This system is special. From the outside, it is not poetry but literature, but its content is poetry and literature, which can be said to be a mixture of half poetry and half literature. Fu is one of the six meanings of poetry, and its original meaning is an attitude and method of literary expression, not a genre. After 300 essays, prose flourished, followed by new-style poems of Chu Ci School. From The Book of Songs to Songs of the South, the scope of poetry has expanded and the length has been lengthened. The mixing of prose forms and the spread of rhetorical devices are rich in flavor, but "Songs of the South" is a new poetic style after all. Therefore, later generations called Qu Yuan's works Ci or Sao, so as not to be confused with poetry and Fu. Wen Xin Diao Long is divided into two parts: distinguishing Sao and interpreting Fu, and the boundaries are also obvious. Later, Xun Zi's prose and Qin Dynasty's essays were restored to the creation of Mei Cheng and Sima Xiangru, thus formally establishing the Han Fu written in the form of prose and narrated in kind.
On behalf of Han Fu, works such as Zixu, Shanglin, Ganquan, Hunting Feather, Du Liang and Erjing are the representatives, not works such as Xi Poems, Seven Swords, Mourning Poems, Jiuhuai, Jiutan and Jiu Si, because these words are only imitations of Chu Ci in both form and content, and become the end of Qu Song. However, it should be pointed out that the recruitment of hermits in Huainan hills is refined. It has profound implications and distinctive artistic features, and is a masterpiece of Chu Ci after Qu and Song Dynasties. From Chu Ci to Han Fu, the composition of poetry decreased, the composition of prose increased, the composition of lyricism decreased, and the composition of chanting things strengthened. By this time, not only poetry and fu were completely independent, but also poetry and fu were different.
The giver is also paved. Bedding and collecting articles, writing and recording. ..... It turns out that the purpose of my husband climbing the mountain is to build things and make people happy. Emotion is based on things, so righteousness should be elegant and things should be viewed with emotion, so words should be clever and beautiful. Beautiful words are elegant and upright, and symbols are superior to each other. For example, the organization's product Zhuzi is painted with Huang Xuan. Although the writing is new in quality and rich in color and books, this contribution is also general. (Liu Xie's Interpretation of Fu)
Straight book, fable writing, fu also. (Introduction to Zhong Rong's Poetry)
It can be seen that "writing" and "expressing one's mind directly" are Fu's characteristics, but they should also be interesting. In the Han dynasty, most fu writers spent a lot of time collecting essays, but few of them were passionate about things.
As a result, the text is beautiful but lacks emotion, and the article is new but lacks quality.
Therefore, although there are a few good lyric works in Han Fu, most of them are mainly layout. Describe the splendor of the court, the prosperity of the capital, the richness of products, the fun of immortals and hunting, and the luxurious life of feudal rulers in an exaggerated way and in a stagnant form; Although they have the characteristics of brilliant literary talent, magnificent structure and rich vocabulary, their common shortcomings are lack of emotion and reflection of real social life; I like to list difficult words, uncommon words and categories. Some works have almost become books. Although the end of the fu is accompanied by the meaning of persuasion and irony, it puts the cart before the horse, with great disparity in weight and little effect. "However, at the end of each one will be Deloitte was alarmed, despise its original, although reading the hail, the more confused. Therefore, the prosperity is damaged and the bones are broken. There is no expensive weather vane, which is not conducive to persuasion. It is also embarrassing that the Yangtze River regrets carving a worm. "(Shi Fu) Liu Xie's comments are correct. Although there are some good works in Han Fu, most of them are dangerous words in prosperous times, and their value is not very high.
Han Shuzhi is divided into four schools. 1. Qu Yuan School: Jia Yi, Mei Cheng, Sima Xiangru and others belong to this school. Lujia School: Gao Mei, Zhu Maichen, Sima Qian and others all belong to it. Third, Xun Qing School: Jong Li and Zhang Yan belong to this school.
