general through individuals. For example, the famous "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" are often written from a person, an event and a family, providing us with a broader picture of life than events.
On the whole, Du Fu's poems are characterized by depression and frustration, and the emotional tone is sad, which contains an emotional force. In addition, there is another feature of his poems, that is, being small and natural.
Magnificent and magnificent, depressed and frustrated, impulsive, passionate and sad, desolate and bold, nuanced ... The meanings of these words are obviously very different, that is to say, if Li Bai's poems and songs absorb the characteristics of Du Fu, or Du Fu's poems absorb the characteristics of Li Bai, they will become neither fish nor fowl. Therefore, I still agree with the view that "each has his own strengths, and it is not appropriate to talk about advantages and disadvantages".
The debate about Du Li's merits will not stop because of my speech, and it will certainly continue. Because the understanding of the two great poets is endless, from the content of poetry to the form to the thought, it is such an endless topic of understanding. But I believe that the debate will not stop and the topic will become clearer and clearer.