I also have a mid-term exam soon.
But I don't know what these are for.
But there are people like you.
Do more questions, listen carefully in class, and finally ask the teacher any questions, but I don't understand. During some garbage time such as eating, taking a bath and taking a bus, I will think about what I learned today like watching a movie.
Remember not to be nervous during the exam.
Discrimination of interpretation methods
Common explanation methods include definition, explanation, comparison, analogy, classification, examples, figures, charts and so on. Some explanation methods are easy to be confused, and now they are divided into the following groups.
1. Definition and interpretation
Definition is an explanatory method to point out the essential characteristics of the explained object in concise and clear language and distinguish the objects that are easily confused with it. For example, "food is a substance that can form the body and supply energy."
Annotation, also called annotation, is a way to explain concepts. For example, the "rainbow" is mentioned in Seeing the Weather from the Clouds, which is interpreted as: "After the rain clears in summer, a colorful arc is often hung on the cloud curtain opposite the sun, which is the" rainbow ".
Both methods should use simple language to explain the characteristics of things, but their forms of expression and the rigor of explaining concepts are different.
Formally, when defining the essential characteristics of things, we often use judgment sentences to express concepts; This explanation can be expressed in a variety of sentence patterns.
Strictly speaking, definition requires revealing the essential characteristics of things, the connotation and extension of explanation are equivalent to things, and the object and content of explanation can be interchanged, with the same meaning; However, the interpretation of the object of interpretation often focuses on the characteristics of a certain aspect of things, or explains its structure, reasons, functions and other non-essential factors, so the content of interpretation cannot be changed with the object of interpretation. The difference between the two can be shown in a chart. Definition: a is B and B is a √; Explanation: A is B and B is A × Here are some examples for comparison.
A. Overall planning method is a mathematical method to arrange the work process. (definition)
B. laser is a kind of light with pure color. (for interpretation)
C. the other is called heterotrophy. All animals and most microorganisms belong to this category. They can't make their own food and live on plants. (for interpretation)
Sentences a and b are both decisive sentences. A sentence explains the concept of overall planning method by definition, which can be changed to: a mathematical method of arranging work process is the overall planning method. The method used in the interpretation of sentence B is to explain laser from color. If it becomes "pure color light is laser", it is fallacy, because not all "pure color light" is laser. C sentence is not a judgment sentence, and the explanation content does not explain the essential characteristics of "heterotrophy", but only explains part of the scope, so it is an explanation.
Compare and compare.
Contrast method is an explanatory method to compare two kinds of things and phenomena in the same or different categories to illustrate the characteristics of things. For example:
The area occupied by the Pacific Ocean is almost equal to the sum of the other three oceans, which is fourteen times larger than the smallest Arctic Ocean.
② 12 steel roof trusses wider than the newly expanded Chang 'an Avenue in Beijing are hidden at the top of the auditorium.
Comparing the area of the Pacific Ocean with the other three oceans, and the area of the Arctic Ocean, this is a similar comparison. Compared with the pavement width of Chang 'an Street, the twelve steel roof trusses are heterogeneous.
Metaphor is a way to explain the characteristics of things by means of metaphor rhetoric. For example, the bridge opening of a stone arch bridge is curved, just like a rainbow.
Both methods should be explained by familiar things. But the composition and function are different.
The basis of comparison is comparison point, and things are identified at the same comparison point; The basis of analogy is similarity, which connects two things. Compare the following two cases:
A. Silkworm's tiny body is a wonderful "processing factory". (symbolically)
B. All other animals eat raw food, and only humans can cook it. (for comparison)
The object and vehicle described in sentence A have similar functions, thus forming a metaphor. Sentence B compares "other animals" and "human beings" on "food" to form a comparative explanation.
Generally speaking, comparison and analogy have different expressions and different functions. Contrast method often compares two things by narrative or explanation, identifies them in comparison, and shows the characteristics of the explained object; Metaphor, on the other hand, vividly shows the characteristics of the explained object through description, giving people an image feeling, so as to understand the characteristics of the explained object.
3. The difference between classification and comparison
According to the shape, nature, cause and function of things, the way to explain things side by side is classification. For example, the description of "thin clouds in the sky" in Seeing the Weather from Clouds is to divide such thin clouds into cirrus clouds, cirrostratus clouds, cumulus clouds and stratospheric clouds according to their states.
Classification is different from comparison, as follows:
First, from the relationship between description objects, there is a subordinate relationship between classification description objects and classification description contents; There is a parallel relationship between the two things being compared. For example;
A. comparison includes similar comparison and heterogeneous comparison. Similar comparison is to compare two aspects of the same thing, while heterogeneous comparison is a different thing.
