Detailed information of Turgenev

Ivan sergeyevich Turgenev (18 18 ~ 1883) is a Russian realistic novelist, poet and playwright. /kloc-Russian critical realist writer, poet and playwright in the 0/9th century. 181811.9 was born in a noble family in Oreol province. From an early age, he witnessed his mother's tyranny and abuse of serfs and began to hate serfdom. Later, he made Hannibal oath that he would never compromise with serfdom. 1833 entered the Chinese Department of Moscow University, and one year later transferred to the Chinese Department of Philosophy Department of Petersburg University, and graduated from 1837. From 1838 to 184 1, he studied philosophy, history, Greek and Latin at the University of Berlin. During this period, I was very close to bakunin and Stankovic. After returning to China, he worked in the Ministry of Internal Affairs for two years. I met belinsky at the end of 1842, and soon came into contact with writers around belinsky, and started literary activities under the guidance of Western European School. He became close friends with belinsky and was influenced by the latter, which strengthened his desire against serfdom and Slavism and promoted the formation of realistic literary view. /kloc-at the beginning of 0/847, I traveled abroad and spent the summer with belinsky who was recuperating in Salzburg. Several features in The Hunter's Notes were written under the direct influence of belinsky. 1February 848, he went to Paris to observe the workers' uprising with sympathy. 1850 Return to China. Since 1847, the czar's government has been angered by the anti-serfdom tendency of the hunter's notes published in Modern People magazine. 1852, he was detained for one month, sent back to his hometown, and forced to live in his manor-Spask village for one and a half years under the supervision of the police. However, in the detention center in Petersburg, he wrote the novella Jiang Mumu, which exposed serfdom, in which the cruel female landlord image was based on his own mother. Turgenev started writing for Modern People magazine from 1847, and cooperated with modern people for 13 years, until 1860, and the period from 1850 to 1856 was his closest contact with modern people. Since then, on the eve of the serfdom reform, he gradually disagreed with the revolutionary democrat Chernyshevski and others among modern people. He opposed serfdom and sympathized with the people's suffering from the perspective of liberalism and humanitarianism, but he supported top-down reform rather than revolution. The era of serfdom reform was almost a watershed in the development of his thought and creation, and it was at this time that he openly broke with modern people. /kloc-at the end of 0/862, Turgenev, who was abroad, was accused of being involved with bakunin and others who fled to London (the so-called "32-person case"). The czar government called him back to China for trial, and he delayed for more than a year. During this period, he wrote to Alexander II to express his loyalty and donated two gold coins to comfort the wounded soldiers who suppressed the Polish uprising, which was severely criticized by the revolutionary camp. From 1863, Turgenev and Paulina Viadot lived in baden-baden. Viadot is a famous French singer. 1843 performed in Petersburg with the Italian Opera Troupe, got to know Turgenev, and later became lifelong friends. Many of his overseas travel and life are related to her, and she left a deep impression on his creation. 187 1 After the Franco-Prussian War, he and Viardot moved to Paris until their death. Here, he had close contacts with famous French writers Flaubert, Goncourt, Zola, Dodd and Mo Bosang. At the same time, through his own translation and introduction, he promoted the wide spread of Russian literature in Europe and America. He often goes back to China for short stays. The last and longest time is 1880 to 188 1 year. 1882 suffered from spinal cord cancer at the beginning and died in Paris on September 3rd the following year. According to his will, the body was transported back to the motherland and buried in volkov Cemetery in Petersburg. Turgenev began his career of writing romantic poems as early as college (poetic drama "Stino", 1834). Balasha, a narrative poem published by 1843, shows a realistic tendency and is praised by belinsky. The first prose work is the novella Andre Kolosov published in 1844. Since then, the narrative poem The Landlord (1846) and the novella Bitu Skov (1848) have made people obviously feel the influence of naturalism and Nikolai Nikolai Gogol. The close-up collection Hunter's Notes (1847 ~ 1852) marks his transformation to realism. Hunter's Notes is Turgenev's famous work, and its theme is the relationship between farmers and landlords under serfdom. With the poetic natural scenery of Russia as the background, the author shows the national characteristics, spiritual quality and talents of Russian farmers with profound humanitarian spirit (Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, Singer and White Grassland by Hall and Karine, etc.). ), describes their poverty, powerlessness, humiliation and oppression