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Literary works are also called
The name of Chu ci in Sao Shi Jing. Guo Feng in The Book of Songs and Li Sao in The Songs of the South are both ancient works, which have great influence on later literature, so they are often coquettish. Later, "coquettish" directly refers to The Book of Songs and Songs of the South.
"Yuefu Shuangbi" refers to the best folk narrative poems in ancient China, Peacock Flying Southeast and Mulan Poetry.
The Three Commandments refer to three fables written by Liu Zongyuan, an essayist in the Tang Dynasty: the donkey of money, the mouse of harmony, and the elk of Linjiang.
Sanyan and Erpai "Sanyan" refers to Feng Menglong's three-part collection of words: Yu's Famous Words, Shi Jing and Xingyan. "Erpai" refers to two collections of short stories compiled by Ming Dynasty novelist Meng Lingchu: Surprise at the First Moment and Surprise at the Second Moment.
Three Officials and Three Partings refer to six poems of Du Fu in Tang Dynasty. Three officials, Shi Hao officials, Tongguan officials and Xin 'an officials. Three farewells: farewell to the wedding, farewell to the old and welcome the new, and homelessness.
Trilogy originated in ancient Greece and refers to three tragedies with coherent plots, also known as trilogy. Now Wired refers to three independent and interrelated works, Gorky's autobiography trilogy: Childhood, On Earth and My University, and Ba Jin's torrent trilogy: Home, Spring and Autumn. The trilogy of love is: fog, rain and electricity. The trilogy of Anti-Japanese War is the first, second and third parts of Fire. Mao Dun's rural trilogy is: Spring silkworms harvest in autumn and winter remains.
Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Four Great Classical Novels and Luo Guanzhong in China, Water Margin by Shi Naian, Dream of Red Mansions by The Journey to the West and Cao Xueqin in Wu Cheng'en.
China's four modern condemnation novels, Wu Woyao's Strange Situation Witnessed in Twenty Years, Li's Officialdom in the Sky, Liu E's Travels of the Old Disabled, and Flowers of Evil.
Four tragedies of Yuan Zaju: Yuan by Guan Hanqing, Autumn Night in the Han Palace by Ma Zhiyuan, Rain by Bai Pu and Orphan of Zhao by Ji.
Guan Hanqing's Moon Pavilion, Wang Shifu's The West Chamber, Bai Servant's Mounting on the Wall, and Zheng Guangzu's Fu Soul.
Shakespeare's four tragedies King Lear, Hamlet, Othello and Macbeth.
The world of creating the image of miser: Shylock in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, Abagong in Moliere's The Miser, Grandet in Balzac's Eugene Grandet, and Higgins in Nikolai Gogol's Dead Soul.
The six arts "Shi Shuo" refers to the six classics: poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, righteousness, music and spring and autumn. "Zhang Hengchuan" refers to six skills: etiquette, music, shooting, bending, calligraphy and arithmetic.
Yongzhou has eight landscape travel notes written by Liu Zongyuan in Tang Dynasty, which are called Eight Notes of Yongzhou by later generations, among which Koishiyama is the most famous.
One of the books
The Book of Songs is China's first collection of poems.
The Art of War is China's first military work.
Guoyu is the earliest national history book in China.
Zuo Zhuan is China's first detailed chronicle work.
Historical Records is China's first biographical general history.
Peacock Flying Southeast is China's first narrative poem.
Hanshu is the first chronological history book in China.
Liu Xiang's Bielu in Han Dynasty is the first bibliography work in China.
Poems on June 1st is the first poem on China's ancient literary criticism.
Shi Shuo Xin Yu is China's first collection of note novels.
Shuowen Jiezi is the first dictionary in China.
Erya is the first dictionary in China.
Ma Shi Wen Tong is China's first grammar book.
The Origin of Rhetoric is China's first systematic rhetoric work.
Wen Xin Diao Long is a systematic literary theory work in ancient China.