B there are comparisons between similar and heterogeneous comparisons, but the objects of comparison are different. Similar comparison is the comparison of different aspects of the same thing, while heterogeneous comparison is the comparison of different things.
Sentence A is classified and sentence B is contrast.
Secondly, from the purpose and function of explanation, classification requires explaining the scope of things, thus helping readers to understand things comprehensively; It is necessary to explain the characteristics of one thing different from other things, and to understand the characteristics of things by distinguishing them.
In the specific interpretation, various interpretation methods are often used synthetically and crossly, so we should pay attention to the distinction when reading. For example, the article "Why are flowers so red" explains that the process of natural selection is very slow, and artificial selection has greatly accelerated its process, and then says, "Another example is Dahlia, which is native to Mexico and has only eight red petals. The history of artificial cultivation is only two or three hundred years, but there are thousands of varieties with different shapes and colors. " From the context, this sentence illustrates that natural selection is slow, while artificial selection accelerates the evolution of flowers; From this example itself, the comparison method is adopted, and through comparison, it shows that artificial selection accelerates the evolution process of flowers; From the composition of contrast, the evolution process of flowers is illustrated by comparing characters. From this point of view, for example, available numbers can be formed by comparison.
Expression is the specific language method and means used to express specific content. This is the official content of the article. Expression is gradually formed with the emergence and development of language expression. Modern writing put forward the concept of "expression", which has been used ever since. (Excerpted from Academic Monthly of Applied Writing (No.8, 1993)) Generally speaking, there are five expressions:
1, narrative 2, description 3, lyric 4, discussion 5, explanation. (1) narration. Narration is the most basic and common expression in writing. It is the author's narration and explanation of characters experience and events, and the transformation of scene and space. Widely used in writing articles.
(2) description. Description is an expression that describes the appearance and form of an object and reproduces it to readers. It is one of the main forms of narration, especially literary creation. It is sometimes used as an auxiliary means in general lyricism, discussion and elaboration. If the description is used well, it can be vivid and vivid, so that readers can see this person, hear his voice, feel at home, and get a strong artistic infection from it.
(3) lyric. Lyric is to express and express the author's feelings. It is the main expression in lyric style, and it is often used as an important auxiliary expression in general literary works and narratives.
(4) discussion. Discussion refers to the author's comments on a discussion object to show his views and attitudes. Its function is to make the article clear and profound, with strong philosophical and theoretical depth. In argumentative writing, it is the main expression; It is often used as an auxiliary means of expression in general narrative, expository or literary works.
(5) description. Description is an expression that clearly explains the shape, nature, characteristics, causes, relationships and functions of things in concise words. Some explained objects are physical things, such as mountains, rivers, flowers, trees, buildings, utensils and so on. Some are abstract truths, such as thoughts, consciousness, self-cultivation, viewpoints, concepts, principles, technologies, etc.
As the formal elements of an article, five expressions must serve the content expression. Writing something in different ways can produce different effects. This is the so-called expression function.
According to their functions, these five expressions can be divided into two categories, namely, objective category and subjective category.
Reproduce objective categories, including narration, description and explanation; The similarity lies in reflecting the objective image, that is, what happens in one place is written down and then conveyed to people in another place, and the achievements created by one industry are passed on to other industries. When observing, thinking and expressing, the author adopts an objective attitude and strives to truly express objective things.
Express subjective categories, including discussion and lyricism. Characterized by expressing subjective spirit. Discussion expresses the author's views on objective things, and lyrically expresses the author's subjective feelings. Generally, argumentative writing is written after the author observes life and finds problems of social significance. In the process of experiencing life, the author has a unique understanding and feeling, and after feeling, he wrote a lyric article. In a word, subjective things are transformed and transmitted outward, which is called performance.
First, the knowledge reserve of poetry appreciation
Poetry appreciation involves complicated contents, such as the author's writing background, common allusions, cultural customs, styles and schools, ideological content, common expression skills and so on. In addition, a considerable number of candidates do not have a clear understanding of some terms such as poetry style and expression skills, which brings certain difficulties to review, so the best way is to classify them by examples.
1. Language style: refined, implicit, simple, fresh and lively.
2. Ideological content: lyrical description of scenery, lyrical expression of ambition, frontier battles, sentimental feelings about things, nostalgia for the past, vagrancy, cherishing and hurting spring, in my heart forever's poems, patriotic poems, love poems, homesick poems, etc. Thoughts and feelings include infatuation, sadness, melancholy, loneliness, sadness, loneliness, boredom, calmness, leisure, joy, admiration, anger, adherence to moral integrity, and concern for the country and people.