under serfdom (office, Belize Springs, Promethean), and exposes the landlord class. When Lenin exposed the "humanity" of a liberal aristocrat, he quoted the image of Pinocchio, the landlord in The Manager. Kalinin believes that Turgenev "shows that serfs are people who deserve human rights like everyone else" in this book. Shedelin said that this book "... is the first literary work that pays attention to people and their suffering". Turgenev originally wanted to write a close-up of a farmer who rebelled against the landlord and forced him to eat the "earth-eating animals" in Bapti black soil, but considering the censorship conditions, it was not realized. This close-up collection is characterized by a true and simple description of rural life, revealing the poetic side in ordinary daily phenomena and infecting readers with rich lyric style. While writing The Hunter's Notes, Turgenev also wrote some plays, including Lack of Money (1846), Breakfast of the Noble (staged in 1849 and published in 1856), and The Bachelor (/) However, in the most famous play Village in January (1855), the theme of the conflict between civilian intellectuals and nobles began to be expressed. Grasping the pulse of the times and keenly discovering new major social phenomena are Turgenev's main characteristics. The heyday of his creation was from 1950s to early 1960s, which was the turning point of Russian liberation movement from aristocratic period to civilian intellectual period. His attention mainly focused on the life and fate of aristocratic intellectuals and civilian intellectuals. In the early 1950s, some novellas he wrote, such as Diary of a Redundant Man (1850) and Yakov Pa Sinkov (1855), all outlined the image of a Redundant Man, especially the first novel Luo Ting published in 1856. Luo Ting's story happened in the early 1940s, when aristocratic intellectuals were still playing a progressive role in the development of social thoughts. Luo Ting is a young aristocrat. He is good at thinking and full of ideals. He can arouse people's desire for freedom and lofty ideas with passionate language (in this new edition of 1860, the author also let him die on the barricade of the Paris revolution in 1848). But he is weak-willed, daydreaming more than life knowledge and lacking practical ability. In his love with Natasha, he was exposed as a giant of language and a dwarf of action. He is a servant. Although he enlightened others, he accomplished nothing himself. The novella Faust (1856), especially Xia (1858), is also typical of the same kind through tragic love stories. Lavretski, the hero of the second novel The House of the Noble (1859), also belongs to the image of "superfluous man". As an outstanding aristocrat in the early 1940s, he sought a new way of life to overcome the shortcoming that words and deeds were divorced from the people, but he lacked the necessary strength and perseverance to avoid the inevitable decline of the aristocratic class, which was artistically manifested through his relationship with Lisa, the contradiction between his personal happiness and moral obligations, the social obligation to improve the situation of farmers, and his failure to achieve personal happiness. This novel is rigorous in structure, compact in plot, poetic and unique in art. Turgenev, while singing an elegy for the noble class, turned his attention to the emerging civilian intellectuals. The novel Eve (1860) describes the "Eve" of serfdom reform. Yelena, the heroine, embodies the spiritual awakening and the desire for freedom and liberation of Russian society at that time. Her favorite civilian intellectual, Englishman Salov, was a Bulgarian revolutionary who was burning with the passion of national liberation and opposed Turkish rule. He has a firm personality and a clear goal, which has the main characteristics of Russian democratic youth at that time. He is just the "newcomer" and conscious hero that Russia needs. This image reflects the trend of Russian society in the late 1950s, indicating that the leadership of the liberation movement has gradually changed from aristocrats to civilian intellectuals. Dobrolyubov wrote in When will the real day come? , affirmed the success of this novel, and pointed out the necessity of Russia's own Britain and Shalov against the internal "Turks", and asserted that "the night before is always not far from the day after", that is to say, a revolution will take place in Russia. Turgenev could not accept the conclusion of this revolution. He has long been at odds with modern people, and now it has published this paper without listening to his advice, which has become the direct cause of the break between the two sides. In his next novel Father and Son (1862), Turgenev finally found a "new person" among Russian civilian intellectuals. The contradiction between "zi" and "father" in the novel is actually the contradiction between civilian intellectuals and nobles. Bazarov, a representative of his younger generation and a democrat, is strong, calm and confident, attaches importance to practical actions and devotes himself to scientific experiments. He not only denies art and