Zafu School: No author's name. Ban Gu has his own reasons for this difference, but he didn't explain it. But judging from the works of existing schools, this division is not appropriate. Various works in the early Han Dynasty inherited the legacy of Chu Ci, and expanded the scope of Fu through the creation of Mei Cheng and Ma Zhou Xiangru, which is a unique form of Han Fu that combines the rhetoric of Chu Ci, Xun Fu and the rhetoric of military strategists. In this case, it is difficult for us to restrict contemporary writers with Qu, Song or such factions. Narrative prose fu, chanting poetry fu, reasoning fu and quasi-Sao fu are all arranged in the writer's anthology at the same time. Sima Xiangru has a son defect, a forest, an adult and Nagato at the same time. Wang Bao has nine arms and a flute at the same time. Yang Xiong also owns Ganquan, Hunting Feather, Hedong and Kangsao. Bangu has two capitals and a quiet passage. Zhang Heng has two capitals, at the same time thinking about the mystery and returning to the field. In a person's collection, there are works with completely different content, form and artistic conception. It can be seen that we use a certain school to explain the writers of Han Fu, so it is better to look at the development of Han Fu from the times.
Second, the development trend of Han Fu
Han Fu is an important literary form in Han Dynasty. At the same time, it also reflects the system and scale of the Han empire, most of which are praises and some of which are of practical significance.
During the hundreds of years in the Han Dynasty, there were many Fu writers, and the reasons why Fu was so prosperous at that time were very complicated.
△ First, Fu writers in the early Han Dynasty
From Gaozu to the early years of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there were about sixty or seventy years, which was a period of political peace and economic construction. The ideological circle is dominated by Huang and Lao. At that time, calligraphy was abolished, academics were not regulated, and all aspects showed a relatively laissez-faire atmosphere. Fu writers in this period mainly followed Chu Ci, with some changes in form, and Jia Yi and Mei Cheng made great achievements.
△ Jia Yi
Jia Yi (200 1- 169) was born in Luoyang, Henan. I have been eager to learn since I was a child, and I know the books of a hundred schools of thought. As a doctor in his twenties, he put forward many progressive political suggestions to Deng Wendi. He advocated strengthening the central government and defeating the Huns. And advocate attaching importance to agriculture and caring for people's lives. He is rich in knowledge and outstanding in political opinions. He wanted to make a career in society, but he was forced by the environment and slandered by powerful people, so he had no choice but to go down to Changsha. Although he was later recalled, he was worshipped as the teacher of King Huai Liang. Unexpectedly, Chu Huaiwang fell off his horse and died, so he hurt himself and cried to death. Although Jia Yi's personality is a little weaker than Qu Yuan's, his life situation and his midsummer grief are somewhat similar to Qu Yuan's. His Qu Yuan Fu is undoubtedly the representation of Qu Yuan's depressed soul and sad feelings, and mourning for Qu Yuan means mourning for himself. In his works, he expressed his misfortune and dissatisfaction with feudal politics. "The warbler phoenix lies above the mouse, and the owl soars; ? It is the political reality that Jia Yi faces. Therefore, its value is far above the works based on the imitation of Chu Ci in later generations.
Jia Yi's "Pengniao Fu" has its own characteristics in form, which deserves our attention to the formation and evolution of its fu style.