Romance of the Three Kingdoms is China's first chapter-by-chapter historical novel.
The Water Margin is China's first vernacular novel describing the peasant war.
The Case of Confucianism in Ming Dynasty is the first academic history of China.
Diary of a Madman is the first anti-feudal vernacular novel in the history of modern literature in China.
Goddess is the first new collection of poems in the history of modern literature in China.
A collection of writers' "trilogy"
Trilogy originated in ancient Greece and refers to three tragedies with coherent plots, also known as trilogy, and now refers to three works with independent and interrelated contents. Some trilogy works are compiled as follows.
Ba Jin's love trilogy: fog, rain and electricity.
Ba Jin's torrent trilogy: home, spring and autumn.
Mao Dun's rural trilogy: Spring silkworms harvest in autumn and survive in winter.
Mao Dun's trilogy "Eclipse": disillusionment, vacillation and pursuit.
Guo Moruo's trilogy Goddess: The Rebirth of Goddess, Xiang Lei and Flowers of Tang Di.
Guo Moruo's Trilogy of Wandering: Lost, Purgatory and Cross.
Regga's trilogy of potential: spring comes to the Yalu River, standing in the forefront and the blue maple forest.
Trilogy of Romantic Generation in Ouyang Shan: Three Fragrances, Hard Work and Bright Future.
General Guo Xiaochuan's Trilogy: Under the Moon, In the Fog, Before the Wind.
Yang Hansheng's Trilogy of Diquan: Depth, Transformation and Revival.
Li Ji's Trilogy of Biography of Levin: The story of Yumen's daughter going to war in Duanyang in May, when the Red Army brother came back.
Ye Junjian's Land Trilogy: Spark, Freedom and Dawn.
Hong Shen's Trilogy of Pastoral: Wukuiqiao, Xiangmi and Qinglong Lake.
Li Qiao's trilogy "Laughing at Jinsha River": Awakening land, early spring, whistling mountain wind.
Zheng Wanlong Contemporary Youth Trilogy: Young friends, red light, yellow light and green light, see you tomorrow.
Leo Tolstoy's autobiography trilogy: childhood, adolescence and youth.
Russian Alexei Constantinovici Tolstoy's Trilogy of History: The Death of Ivan the Terrible, Tsar fedor and Tsar Boris.
The Trilogy of Tolstoy's Suffering Course in the Soviet Union: Two Sisters, 19 18 and Dark Morning.
Gorky's autobiography trilogy in the Soviet Union: childhood, the earth and my university.
Orestes Trilogy by Aeschylus in Ancient Greece: Agamemnon, Dionysus and Omnid.
Prometheus Trilogy by Aeschylus in ancient Greece: Prometheus bound, Prometheus released and Prometheus with fire.
France Balzac's Trilogy of Disillusionment: Two Poets, Paris of Great People from Other Provinces, and the Distress of Inventors.
John john galsworthy's Trilogy of Modern Drama: The Song of the White Ape, the Monkey and the Swan.
John Galsworthy's trilogy The Forsyte Family; People with property can't ride a tiger and rent a house.
Faulkner's Snoopy Trilogy: Village, Town and Mansion.
American Dreiser Trilogy of Desire: Financier, Giant and Stoga.
Italy Dante Trilogy: Hell, Purgatory and Paradise.
Pen names of contemporary writers
People usually have names. Scholars not only have names, but also often take their nicknames or pen names. Pen names are mostly temporary names taken by literati when writing. The pen names of modern and contemporary writers in China not only inherit the tradition of ancient literati's nicknames, but also bear a deep brand of the times.