poetry, but also denies the "accepted law" in daily life, that is, everything about autocratic serfdom. He was called a nihilist, which Turgenev said meant a "revolutionary". Turgenev said that the novel was "against the nobility as an advanced class", and Bazarov really overwhelmed Bawell as a representative of his parents and an aristocratic conservative in spiritual quality and morality. However, the author's attitude towards Bazarov is contradictory, which not only shows his disgust at times, but also makes him suspicious and pessimistic because of the failure of love in the second half of his works, and even loses his ambition. This novel caused a heated debate in different camps. Democratic journals have condemned the author for slandering the younger generation, and only herzen and Pisarev gave a more positive evaluation of the protagonist. The artistic features of Father and Son are different from Luo Ting and The House of the Noble, and there are few lyrical and landscape descriptions. During the period when the Tsar government ran amok after the reform of serfdom, Turgenev's thought was in crisis and his creation turned into a low tide. He was tired of social struggle and tried to escape into the world of art and beauty. The novellas Phantom and Enough published by 1864 and 1865 respectively show aestheticism and pessimism. Smoke published by 1867 is about 1862, which compares the social and political movement to a mass of light smoke and thinks that it is only a void in the end. The novel not only exposes the aristocratic reactionaries, but also distorts the exiled Russian revolutionaries. Commodore (1868), King Lear on the Grassland (1870), Spring Tide (1872), Puning and Baburin (1874) and tables. It was after the publication of Smoke 10 that he wrote his last novel, Virgin Land (1877), which reflected the social movement most directly and extensively. He paid tribute to the revolutionary populists who "went to the people" and praised their passion for self-sacrifice, but he doubted that their goals and methods of struggle gave the protagonist Nez Danov the characteristics of Hamlet. On the other hand, he satirized the reactionary liberal aristocratic bureaucrats in the 1970s and vividly portrayed their despicable nature. The writer pinned his hopes on the new bourgeois salomon, a "deep plow" who could go deep into Russian virgin land, and pinned his progressive thoughts on him. Turgenev's major works in his later years are prose poems (1878 ~ 1882). The contents and tendencies of this beautiful collection of essays are varied. Some of them show heroism and patriotism (such as Threshold and Russian), and some are full of doubts and pessimism (such as The Sphinx, No Nest, How Beautiful Roses Used to be ...). He also wrote mysterious works divorced from realism, such as Song of Love (188/kloc-) Turgenev said: "... accurately and forcefully expressing real life, even if it doesn't conform to his personal hobbies, is the highest happiness of a writer." He is really loyal to this realistic principle, and sometimes he can even go beyond the limitations of aristocratic liberalism. Although living abroad for a long time, he can quickly and timely reflect Russian social phenomena. Almost all his works became the chronicles of Russian social life from 1940s to 1970s. Turgenev has a high degree of patriotic feelings, and many protagonists in his works are closely related to the fate of the motherland. He had a great influence on realism in Russian literature, especially on the development of novels. He is famous for being good at portraying girls. The heroines in Luo Ting's novels and novellas such as Xia, First Love (1860) and Spring Tide are all vividly written. Turgenev is good at writing landscapes, which can depict the dramatic changes of natural scenery, endow it with poetry and philosophy, and sometimes give it symbolic significance; These descriptions are not only the reflection of the emotional changes of the characters, but also the turning point of the plot. Turgenev is a real language artist and has made great contributions to Russian language standardization. Lenin mentioned Russian language masters for the first time when he listed them. His style is concise, simple, delicate, fresh and lyrical. His melancholy temperament makes his works have a faint sadness. Turgenev enjoyed an international reputation before his death, and he was the earliest writer in the history of Russian literature who was valued by Europe and America. His creative skills and psychoanalytic art have a great influence on western European and Scandinavian writers. His works were introduced earlier in China. The new youth serialized the spring tide from the first issue 19 15, and abridged their first love in the second year. Before liberation, almost all his major works were translated into Chinese, many of which were written by famous writers in China (such as Father and Son and Virgin Land translated by Ba Jin, Noble House and Eve translated by Ni Li, Hunter's Notes translated by Feng Zikai, etc.). ), which is beneficial to the artistic and ideological development of China's new literature.