ChanYuZhi years old, Xia Meng in April. Gengzi dusk, clothes set more than her. Stop at the corner. What's it like? Leisure time. Foreign bodies to extract, all blame themselves. Send a book to occupy it and ridicule it. Said: wild birds enter the room, the owner will go. Ask Yu Zifu, what about the rest? Sue me, but it's not good to say it. The speed of flooding and the degree of language exceeded its period. Take too many clothes. Raise your old wings, but you can't talk. Please be considerate. Everything changes and dies. Swim away or push away. Shape and qi continue, change and change. Be quiet, Hu can speak louder than words. Unfortunately, it may be a blessing in disguise. Sorrow and joy gather at the door, and good and bad luck share the same domain. Peter Wu Qiang, Fuxi defeated. The sadder, the deeper. When you swam over one by one, your pawn was fined five times. Legend has it that Xu Yi is Wuding. What's the difference between a husband's misfortune and his own? Life is unspeakable, who knows its extreme. Drought caused by water, drought caused by media. Everything is thin and oscillates. ? Steam and rain fall, the dispute over error correction. Dajun broadcasts things. Central? Infinite. The world can't be worried, and the road can't be worked out. If you are late, you will be killed. And heaven and earth are saws, and nature is work. Yin and Yang are charcoal, and everything is copper. When the news spreads, it is always safe. Ever-changing, endless. Suddenly become a man, how to control it? Become a foreign body. Why? Xiao Zhi is selfish, cheap and expensive. This is a great sight for people, but things must die. Greedy husbands prefer money, while scholars prefer fame. Praise the right to die, goods. Force this disciple to go west or east. Adults don't bow their heads, meaning has changed. Fools are vulgar and embarrassed like prisoners. Man's relics are unique to Tao. Everyone is confused and likes and dislikes. Real people are indifferent, alone with the Tao. Interpret wisdom and form, detachment and self-pity. Scarcity, soaring with the road. If you die by the current, stop it. Let your life be entrusted to you, not yourself. If his life is floating, his death is static. It is as beautiful as an abyss. If you don't tie the boat. Don't protect yourself with life and death, but float in the air. No one is tired, knowing that life is not troublesome. The details are beyond doubt. (? Bird Fu)
This poem was written when Jia Yi lived in Changsha. Did you get a look at him? The bird flew into its room, thinking it was an ominous sign as a comfort.
Although there is a strong thought of denying Huang Lao in Fu, it also shows his own misfortune and dissatisfaction with the dark reality. The so-called "greedy husband and greedy money, celebrities greedy fame, boasters die, ordinary life" generally reflects the true face of some feudal social figures. In terms of form, it is quite different from the works of Chu Ci. It mainly adopts the essay form of question-and-answer style, which is very close to the later Han Fu. The only difference is that our flowery rhetoric and exaggeration are missing. This Fu is the inheritance and development of Xunzi's Fu and the change of Chu Ci, which can be used as the forerunner of Han Fu. This article is different from the historical records recorded in Hanshu. In Han Dynasty, Qu Yuan Fu was hanged. There are two different genres of bird fu, and Ban Gu must be well-founded.
Because of the evolution of Fu, let me explain it briefly.
In the early Han Dynasty, in addition to Jia Yi, there was Lu Jia who was more closely related to Han Fu. Lu Jia was originally a strategist. There must be something special about Ban Gu's ranking his work as the first of his school. Unfortunately, his works are now completely lost. After Jia and Lu, Mei Cheng and Yan Jihe (whose real name is Zhuang, which is taboo) are also famous for giving gifts.
Lu Qiaoru, Gong, Gongsun Sheng and others were all scholars in Wu and Liang Dynasties, but there were not many works handed down from generation to generation. Among them, it is worth noting that Meicheng is more important in the history of Fu.
△ Meicheng
Uncle Meicheng (? ~ former 140), Huaiyin (now Jiangsu). He was a famous fu writer in the early Han Dynasty. Jingdi was a captain of Hongnong at that time. He has successively sent envoys to Wu and Liang, and served as a literary servant for Wu Wang Liu Bi and other countries. Emperor Houye admired his literary name and sent a car to meet him. Because he was too old, he died halfway. Han Shu's Records of Literature and Art records that he has nine essays. The only extant works are Qi Fa, Liu Fu and Tu Yuan Fu. The last two are suspected to be forged, and only one is reliable.
Although Qi Faren has no name, he has formed a system of Han Fu. The whole article is prose, which has developed into a narrative form of repeated questions and answers. Although there are occasional poems in the poem, such as "Mai Xiu flies to the sky, his back is to the empty valley, and he returns to the stream in accordance with the unique area", there are not many. Is it the same? Compared with birds, there are two characteristics closer to Han Fu. First, the tone of the text is different? Birds are so plain and solid, but full of exaggeration and array; Secondly, it is not all reasonable, but full of narrative elements. Both content and form have left Chu Ci and entered the field of Han Fu. The meaning of this article is not profound. A long story of more than 2000 words shows that sensual pleasure is not as beneficial as the words of sages. Speaking of the fable function of Fu, this is probably the key point. The content said that the king of Chu was ill and Wu Ke went to ask for sick leave. The reason of the disease in the first stage, the beauty of music in the second stage, the richness of eating and drinking in the second stage, the prosperity of horses and chariots in the second stage, the parade in the second stage, and the joy of observing Taoism in the second stage, but the prince died of illness. Wu Ke said that the sage's spell was magical, so the prince climbed several times, broke out in a sweat and recovered.