Posthumous title, an ancient scholar, generally has nothing to do with his name, such as Mr. Tao Yuanming, Mr. posthumous title Wuliu, Li Bai, a lay violet in posthumous title, and Xin Qiji, Jia Xuan in posthumous title. Several pen names of modern and contemporary writers are related to people's names, such as Liu Yunhua's pen name Liu Qing. Most of them have nothing to do with names; Instead, the theme of the work is reflected by taking another pen name, or using homophones or polysemous words in the name, or by the rapidly turbulent China writers' thinking about social problems, their pursuit of life and their feelings for their motherland and hometown. Therefore, the pen names of modern and contemporary writers in China are more familiar and accepted by readers, and many readers don't even know that they are pen names.
The pen name summarizes the theme of the work. Lao She, Peanut and Sun Li are the representatives of this kind of pen names. Lao She's real name is Shu Qingchun, and her real name is She Yu, Manchu, from Beijing. Although most of the characters in writers' novels live in old houses in Beijing, the author always abandons the old things by examining the fate, thoughts and psychology of ordinary citizens in the process of modern and contemporary social changes. This is the person "Lao She (shě)" in Lao She. Xu Dishan said in Peanut that "it should be like peanuts, although it is not beautiful, it is very useful, not something that looks good but has no practical use", which appropriately expressed the main basis for the author to use peanuts as his pen name. Sun Shuxun did not "make personal contributions" as his parents hoped, but hoped that he would dig deep into the soil like a plow and discover endless treasures through plowing. Memories of the Mountain, Lotus Lake, Charge and other works have all realized their ideals.
The pen name reflects the writer's thinking about social problems. Such pen names include Wen Yiduo and Mao Dun. Wen Yiduo was originally named Wen Yiduo, and the word Jiahua. "Smell" can be a verb "listen" and a noun "smell", and it can also be a surname. From "yi" to "yi" with the same tone after tone sandhi, the pen name means "hearing a message also shows more" The change of the word expresses the author's strong dissatisfaction with reality. Mao Dun's original name was Shen Dehong, and his word was Yan Bin and Yan Bing. "Mao Dun" was his pseudonym when he published the novel Eclipse, which expressed the passion and confusion of contemporary youth in the conflict of the times. Contradictory "spear" and "grass head" indicate surname, so "Mao Dun" is "contradiction".
The pen name sustains the author's pursuit of life. Such as Lu Xun, Lin Yutang, Zhu Ziqing, Liu Qing, Shen Congwen and Wen Jie. Zhou Shuren not only wants to "grow into a person and cultivate young adults" as his parents wish, but also wants to live, fight and fight life like a falcon, so he took Lu Xun as his pen name when he published Diary of a Madman in the fourth volume of 19 18 New Youth in May. "Falcon" is similar to "Xun". Lin Yutang hopes to have a place where he can speak freely and create more places where he can freely tell others his thoughts. Because there were two pronunciations of "Yu" before: (speaking, talking) and Y. Fu (speaking), Lin Yutang changed "Yu" to "Yu". Zhu Zihua not only shines brilliantly in real life, but also sets an example for young people through self-purification. 1948, Zhu Zihua finally practiced the concept of "honesty" that young people hoped for in the article "On Honesty", showing lofty national integrity. Liu Yunhua believes that as long as willows have soil to live in, they can constantly absorb nutrients from it and remain "green" forever. Only in this way can we "contain brilliance." "Liu" and "Liu" are similar in sound, and "Qing" and "Yunhua" have a meaningful connection. Shen Yuehuan's joining the army to save the country is not "literature". Zhao Wenjie hoped to "hear good news" during his stay in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, so he changed "Wen Jie" to "Wen Jie" with the same pronunciation.
Some pen names are full of the author's attachment to his hometown. Bing Xin and Ba Jin are outstanding representatives of this kind of pen names. When Xie Wanying wrote abroad, he took the meaning of Wang Changling's poem "Luoyang's relatives and friends are like asking each other, and a piece of ice heart is in the jade pot" to express that he always has a "ice heart" that loves the motherland. Li Yaotang hated the old feudal family that suppressed human nature in Chengdu, Sichuan, but when he was far away from Bashu, his hometown was always haunted by dreams, always shining like gold and attracting himself. It can also be said that he misses his hometown and loves it forever. In ancient times, Ba and Shu were both in Sichuan Province, so the word "Ba" is a pun, which is not only the surname of Ba and Shu, but also the land of Shu. Some people think that "Ba Jin" is the abbreviation of "bakunin" and "Krupotkin", but as long as we read novels such as "Riptide Trilogy" and short articles such as "Light of Elk", we can feel the author's deep love for his hometown.
