Chinese Gardens and Chinese Poetry
Chinese gardens are called "literati gardens". It is a bookish garden art. Beijing Xiangshan Hotel is the ingenuity of Mr. Ieoh Ming Pei. Because of the good combination of architecture and gardens, people call it "elegant architecture with a bookish style". First of all, it is praised as "elegant, clean, and refreshing," and the two have the same meaning.
This proves that discussions of Chinese gardens throughout the ages are inseparable from Chinese poetry. And what about painting? It is also based on the literati paintings of Nanzong. The so-called "there are paintings within poems and poems within paintings" ultimately cannot be separated from poetry. This is the dominant idea of ??Chinese gardening.
After the Southern and Northern Dynasties, scholar-bureaucrats expressed their love for the mountains and rivers, roared proudly at the haze, avoided the hustle and bustle, and expressed their love and appreciation. They both saw it in action and expressed it in poetry. The construction of gardens is based on the times. It continued from the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Song Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty, and the Ming and Qing Dynasties, all of which were inherited from the same source. Bai Juyi built a hall in Lushan and his famous articles were recited. Li Gefei's account of Luoyang's famous garden is full of blooming algae.
The construction of the hometown comes from literary thoughts. The existence of the garden depends on its writing. They complement each other and promote each other. The garden is true to the text, and the text is the true garden. There is no difference between the two. Gardening depends on the owner. That is to say, the level of the garden reflects the cultural level of the garden owner. There are many famous gardens among literati and painters because their ideas were conceived in poetry.
In addition to the garden owner himself, there must be visitors to the garden. The so-called Qingke can be divided into different categories, including literati, painters, flutists, music masters, mountain masters, etc. They discussed with each other, offered advice, and built a garden for their masters. Not only that, after it was built, it was used for literary and wine gatherings, where celebrities gathered, wrote poems and enjoyed the garden, and some modifications were made.
In the late Ming Dynasty, Zhang Nanyuan built "Le Jiao Yuan" for Wang Shimin and changed the author four times. The creation of a famous garden can be seen here, and it was not accomplished in one go. It was especially prominent in the late Ming Dynasty. Generally speaking, it refers to the thoughts of scholar-bureaucrats, and it can be said that scholar-bureaucrats are all literati, good at poetry, writing, painting and singing. The gardens they create all have the same consciousness, with elegance as the main expression method.
The garden contains poems and essays, which are decorated with algae, couplets on the forehead, and inscriptions about the garden. The garden and poems are integrated into one. Therefore, whenever people enter a Chinese garden, they will feel poetic and picturesque. If the tourist is highly educated, he will be able to recite a few lines of good poetry, and the painter will be able to paint a few landscapes of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Tang Xianzu’s "touring in the garden" and "picking up paintings" for "The Peony Pavilion" are not only operas, but also garden literature, and they teach people how to understand the spiritual essence of Chinese gardens.
"The cuckoos are singing red all over the green mountains, and the smoke outside the tea leaves is soft and drunk." The real music is full of excitement and empathy. The love lies in the garden, and the garden must be written about love. The writing is born from love, and the garden must be the same.
Qian Yong of the Qing Dynasty said in "Fu Yuan Cong Hua": "Building a garden is like writing a poem. It must have regular twists and turns, echoing back and forth. The most taboo is to pile up and mix, and only then can it be called a masterpiece. ." It is said clearly that gardening is no different from writing poetry. The method of gardening can be understood from poetry, and gardens can also be used to create poetry. Poetry and gardening also need to be conceptualized, and they still need to be able to express artistic conception.
In Chinese aesthetics, the first priority is artistic conception, and the same artistic conception can be produced by different forms of artistic techniques. Poetry has a poetic realm, words have a lyric realm, music has a musical realm, paintings have a painting realm, music has a musical realm, and those who are good at gardening can use literature, painting and music to create realms. It can be combined with landscapes, flowers, trees, ponds, pavilions and pavilions.
When people are in the scene, there are poems and paintings, each achieving its own beauty. Therefore, "Although it was created by humans, it was created by heaven." Chinese gardens are unique in the world because they are built with poetry.
Poetry and classical language are ethereal, avoid piling up in gardens. Therefore, "the early sun shines on the leaves and the rain stays overnight, and the water surface is clear and round, and the wind lifts it." The garden scenery is more virtual than reality, and the literature is also extremely ethereal. Chinese gardens can create endless emotions in tangible scenery, which in turn creates endless scenery, which is a Chinese gardening technique that is confusing and indistinguishable, and the scenes blend together.
In "The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons", the so-called "writing is created for the sake of emotion", I mean that the scenery is created for the sake of emotion. Emotion can give rise to literature and scenery. Its origin is one. Poems and prose are used to create gardens. When the garden is completed, there must be a study room and chanting hall, called a garden, which will be a place for reading, chanting, and appreciation. Therefore, there is a pine reading and painting pavilion in the Master of Nets Garden in Suzhou, a place to learn about ancient times in the Liuyuan Garden, and an Ivy Bookstore in Shaoxing. This person is worthy of recruitment.
Although there are also quotas that are not named, their actual functions are the same as those with quotas. Therefore, garden gatherings, literary and wine gatherings, have become a special way of visiting gardens in China. The grand gathering of Yiyuan in Beijing and Suiyuan in Nanjing during the Qing Dynasty has been passed down as a good story by future generations and has left many famous articles.