Although the literary value is not very high, it also reflects the luxurious and dissolute life of the aristocratic society at that time, and criticizes it from the side, which has certain ironic significance. The description is quite vivid, and the language is not stagnant but changing. From Chu Ci to He Fu, Qi Fa is indeed a work connecting the past and the future. And since the stubborn seven hairs, I have imitated a lot. The Preface to Seven Mohs said: "In the past, Mei Cheng wrote seven hairs, but literary scholars such as,,,, Liu Liang and Huan Bin did not agree. Seven-shock, seven-sheng, seven-yi, seven-paragraph, seven-word, seven-trial, seven-lift and seven-plan, so Ma Jichang, Zhang and other great scholars also cited their sources and spread them widely. " In this way, "seven" has become a special body in the history of Fu.
△ Second, the heyday of Han Fu
Martial arts, propaganda, the Yuan Dynasty and the era of success are the heyday of Han Fu. There are more than 900 Han Fu articles in the Records of Literature and Art, with more than 60 authors, of which nine tenths are the products of this period. Martial arts propaganda was overjoyed and arty, and the style of writing flourished for a while.
Yuan, into two, after the rest, the author is immortal. Ban Gu's Preface to the Two Capitals says, "Therefore, I am convinced by my words ... They discuss their thoughts day and night, and the sun and the moon provide for them. And ministers ..... from time to time. .................................................................................................................................................................................. Liu Xie also said: "It is accumulated in propaganda and reviewed in the world. The ceremony of entering the emperor is thousands. " (Interpretation) This grand occasion can be imagined.
△ Sima Xiangru
During this period, there appeared, Huainan Group Chat, Yan Shu,,, Zhuang Congqi, Wu Qiushou, Wang, Liu Xiang, Wang Bao and Zhang. Sima Xiangru occupies a prominent position in the history of Fu and enjoys a high reputation. Mingqing (179 ~ 1 17), a puppy. Chengdu (now Sichuan) is a native of Shu County. Not so good reader fencing. Jingdi is the official servant of Wuqi. When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty went to the southwest, he made certain contributions to the development of the southwest. Later, it was the filial piety order. He died of illness soon. However, last year, he was passionate about politics, but he didn't succeed. Later, he was vilified, frustrated and dissatisfied with reality. Therefore, he often said that he was ill and secluded, and he didn't admire the official position.
It can be seen that he is not the kind of person who has no personality and will kiss up. Like Han Fei, he suffers from stuttering. He is not good at talking, but he is good at writing. He is a representative writer of Han Fu, with profound knowledge and brilliant literary talent.
Yiwenzhi contains 29 articles by Sima Fu, most of which have been lost. There are Zi Xu, Shang Lin, Adult, Nagato, Beauty and Ai Er. There are other poems about pears, fish and Zitong Mountain, with only one title left. Zi Xu and Shang Lin are the representative works of Sima. From Jia Yi? Bird, Mei Cheng's seven hairs, until this time, he established a rigid style of Han Fu. Zi Xu wrote it in Liang, telling the story of hunting. Later, Emperor Wu saw it and greatly appreciated it. He hates not being with this person at the same time. Yang Deyi, the dog supervisor at that time, told Emperor Wu that he was a fellow countryman of the minister, and Emperor Wu called him. He said that Zixu just didn't understand the hunting of princes, so he asked the son of heaven to hunt, and he became an article in the forest. Emperor Wu was very happy when he saw it, so he named him Lang.
The two poems by Zixu and Shanglin are actually an article. Through the three-person dialogue, the maharaja emperor was obsessed with hunting, did not do political affairs, and was ridiculed. "Like a child empty, empty, also called chu. If a bird has a husband, it is difficult for him to do something. No one is public, no one is human, and tomorrow is the meaning of children. Therefore, it is vain to use these three people's remarks to push the imperial court of emperors and vassals, and to attribute his pawn stamp to thrift because it is ironic "(Historical Records Sima Xiangru). These sentences explain the themes and forms of Zi Xu and Shang Lin in general. Subjectively, the satire is meaningful, but it has little effect, and it has become the saying that "the irony is one, and the music ends in elegance."