In addition to the above meanings, there are other types of pen names of modern and contemporary writers in China. Jiang Haicheng's "Haicheng" and "Ai Qing" have the same pronunciation, so "Ai" not only maintains the dialect, but also has the double meaning of surname and plant name. "Ai" and "Qing" are puns. Deng Tuo is from Minhou, Fujian. In the local dialect, the initials N and L are indistinguishable, and "Lan" can be pronounced as "Nan". In order to commemorate Malan Village, a small mountain village in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei border region where War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression lived, the author took "Ma Nancun" as his pen name.
China Architecture 200 1. 10
Literary genre
Literary genre refers to the category of literary works. It can be divided into four categories: poetry, novel, prose and drama. The so-called "literary genre" in the knowledge points of college entrance examination refers to the knowledge of four literary genres: poetry, novel, drama and prose, which are mentioned according to the four-point method of literature.
1. Prose
According to the expression, prose can be divided into narrative prose, lyric prose and argumentative prose.
The important feature of prose is "scattered in form but not in spirit". "Form and dispersion" means that prose is free to draw materials, not limited by time and space, and has various forms of expression. "Absence of mind" means that the theme of prose is obviously concentrated.
2. Novel
The novel mainly depicts characters and reflects social life through complete stories and environmental descriptions. Character, plot and environment are the three elements of a novel.
Shaping characters is the main means for novels to reflect social life.
The common methods of shaping characters are portrait description, psychological description, action description and language description, environmental description, frontal description and profile description.
The plot of the novel plays the role of displaying characters and expressing the theme of the work. Generally, it includes four parts: beginning, development, climax and ending, and some have prologue and ending.
Environment includes natural environment and social environment.
The development of China's ancient novels has roughly experienced the following stages:
From ancient times to the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, China's novels were in the gestation and germination period. Mainly fables in the pre-Qin period. Such as "Jingwei Reclamation" and "Yu Yu Water Control".
(3) During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, China's novels began to take shape, including strange novels and novels with people, collectively referred to as note novels. His main works are Gan Bao's Searching for God and Zhang Hua's Natural History.
The appearance of the Tang legend marks the maturity of China's classical novels. Famous ones are Yuan Zhen's Biography of Yingying, Li's Biography of Liu Yi and Bai Xingjian's Biography of Li Wa.
(4) Vernacular novels appeared in Song Dynasty. So far, novels have been regarded as proper names of narrative styles. The appearance of the script is "a great change in the history of novels". His masterpiece is Three Kingdoms Pinghua.
⑤ parody appeared in Ming Dynasty. Such as Du Shiniang's Angry Chest and Shen's Master.
(3) Zhang Hui's novels appeared in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and China's classical novels reached their peak, producing a number of great and immortal masterpieces. For example, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, The Journey to the West, A Dream of Red Mansions, Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio and The Scholars.
3. Drama
According to different standards, drama can be divided into the following categories:
(1) According to artistic forms and expressions, it can be divided into drama, opera and ballet.
③ According to the complexity and structure of the plot, it can be divided into one-act drama and full-length drama.
(3) According to the time reflected by the theme, it can be divided into historical dramas (such as Qu Yuan) and modern dramas (such as thunderstorms).
According to the nature of conflict, it can be divided into tragedy, comedy and drama.
Step 4 be poetic
(1) Classification of Poetry
poetic sentiment
(by content)
Poetry
lyrics
ballad
Reasoning poem
Direct lyric
Indirect lyric
Use a scene to express your feelings.