3. Expression skills: Narrative, discussion, lyricism and description are the ways of expression. The focus of the examination is lyricism and descriptive. Among them, lyricism can be divided into direct lyricism and indirect lyricism (borrowing scenery to express feelings, blending scenes, and supporting things to express feelings); Description can be divided into dynamic and static combination, dynamic contrast, scenery knot, music scene writing mourning, mourning scene Syaraku, contrast between light and shade, bold outline and detailed description; The order of description is: look, listen and feel; Changes in sensation, hearing, vision, taste and touch; Vision, close-up, up and down; The combination of reality and myth, etc. The methods of expression include rendering, contrast, contrast, application, combination of reality and falsehood, combination of positive and negative aspects, combination of reason and reason, suppression before promotion, arrangement, suggestion, humor, symbol, association and imagination. Some commonly used figures of speech are metaphor, allegory, enlightener, metonymy, personification, duality, exaggeration, parallelism, rhetorical question, rhetorical question, foil, repetition, irony, euphemism, intertextuality, allusions, translation and reduplication.
4. Personal style of poetry: generally speaking, there are two kinds of realism and romanticism. Each poet presents different characteristics in his own creative practice and forms his own artistic style. For example, Tao Yuanming is simple and natural, Du Fu is depressed and frustrated, Li Bai is bold and elegant, Bai Juyi is easy to understand, Du Mu is beautiful and handsome, Wang Wei's poetry and painting are integrated, Wang Changling is lofty and broad-minded, Li Shangyin is lofty and tragic and desolate, his writing is gorgeous and fragrant, and Li Qingzhao's tearful and thin suburban island. In addition, there are graceful and unconstrained words and popular and humorous songs. Generally speaking, the characteristics of poetry songs are "poetic village", "charming words" and "vulgar songs" respectively.
5. Text structure: The commonly used terms are layered, echoing from beginning to end, always with main points, appropriate details, clever transition, bedding, bedding, exhibition of grand plans, and seeing the big from the small.
Second, master the problem-solving ideas
The main contents of poetry appreciation are: language, image, expression skills, ideological content and the author's views and attitudes. Because it is a short answer, limited by the number of words, candidates must carefully examine the topic requirements and accurately summarize the main points when answering questions. Note when answering questions:
1, closely related to the original poem. The purpose of the proposer's examination in this respect is to see whether the examinee really understands the poem. Therefore, the appreciation of ideological content and expression skills must be combined with the specific content of the original poem, and should not be divorced from the fuzziness of the original poem, otherwise it will be difficult to show that candidates understand the poem.
2, point and surface combination. If we study and appreciate the ideological content or expression skills of poems, we can briefly analyze the couplets of individual poems while summarizing their expressions.
3. The combination of ideological and expressive skills. If you appreciate the ideological content or expression skills of the whole poem, they are often expressed in combination, and it is difficult to answer one of them in isolation. In other words, when you ask to appreciate the ideological content or one of the expressive skills of a poem, you can answer it from both the ideological content and expressive skills.
4. Use standard terminology. When answering questions, candidates should try to use the nouns and terms mentioned above to answer.
III. Frequently Asked Questions
1, content topic problem solving guidance
Read Ouyang Xiu's Picking Mulberry Seeds and analyze the content and theme of this word.
The sky is high and the West Lake is good, and everything in the clouds is fresh.
Seagulls and herons should be used to listening to orchestral music while sleeping.
The wind is clear and the moon is white, and the night is suitable.
Whoever envies Luan is a fairy on board.
The first step of problem-solving guidance is to read the poem carefully and perceive the general meaning of the poem as a whole. The second step is to make clear the place (West Lake), time (moonlit night), people (poets), events (boating on the West Lake) and main scenery (the sky is full of water, gulls sleep, the wind is clear and the moon is white) mentioned in the poem, and be good at extracting the word combinations in the poem when summing up. The third step is to try to find out the poet's ideological theme according to the characteristics of Zhang Xianzhi. We can understand this poem by grasping the key words or phrases of "Who admires" and "Who is immortal". The ending sentence of a poem is not a description, but a discussion, which is the key to understanding the main idea. The scenery in front is very quiet and beautiful, and there will be a feeling that "people are immortals on board". When answering this kind of appreciation questions, it is usually divided into two points, one is to describe the content according to the poem, and the other is to reveal the main idea. The answer is "describe … express …".
The word "reference answer" describes the moonlit night in the West Lake, where the lake and the sky set each other off, the soft wind blows gently and the birds sleep at night. This is a quiet and beautiful scene, like a fairyland on earth, which expresses the poet's good feelings of loving the scenery of the West Lake and real life.
2, emotional and ideological problem solving guidance
Read Bai Juyi's poem Village Night and analyze how this poem expresses the poet's thoughts and feelings.
Keywords frost grass, gray worm, cutting,
Nancun Beicun is absolutely deserted.