A dreamer is 900 miles. There are mountains among them. Its mountains are full of depressions, but Longchong will? , hey? Gold is uneven, the sun and the moon are empty. Staggered disputes, what are you doing? . The vicious river that blocks the pool is a subordinate river. Its soil is ochre red chalk, orpiment and white meeting, tin, gold and silver. Show off all colors, and shine on Longlin. Its stone is Ruby Rose, Lin Min Kunwu. Salty and mysterious, carbon stone. There are HP bars in the east. If chicory is dried, it will be barren. There are elk and weeds in the river bar. There is a vast plain in the south, one after another, full of people, bounded by great rivers and limited to Wushan. Does its high dryness lead to health? Bao Li, Xue Shaqing? . Its humbleness led to the birth of Tibetan cymbals, Dongqiang carved whiskers and lotus roots. Taro Xuan Lu. Judging from things, you can't win. There is a clear pool spring in the west, which stirs the pool water. This hair is hibiscus and Ling Hua, and the hidden boulder is white sand. Among them, the tortoise is a tortoise; A glimpse of toxicology. There are shady trees, camphor trees and magnolia trees in the north. From Zhuyang, pear machine millet, orange pomelo fragrance. There is a red ape on it. Honeymoon in the cave is not a good chance.
Under it, there are white tigers, mysterious leopards and manyan. Like a wild rhinoceros, Qiong Qi Manyan. (Zi Xufu)
This is the first paragraph in Zi Xu. Only one paragraph has been written? Dreams require so much effort. From here, we can also know Fu's technique. His purpose is to exaggerate the magnificence of that place, so whatever rare birds, animals, flowers and herbs he has in mind are arranged there together. What is landscape, what is earth and stone, what is southeast and northwest, and what is up and down, it is always circulated like this. The appearance is gorgeous and magnificent, but the content is actually very poor, which makes it difficult to read and weakens the touching artistic power. Zhiyu said in "On the Separation of Articles": "If the husband's illusion is too big, it is far from classless; If the resignation is too strong, it will be contrary to the event; If you argue too much, you will lose your righteousness; If beauty is too beautiful, it is contrary to love. People who have experienced these four things are generally harmed by politics and religion, which is based on Sima Qian's theory of cutting each other like floating and Yang Xiong's bad words of giving deer to prostitutes. " Zuo Si said in Preface to Sandu Fu:
"In the word, it is easy to be decorated with algae, while in righteousness, it is empty. Besides, my husband's jade is useless, although it is worthless, it is not verified by extravagant words, although it is beautiful. " Liu Xie said in "Exaggeration": "Since Song Yu, careful observation and exaggeration have become popular. Like the wind, the paradox is getting worse and worse.
Therefore, in the forest pavilion, the stars and Wan Hong entered the pavilion, and from the prosperity of birds, they had both the lotus and the wren. "They unanimously pointed out that the exaggeration and lack of authenticity of Han Fu are very accurate. However, this exaggerated form has become the stereotype of Han Fu. After Sima, all the way to Ban Gu, Zhang Heng. Because this kind of writing lacks thoughts and feelings, only in this way can we extend the space and express our own words and knowledge. In order to use those strange words, we must go to primary school. Therefore, the famous contemporary Fu writers are all famous primary school writers. Sima Xiangru's General Theory, Dialect and Exegesis of Yang Xiong, and Continuing Exegesis of Ban Gu are all famous works of contemporary philology. In this way, it is not easy to make Fu solid, and it is also difficult to read Fu.