Use the past to satirize/belittle the present
poetic sentiment
(according to the table)
Metrical Poetry
Free verse
Poetry in prose
poetic sentiment
(by time)
Modern poetry
Classical poetry
(free) verse in vernacular Chinese
Metrical Poetry
After the May 4th Movement.
Before the May 4th Movement
poetic sentiment
word
bend
folk song
Poetry in ancient style
"Modern Style" Poetry
Four-character ancient poems
ancient poem with five characters to each line
Seven-character ancient poems
Ancient miscellaneous poems
Yuefu poetry
Singing style
Quatrain
Lvshi
Four lines and five words of ancient poetry
Seven-syllable/seven-syllable quatrain
Eight-sentence five-character verse
Seven-syllable/seven-syllable metrical poem
A long metrical poem (usually five characters per line)
(2) the order of poetry
First of all, we should pay attention to the rhythm of poetry. Generally speaking, even the sentences in regular poetry rhyme. The third sentence in the quatrains doesn't rhyme.
Secondly, if you look at the antithesis, the first and last couplets of metrical poems can be without antithesis, but parallel prose and necklaces must be antithesis. When we look at the level, there are certain rules in the level. Generally speaking, the eye is "one, three, five, two, four and six distinct", that is to say, the level of 135 can be ignored, while the level of 246 words must be strictly emphasized.
(3) knowledge about poetry
The structure of 1)
Rhyme * * *, a total of eight lines, one or two behaviors are linked together, three or four behaviors are linked together, five or six behaviors are linked together, and seven or eight behaviors are linked together.
2) Poetry
The main difference between poetry, ci and qu lies in that poetry requires rhythm and stresses rhythm, ci is more rigorous than poetry, and ci is a kind of poetic style with music to sing. Qu is also a verse form of music singing, but its syntax is more flexible than words.
The highest achievement of poetry was in the Tang Dynasty, the heyday of ci appeared in the Song Dynasty, and Qu was the most popular in the Yuan Dynasty. The poems we have studied include Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, Looking at Tianmen Mountain, Long Songs and Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream. Ci mainly includes Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia, etc. The song is a typical "General Whispering: The Return of Gaozu".
3) Classical poetry and modern poetry
Classical poetry and modern poetry are divided from the perspective of poetic rhythm.
The main difference between them is that classical poetry often refers to ancient poetry before the Tang Dynasty. A kind of metrical poem, which began to form in the early Tang Dynasty, has strict rules on the number of words, rhyme and antithesis, which is what we call modern poetry.
Modern poetry is relative to ancient poetry. However, some poets in the Tang Dynasty and later still wrote classical poems.
4) Yuefu poetry
Yuefu, originally the official name in charge of music in the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, later became a poetic name. Music songs collected and created by Yuefu officials in the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties are called Yuefu for short. Poems written by poets in Wei, Jin, Tang and later generations imitating Yuefu are also called Yuefu or Quasi-Yuefu, although they are not enjoyable.
For example, Song of Pepper, Mulan Poetry, Peacock Flying Southeast and Climbing Mount Tianmu are all Yuefu poems.
5) Rhyme and quatrains
The difference between metrical poems and quatrains mainly lies in the number of sentences. There are four quatrains and eight rhyming poems. Quatrains are also called "sentence cutting". A quatrain can be antithetical or incorrect, but couplets and necklaces of orthographic poems must be antithetical. No matter whether it is a metrical poem or a quatrain, there are requirements for leveling. A metrical poem with more than eight sentences is called arrangement.
6) Old-style poems and new poems
New poetry refers to the free poetry written in vernacular Chinese advocated by the New Culture Movement around the May 4th Movement. Contrary to new poetry, metrical poems written in classical Chinese are collectively called old-style poems. The ancient poems included in the textbook are all old-fashioned poems; The market in the sky, Dayan River-My Nanny and Wang Gui and Li Xiangxiang in the textbooks are all new poems. Although some poems are created in modern times, their genres still follow the old style, such as Mao Zedong's Seven Laws Long March and Comrade Chen Yi's meiling three chapters. This kind of poem is old-fashioned in form and modern and revolutionary in content. People are used to comparing it to "new wine in old bottles".