Looking at Noda before going out alone,
Buckwheat blooms like snow in the moonlight.
The first step of problem-solving guidance is to find out the main scenery described in the poem: frost and grass ash, insect cutting, buckwheat in the moonlight and flowers like snow. The second step is to carefully examine the characteristics of these scenery, and think that scenery and language are emotional words, and convey feelings with scenery. It is not difficult to see that the former is cold and desolate, while the latter is bright and beautiful. The third step is to grasp the words that can reflect the character's mentality, such as "few pedestrians" and "going out alone", especially from "going out alone", we can find that the poet has an emotional transformation process. As shown in the first sentence and the last sentence, especially "frost grass ash" and "flowers like snow", the two scenes are completely different.
This poem expresses the poet's emotional change from loneliness to going out alone to relieve boredom and feeling particularly happy when he sees the beautiful scenery.
3, presentation skills, problem solving guidance
Read Wang Bo's Ascending the Mountain in Nine Days in the Middle of Shu, and try to analyze the artistic features of this poem.
On September 9, Wangxiangtai,
He took the farewell cup to other places.
Human feelings are tired of the suffering in the south,
Hongyan, is that from the north?
Note: Why, why.
Problem-solving guidance generally analyzes the artistic characteristics or expressive skills of poetry from these aspects: look at whether the language has characteristics (simple, elegant, tragic, heroic, fresh, simple, euphemistic, vivid, ironic, humorous and so on. Second, look at rhetoric (metaphor, personification, contrast, exaggeration, rhetorical question, rhetorical question, etc.). ) is used. Third, see if there are any special means of expression (such as expressing things, combining static and dynamic, setting off from the side, combining reality with reality, blending scenes, contrasting, associating imagination, describing psychology, depicting details, sketching, etc.). With the outline of these aspects, we can examine them one by one against poetry. Linguistically, the spoken word "Na" appeared, and this poem is simple and friendly in the form of approximate daily spoken language. Rhetorically, three or four sentences are compared, and the last sentence is also rhetorical. In terms of expression, the third sentence is straightforward and the fourth sentence is euphemistic and chic. After such analysis and screening, we can basically grasp the artistic characteristics of this poem, and we will have a direction to answer and naturally have something to say. When you answer, pay attention to what you say first, and then what you say. You must be clear-headed and hierarchical. If the idea is not very clear, it is best to use a point method and say it in turn. It is also necessary to analyze it in combination with poetry, so that it is justified.
This poem uses everyday spoken language, such as "He ran away from home" and "Nacong", which is simple and cordial. In terms of technique, the third sentence "human feelings are tired and bitter in the south" directly expresses the pain in my chest, and I miss my relatives in the south but I can't go back to the north alone, while the fourth sentence uses the rhetorical question of "Hongyan comes from the north", which is in sharp contrast with the previous sentence and seems to be "unreasonable questioning", but it makes the poet's homesickness particularly touching.
The rhetorical methods such as metaphor, metonymy, metonymy, personification, exaggeration, repetition, duality, parallelism, rendering and truth are used with examples.
Appendix: The counselor of "The Ancient Road and the West Wind" replied:
The use of metaphor can visualize language, concretize abstract content and convey the author's unique feelings about things in life. For example, "light black undulating mountains, like passionate iron ridges, all run far to the stern." With the metaphor of "passionate iron beast ridge" as "light black continuous mountains", the strange feeling on the way to see social drama was written.
Metonymy is a metaphor, that is, there are no ontologies and figurative words, only vehicles. For example, "it's a matter of today to take justice into benevolence, and free flowers are planted all over the world." Here, "free flowers" are used to describe the happy life of the people after liberation, which concretizes the abstract meaning.
Metonymy can change the appearance of an article. For example, "Go to Taiwan to recruit the old department and smash Yamaraja under the banner of 100,000." The "standard" here refers to the army.
Personification can make language more vivid and articles more literary. For example, "Du Fuchuan is singing and laughing in the willows, and the red flag is flying." The welcoming scenes of Yan 'an people are vividly displayed.
Exaggeration often deliberately exaggerates, emphasizes or renders what is expressed. For example, "The whole old city is like a burnt-out brick kiln".
The function of repetition is to emphasize what is said. For example, "expectation, expectation, ……" emphasizes the urgency of expectation.
Duality can make the language neat and harmonious, the voice sonorous, and increase the beauty of the article. Metric poems often use it to outline the picture, such as: "Several early warblers compete for warm trees, and their new swallows peck at spring mud." "There are no birds in the mountains, and there are no footprints in the thousand paths."
Parallelism can lay out the meaning and stretch the content, such as "buy horses in the east, saddles in the west, reins in the south and whips in the north"; It can also enhance the momentum of language.