This kind of organization is mostly a dialogue between several people, exaggerating each other's situation and talking about extravagant events; Finally, it ends with the meaning that "hunger and joy are enough to ruin the country, and benevolence and righteousness can prosper the country". For example, the last paragraph of Shanglin Fu says:
"If the husband is exposed all day, he is struggling. Stop at the use of horses and chariots, the essence of foot soldiers, the wealth of the treasury, and the goodness without virtue. It's good to be happy alone, regardless of the public. If you forget the politics of the country and get what you want, then the benevolent can do nothing. "
This method of exhortation is like the argot of a comedian and the rhetoric of a strategist. The difference lies in words and articles. Sima Qian said: "Although there are a lot of empty words, we should return to simplicity. What is the difference between this and the irony of poetry? " In the eyes of Confucianism, Fu believes that it does not violate the main idea of the original Taoist scriptures. But the emperor often only takes his praise and forgets his sarcasm. Emperor Wu was a good fairy, and as a result, the emperor was even more flattered. This example is very famous.
However, we should also admit that Sima Xiangru is a writer with literary talent and imagination. Its fu structure is magnificent, its vocabulary is rich, and it also has profound and vivid descriptions. For example, "So Zheng Nv Manji was changed by Aunt Yi"? Hey, miscellaneous fiber, hanging fog? , 衤褰 褰 褰 褰 褰 褰 褰 褰 褰 褰 褰 褰 褰 褰 褰 褰 褰 Valley. What is the difference? What is the difference? Cut, what? Hang on {Mix} and help Yu Yu. Cuicai under the lamp, Mo Ran under the glow, covered with rain; The jade is arrogant, and the jade is not cut. Just like a fairy. "(Zi Xufu) on the one hand wrote the image of Zheng Nvxia Ji very carefully and vividly, but also reflected the extravagant life of aristocratic society. Rich language, novel writing and distinctive features. Secondly, in "Long Men Fu", he is good at using beautiful language and lyrical description. On Fu, he said: "The combination group writes splendid scenery, once it was latitude, and the palace was business, which is also the trace of this Fu. The heart of the family, including the general situation of the universe and characters, comes from the inside and cannot be passed down. " (Miscellaneous Notes of Xijing) The trace of fu is focused on form, while the heart of fu is focused on repair and conception. The so-called "tolerance of the universe and knowledge of people" are the characteristics of literary works. The greater the work, the more it should have such characteristics.
In the history of fu, it has a great influence. Han Fu influenced him, combined with the characteristics of various factions, created his own and established a fixed body. So that later writers can follow him and imitate him without crossing his fence. Yang Xiong said, "Changqing Fu didn't come from others. What is its deification? " He also said: "If Kong Shi uses Fu, Jia Yi will be in the throne and feel like a stranger." He admired Fu, but regarded it as his own model.
△ Dong Fangshuo
Dong Fangshuo (154 ~ 93) was born in Pingyuan (now Wudi East, Shandong Province). Cynical, humorous. Because there are many funny stories about him in ancient books, I always think he is also a scholar with no taste. In fact, judging from his exhortation and scolding, he is a man of courage and determination.
His Seven Commandments, after Chu Ci, are overused and of low value. There are two articles, namely the theory of a gentleman and the difficulty of answering a guest. Although it is not named, it is endowed with style. Humor and satire can quite represent his personality. "Respect for will, humble for lu, resistance is in the green? Above, suppressed under a deep spring. Use it as a tiger and use it as a mouse. " (difficult to answer a guest)
In these sentences, the feudal emperors played with talents vividly. "Today, your majesty takes the city as a small city, and plans to establish a system of legislation, sealing the que on the left and sealing the gods on the right. The so-called thousand households are embroidered with wooden clothes, and the whole dog and horse are bound? , imperial secretary? Poison? Often, hanging pearls, setting up a theater car, teaching galloping, decorating literary talents, gathering pearls, beating bells, beating drums of thunder, outstanding dancers, etc., and those who want to make the people independent do not want to lose their agriculture. "
Here, he not only boldly exposed the extravagant and dissolute life of the feudal emperor, but also spoke these words in front of the emperor very bravely. Also, this time is also the Fu family. He is the son of Mei Cheng, with a little Confucianism, and was A Lang in the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. He writes very quickly, so he writes a lot. His prose and records contain 120 poems, but now these works have not been passed down.
△ Sima Qian's Fu
Sima Qian is a great historian and essayist, but he is also good at writing Fu. One of the poems handed down from generation to generation is a masterpiece in Han Fu, which has high ideological and artistic value and deserves our attention.