7) Lyrics, narrative poems and philosophical poems
The difference between the three is that lyric poetry reflects the spirit of the times and social features by directly or indirectly expressing the author's inner thoughts and feelings, and often has no complete story and characters. Even if there are some fragments of scenery description, it is to express ambition and emotion through the scenery. Narrative poems describe events, shape characters and reflect real life in the form of poems. Compared with lyric poetry, narrative poetry has complete stories and characters. Reasoning poetry is included in lyric poetry in a broad sense, and it mainly expounds profound truth with the help of scenery description. For example, In the Heron Lodge is a typical representative of mystery poetry.
8) Title inscription
There is a strict difference between the title of a word and the epigraph. The title of a word is the concentrated expression of the content of the word and summarizes the main content of the word.
A epigraph is the name of a word tone.
For example, the word "Nostalgia at Chibi" is a epigraph, "Nostalgia at Chibi" is the title of the song, and "Nostalgia at Chibi" reveals that it is the lyrics and the place is Chibi.
9) Xiao Ling, Zhong Diao and Chang Diao
Words are divided into poems, middle tones and long tones, and are divided according to the number of words. The number of words in the poem is less than 58 words, 59 to 90 words, which is alto, and the long sound is more than 9 1 word. For example, the word * * 46 in Xin Qiji's Qingpingle Village House belongs to poetry, while the word * * 60 in Die Lian Hua belongs to the middle tone, and Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia belongs to the long tone.
10) Bold and graceful school
Bold school and graceful school are two major schools in Song Dynasty. His works show different styles. Bold works are bold and unconstrained, artistic conception is bold and unconstrained, and the words are full of lofty sentiments and ambitions, giving people a positive force. Representative writers are mainly Su Wu and Xin Qiji. Representative works include Su Shi's Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia and Xin Qiji's Yong Yule Jingkou Gubeiting Nostalgia. Graceful and restrained works have beautiful and subtle language, euphemistic and lingering feelings expressed in words, relaxed and lively artistic conception, sad and sad, deep and bitter, and exquisite carving. The subject matter is narrow, and I write more about personal encounters with men and women, and sometimes I write about scenery and feelings.
The representative poets of graceful and restrained school are Liu Yong, Qin Guan and Li Qingzhao. Representative works include Yulin Ridge by Liu Yong and Yangzhou Slow by Jiang Kui.
1 1) Sanqu
It is a kind of song that appeared in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, which was degenerated from ci. Its style is similar to that of writing, but it is more free than writing. You can add lines to the number of words and use spoken English more. It also includes two forms: poetry and set number.
This poem contains only one tune, and the number of sets is to combine multiple tunes in one tune into one set. Traditional Chinese opera or Sanqu has at least two sets of coherent tunes, but there are many. Each set of numbers takes the name of each song as a full set of music cards; The whole song must be the same palace tune, with a beginning and an end, and the end rhymes; End with "sand" The frequency of use is not specified, and the general order is reversed. Every "sand" is music before "tail", and finally the whole song ends with "tail". For example, there is only one "Tianjingsha" in Qiu Si, which is a poem. Another example is "Whispering Song", in which there are eight songs belonging to Gongdiao, among which "Whispering Song" is the name of the first song in this set and also the name of the whole set.
12. Yuan Zaju
It is a literary style that grew up on the basis of various palace tunes in Song and Jin Dynasties, and it is an art form that integrates singing, guest dialogue and dance discipline.