Reading literary sketches of the late Ming Dynasty is like visiting a garden. And there are many words that are nothing more than gardening techniques. These literati often had famous gardens at home or participated in garden affairs. Therefore, from the middle of the Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, during this period, the literati gardens were the most developed, with high standards, and many famous people came out.
"Yuan Ye" was formed, which summarized and reflected the gardening ideas and gardening methods of this period, and the text was written in elegant parallel. I suspect that his book must have been polished by a scholar, so it is not just a book by a craftsman.
The successor, Li Yu's "A Family Story·Bedroom Utensils·Playing Department", is also elegant in writing. Li Ben is also a literary and dramatist. Not to mention Wen Zhenheng's "Changwu Zhi". The Wen family is handed down through calligraphy, painting, poetry and prose, and the family has a famous garden, and the Suzhou Art Garden still exists today. As for the garden notes, they must be written by literati to express the scenery, paint the feelings, and add color to the springs and rocks. The role of the plaque in the garden as a starting point is well known to everyone.
Chinese gardens must have a place to appreciate music, and the pavilion near the pond is its place. The Thirty-Six Mandarin Ducks Pavilion in the Humble Administrator's Garden and the Zhuoying Water Pavilion in the Master of Nets Garden in Suzhou are well known to everyone.
At that time, Mr. Yu Zhenfei and his respected old man Su Lu visited the Zhang family to repair the garden (the repair garden is now the west of the Humble Administrator's Garden). He and his Wuzhong music friends played music here and performed there. The music was in harmony with the garden scenery, so Yu Mr. Wang's operas have a scholarly style, and his skills are profound in literature and gardening.
The ink written by the respected person belongs to me, and I know what I mean. Gardening refers to "appropriateness", and this word can be borrowed from literature. Wengui has body, and so does the garden. The word "decent" is consistent with the message of Gouyuan.
Therefore, Song poems have been used to describe various gardens in Suzhou: Master of Nets Garden is like Yan Xiaoshan’s poems, fresh and not cliche; Lingering Garden is like Wu Mengchuang’s poems, with seven floors that cannot be broken down into fragments; while the middle part of Humble Administrator’s Garden is like Wu Mengchuang’s poems. The ethereal place is like idle clouds and wild cranes come and go without a trace, like Jiang Baishi; Canglang Pavilion is like Song poetry; Qiayuan is like Qing poetry, all of which can be understood from its realm.
If a gardener has no foundation in poetry, where does his inspiration come from? Styles cannot be mixed. Poems, lyrics, and songs are each composed according to different emotions. You must not use a small order to lead to a long song.
What kind of emotion, what kind of content, what kind of literary style, all have their own independence. Therefore, Jiaoyuan, Shiyuan, Pingdiyuan and Xiaoluyuan each have their own characteristics. The layout of the pavilions and pavilions must be appropriate. If you can do this, at least it will be like making a fuss, and you will not be ridiculed as "improper".
Extended information:
Poetry is a unique style of writing in Chinese, with a special format and rhythm. Poetry can be divided into two categories: ancient style poetry and modern style poetry. Ancient style poetry and modern style poetry are concepts formed in the Tang Dynasty, and are divided from the perspective of the rhythm of poetry.
According to content, it can be divided into narrative poems, lyric poems, farewell poems, frontier poems, landscape pastoral poems, nostalgic poems (epic poems), mourning poems, poems chanting objects, military poems, etc. Ancient style poems include "The Book of Songs", "Chu Ci", "Yuefu", "Han Fu", "Folk Songs of the Southern and Northern Dynasties", etc. Modern poetry is generally composed of quatrains, rhymed verses, and arranged rhymes (long rhymes).
Literary style
From the perspective of literary style, the typical style of Qigu is upright, solemn and elegant, while the typical style of Songxing is flowing, vertical and horizontal. "The Preface to the Differentiation of Styles in Articles" believes that "the seven-character ancient poems are more precious than the powerful sentences and the ancient style". It also says that "the long words are like songs" and "the style is like running script, which is like running". The styles of the two are different from each other.
"Shi Sou" on the Seven Ancients also says: "Old poems are embarrassed by style, and the style is bound to the rhythm. However, the lines of the songs are large and small, short and long, intricate and have no definite style, so they are very capable of expressing themselves. "Talent thinking. The talents of Li and Du are not limited to ancient poetry but to singing." In addition to Qigu and Qilu, the seven-character singing and singing are regarded as one because of their differences in style.
"Zhao Mei Zhan Yan" said, "The beauty of the seven words of ancient times is simple, clumsy, trivial, crooked, hard, and bland, all of which are indispensable. It can be summed up in one word: "老", and it also says "everything" "Singing should be manly rather than alarming".
"Man" means the emotional words are swaying and flowing; "jing" means dignified moral principles and sophisticated diction. These comments all reveal the meaning of the seven-character ancient poems and song lines. Differences in aesthetic style. Although in specific poetry creation, it became fashionable to write Qi Xing in Qi Gu style and Qi Xing in Qi Xing style, it is not difficult to see the differences between the two in general. Differences.
For example, Du Fu's "Remonstrance to Han", Lu Tong's "Moon Eclipse Poetry", Han Yu's "Visiting the Gate Tower of Suisu Yue Temple", Li Shangyin's "Han Stele", etc. They can only be seven-character ancient poems; while Wang Wei's "Journey to Peach Blossoms", Li Bai's "Dream Wandering in Heaven's Song of Farewell", Bai Juyi's "Song of Everlasting Sorrow", and Wei Zhuang's "Qin Women's Song" can only be seven-character songs.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Ancient Poetry