Those who mourn are not born, and they are ashamed to take care of their shadows and live alone; Self-denial, fear of ignorance, dare to ask the world violence, will be detained for a long time. Although tangible, it is not obvious, only capable but not old. What do you mean, pity is confusing, and good and evil are inseparable. If you swing for a long time, you will bend without stretching. You are open, just stay with me; The private person feels sorry for himself. The sky is small and the land is wide; Obviously, interpersonal relationships are mutually exclusive. Life is good and death is bad, and talented people are also frivolous; Therefore, it is expensive and cheap, and philosophy is also chaotic. The point is big and the chest is clear; Sleeping, endogenous poison also. My heart is gone, I can already feel it; As I said, philosophers have gone far. There are no unknowns in the world, and the ancients are only ashamed; If you die in the morning, it's a cloud! Go with the flow, but it didn't start at first. Reason has no basis, and wisdom cannot be relied on. No profit first, no trouble to start. Let nature take its course, after all, it is one. (Sad men don't receive blessings)
This essay was written by Sima Qian in his later years after the disaster. Express embrace, express anger, and the style is slightly close to Jia Yi? Birds, this trend is more obvious. In this essay, the author summed up his own life tragedy, expressed his sense of injustice, and strongly accused the dark reality of not distinguishing between public and private, right and wrong, and flattering and crowding out. The language is concise and powerful, with his prose characteristics. Preface to Taishi Gong, Letter to Ren An and this article are important historical materials to study Sima Qian's life thought.
△ Wang Wei
Yuan, the son of Wang Bao, was born and died in an unknown year. People in central Sichuan (now Ziyang, Sichuan). Xuan Di suggested that the doctor. Because Xuan Di "wrote many poems, hoping to promote the coordination of laws". So Jiujiang, who can write songs for Chu, as well as Liu Xiang, Zhang, Hualong, musicians and Gong Dezhi gathered at his door. At that time, Wang Bao was recommended by Wang Xiang, the secretariat of Yizhou, and they were waiting for a letter to Jinma. Wang Bo's existing works, such as Ode to the Sage, Ode to the Palace of Ganquan, Poem of Nine Feelings, Poem of Golden Horse and Chicken, are mostly chanting things, except that Nine Feelings imitate Qu and Song. What is worth mentioning is his flute and flute fu.
Although Dong Xiao Fu was written in the style of Chu Ci, it had a great influence on the writing style of later generations. First, he spent a lot of time on rhetoric sentence-making, not in an exaggerated way, but in a delicate and subtle description, beautiful tone, vivid image and unique style. As Liu Xie pointed out: "Zi Yuan is a flute, and poverty changes its sound and appearance." There are many parallel prose in this paper, which is the end of parallel prose of soul, Jin and Six Dynasties. Since then, this kind of parallel prose has been increasing in Fu, which shows Cui's ambition and purport. Secondly, he is also the finisher of reciting things, the silkworm of Xun Qing. The second verse, although chanting things, contains many argots and brief words, and retains the Zou shape of chanting things. Jia Yi's? Birds like to talk about things, but they are actually reasonable. Another example is Mei Cheng's Liu Fu, Lu Qiao's Fu He, Zou Yang's Fu Jiu and Gongsun Sheng's Fu Yue. The ancients suspected it was a fake. We can't take a small object as historical data. It is a new genre to write its sound, appearance, precision and utility in long articles, so we have to recommend Dong Xiao by Wang Bao. Since then, more and more authors have chanted poems about objects. In the collections of Yang Xiong, Ban Gu, Zhang Heng, Wang Yi and Kwai Yong, these works are all of this kind, but in the Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties, poems about objects are everywhere. So that the poems about objects in later generations are influenced by it.
The morning dew cold falls to its side, and the jade liquid soaks to take its roots. The solitary crane wins, and the spring bird flies. Autumn storks don't eat or cling to simplicity, but sing, and mysterious apes cry and look for them. Quiet and remote, quiet and friendly, but it should be quiet and friendly. ......
This is a short passage in Dong Xiao Fu, in which the use of parallel couple sentences is described subtly, ending the weakness in the Six Dynasties.