Yuan Zaju can be divided into Dan Ben (the lead singer of the heroine) and the last Ben (the lead singer of the hero). Structurally, it includes four folds and one wedge, and each fold can only use one gong tune. For example, yuan is the capital. Among them, the third fold is Gong Zheng Tune. The script of Yuan Zaju consists of three parts: paragraph, singing and dialogue. The section is the regulation of the main action performance and dance music effect in the script.
bend
sanqu
Xiao Ling: Ma Zhiyuan's Tianjingsha Qiu Si.
Number of sets: "whistle [generally related to tune] Gao Zu returns"
zaju
Dou Eyuan Guan Hanqing
Autumn in the Han Palace by Ma Zhiyuan.
Wang Shifu in The West Chamber
Bai Pu's Wu Tongyu
drama
Myth; legend
The Peony Pavilion by Tang Xianzu
Kong Renshang of Peach Blossom Fan
Hong Sheng in the Palace of Eternal Life
It is the lyrics, and white is a dialogue or monologue of a character. The main roles of Yuan Zaju are the end (male), the foreign (old man), the net (flower eyelid), Dan (female role), (heroine), Bo 'er (old woman), ugly (small face or three faces) and so on.
13) Gongdiao Qupai
Qupai, like epigraph, is a musical form of Qu. Different qupai are often different in word number, level tone and rhyme. For example, playing with children, wrapping, hanging upside down, correcting, and rolling hydrangea, Yuan's one sand and two sands are all qupai. Every qupai must belong to a palace tune in rhyme. Gongdiao is a musical term and a variety of musical modes. Different palace tunes have different tones. For example, Yuan's Gong Zheng is a kind of Gongdiao.
(4) the style of history books
1. Chronological style: chronological arrangement of Zuo Zhuan and other related historical events.
2. Biography: reflecting historical facts by describing the activities of characters, such as Historical Records.
3. Chronicle: Focusing on events, bringing together relevant thematic materials. Yuan Shu pioneered in the Southern Song Dynasty, such as Yuan Shu's History as a Mirror.
4. National style: Narrating history by country, such as the Warring States policy.
1. General History: History from ancient times to the present is continuous, such as Historical Records and History as a Mirror.
2. Chronicle: Record the history of a certain period or a certain dynasty, such as Hanshu and The History of the Three Kingdoms.
The Origin of "China People"
Chinese in primary and secondary schools was not originally called "Chinese" After the abolition of the Imperial Examination in the late Qing Dynasty, a "new school" called "China School" was established all over the country. At first, the content was all in classical Chinese. After the May 4th Movement, a vernacular movement was launched. Primary school changed the name of Chinese to "national language", focusing on learning vernacular Chinese, while middle school called it "Chinese". Although there is something in vernacular Chinese in reading and writing, I still focus on learning classical Chinese. From June 65438 to June 0949, the Textbook Editorial Committee of the Ministry of Education of the People's Government of North China at that time began to study general textbooks. Some experts believe that primary and secondary schools should concentrate on learning vernacular Chinese and conduct comprehensive language training at the same time. Therefore, at the suggestion of Mr. Ye Shengtao, the "Putonghua" course in primary school and the "Chinese" course in middle school should be unified into a "Chinese" course.
From 65438 to 0955, the Ministry of Education held the second national education conference, which raised the issue that education should learn from the Soviet Union, and emphasized that Kailov's Pedagogy was a must-read for primary and secondary school teachers. Under the guidance of this idea, middle school Chinese copied from the Soviet Union. Soon, the content of education was re-recognized, and the middle school Chinese was renamed as "Chinese" and "literature". Of course, this practice was quickly denied, and "Chinese" and "literature" were combined into one, still called "Chinese".
So, what is "China people"? Modern Chinese Dictionary is interpreted as: 1) language; 2) Abbreviations of languages and characters. Xinhua dictionary is interpreted as: language, which also refers to language and articles or language and literature. In contrast, the latter explanation is more extensive. However, in my opinion, the above all focus on the intellectual interpretation of "Chinese". The connotation of "Chinese" should also include skills and techniques. Some experts use a couplet to sum it up: the first couplet is "words, sentences and chapters", the second couplet is "speaking, reading, writing and doing", and the horizontal couplet is "speaking in detail and doing more". In my opinion, this understanding is more specific and comprehensive, which not only explains the basic knowledge, but also discusses the basic functions, and also points out the basic principles of Chinese teaching, which is very pertinent. Understanding this point is particularly important for teachers, especially Chinese teachers in primary and secondary schools.
Several Special Forms of Metaphor
As we all know, there are three basic types of metaphor, namely simile, metaphor and metonymy. In fact, there are several forms of metaphor. Understanding and mastering these forms is of great benefit to the flexible use of metaphor and the improvement of language expression ability.
1. Metaphor: Also known as compound metaphor, that is, using multiple different metaphors to explain or describe the same ontology. This metaphor can fully describe the characteristics of things, vividly reveal the various connotations of things, and greatly enhance the momentum of the article. For example:
..... On both sides are wild flowers higher than the horse's head, red, yellow, white, blue and purple, colorful, gorgeous as continuous brocade, gorgeous as rosy clouds on the horizon, gorgeous as rainbow on the horizon. (Tianshan scenery)
Second, antonym: also known as antonym, that is, intentionally reversing the relationship between ontology and vehicle in metaphor can highlight ontology to the maximum extent and is full of interest. For example:
The role that Shanghainese call a little beggar is also very similar to our stereotyped Party writing, which is very dry and ugly. ("Opposing stereotyped Party writing")
Third, anti-metaphor: that is, metaphor is set from the opposite side of the ontology to show that the ontology does not have certain properties or characteristics. This metaphor has the effect of positive and negative contrast, which can strengthen the distinctiveness of views and feelings. For example:
If I love you-/I will never be like a climbing Campbell flower,/I will show off myself with your high branches. (to the oak tree)
4. citation: that is, using the truth contained in one thing to draw and compare the truth contained in another thing. The front of it is the vehicle part, and the back is the body part. For example:
Fish, I want it, bear's paw, I want it, but you can't have both. You can use bear's paw instead of fish. Life is what I want, and righteousness is what I want. You can't have both. Those who give up their lives for righteousness are also. ("I want what I want")
Five, mutual metaphor: also known as metonymy, is a form of metaphor that takes the vehicle as the ontology first, then the ontology as the vehicle, and the metaphor is used by the other party. There are twists and turns that can enhance artistic appeal. For example:
The street lamp in the distance is very clear./It seems that there are countless stars flashing. /Stars appear in the sky,/as if countless street lamps were lit. (Market in the sky)
Metaphor: also known as strong metaphor, means that ontology is not only like metaphor, but also transcends metaphor. For example:
But in China, there was no place to write at that time, and it was more confined than canned food. (In Memory of Forgetting)
7. Decorative metaphor: refers to the relationship between ontology and metaphor. It has two forms, one is as the carrier of attribute, and the ontology is as the head language, such as:
In the sun, the little bubble-like yurt is shining with white light. (Tianshan scenery)
Second, ontology as an attribute, vehicle as a head language, such as:
Sometimes, looking at the vast and desolate land, I ride the wild horse of thought to far away places. (land)
Common sense of ancient culture 1: human appellation
Author: Yang Shusong finishing
There are roughly three situations of calling people by their first names: (1) claiming their first names or calling them by their first names. Such as "within five steps, such as phase, you can spill blood on your neck", "Luling Wen Tianxiang preface his poems". (2) for introduction or biography. For example, "Sui and Lu Su are both interested in Sun Quan" and "Liu Jingting is from Taizhou". (3) people who are disgusted and despised. For example, "Unfortunately, Lu Shimeng did evil in the former and fawned on the latter".
The ancients named it "Cheng Zi" when they were young, and took the word (male 20 years old, female 15 years old) when they came of age. There is a meaningful connection between words and names. word